İKLİM GÖÇMENLERİ; HUKUKİ STATÜSÜ PROBLEMİ, DEVLETLERİN KORUMA YÜKÜMLÜLÜĞÜ VE ÇÖZÜM ÖNERİLERİ

Year 2024, , 137 - 193, 12.02.2024

Lale Ayhan İzmirli

https://doi.org/10.30915/abd.1302957

Cited By: 1

Abstract

İnsan faaliyetleri veya doğa olayları sebebiyle ortaya çıkan iklim değişikliği, kişilerin ülke içinde veya dışında yer değiştirmesine sebep olmaktadır. Yakın gelecekte münferit veya kitlesel göçlerin en önemli nedeni iklim değişikliği olacaktır. İklim değişikliklerinden etkilenerek yer değiştiren insanlar literatürde “iklim mültecileri”, “çevre mültecileri” veya “iklim göçmenleri” olarak anılmaktadır. Bu kişilerin hukuki statüsü ve devletlerin iklim göçmenlerine koruma sağlama yükümlülüğü bulunup bulunmadığı gibi bazı konular ise halen belirsizdir. Çalışmada iklim değişikliği sebebiyle bulundukları ülkeyi terk ederek başka bir ülkeye giden milletlerarası iklim göçmenlerine ilişkin bazı konular üzerinde durulacaktır.
Bu bağlamda iklim değişikliği ve göç ilişkisi hakkında kısaca bilgi verilecektir. Devamında iklim değişikliği sebebiyle bulunduğu yeri terk ederek başka bir ülkeye giden kişilerin Cenevre Konvansiyonu ve Türk hukukuku bakımından ‘mülteci’ olarak kabul edilip edilmeyeceği ile Türk hukukunda bu kişileri koruyacak bir koruma mekanizması bulunup bulunmadığı incelenecek ve iklim değişikliği ve göçe ilişkin milletlerarası alanda yapılan çalışmalar hakkında genel bilgi verilerek, devletlerin iklim göçmenlerine koruma sağlama yükümlülüğü üzerinde durulacaktır. Çalışmanın son bölümünde ise iklim göçmenlerine koruma sağlanmasına yönelik çözüm önerileri değerlendirilecektir.

Keywords

İklim değişikliği, iklim göçmenleri, iklim mültecileri, çevre mültecileri, uluslararası koruma

CLIMATE MIGRANTS; THE PROBLEM OF LEGAL STATUS, STATES’ OBLIGATION TO PROTECT AND PROPOSALS FOR THE SOLUTION

Abstract

Climate change, caused by human activities or natural events, causes people to relocate inside or outside their countries. Climate change will be the most important reason of indivial or mass migration in the near future. People who are affected by climate change and displaced are referred as “climate refugees”, “environmental refugess” or “climate migrants”. Some issues, such as the legal status of these people, whether the states have an obligation to provide protection to climate migrants are still unclear. This study focus on some issues related to international climate migrants who leave their country and go another country due to the climate change.
In this context, a brief information will be given about the relationship between climate change and migration. Afterwards, whether people who leave their country and go another one due to the climate change accepted as ‘refugees’ in terms of Geneva Convention and Turkish law, and if there is any other protection mechanism in Turkish law to protect these people will be examined and general information will be given regarding the climate change and migration, and the obligation of states to provide protection to climate migrants will be emphasized. In the last part of the study, solution suggestions will be evaluated.

Keywords

Climate change, climate migrants, climate refugees, enviromental refugees, international protection

References

• Akbaş, İsmet. “İklim Değişikliği ve İklim Mültecileri: Genel Bir Bakış.” Social Sciences Studies Journal 4, no. 4 (2018): 5159-5172.
• Aminzadeh, Sara C. “A Moral Imperative: The Human Rights Implications of Climate Change.” Hastings International and Comparative Law Review 30, no. 2 (Winter 2007): 231-265.
• Bakker, Christine. “Limits and Potentialities of the Human Rights Protection System.” içinde Climate Change And Human Rights, an International and Comparative Law Perspective, Editörler Ottavio Quirico ve Mouloud Boumghar, 71-88. Routhledge, 2016.
• Bayata Canyaş, Aslı. “Yabancılar ve Uluslararası Koruma Kanunu Kapsamındaki Geri Gönderme Yasağının Uygulanma Koşullarının AİHM Kararları Çerçevesinde İrdelenmesi.” Hacettepe HFD 5, no. 1 (2015): 73-90.
• Başoğlu, Aykut. “Küresel İklim Değişikliğinin Ekonomik Etkileri.” Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, no. 7 (2014): 175-196.
• Biermann, Frank ve Ingrid Boas. “Protecting Climate Refugees: The Case for a Global Protocol.” Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development 50, no. 6 (2008): 8-17. (Climate Refugees)
• Biermann, Frank ve Ingrid Boas. “Preparing for a Warmer World: Towards a Global Governance System to Protect Climate Refugees.” Global Environmental Politics 10, no. 1 (February 2010) : 60-88. (Warmer World)
• Burkett, Maxine. “Legal Rights and Remedies.” içinde The Law of Adaptation to Climate Change, US and International Aspects, Editörler Michael B. Gerrard ve Katrina Fischer Kuh. ABA Publishing, 2012.
• Castellano, Rachel, Nives Dolšak ve Aseem Prakash. “Willingness to Help Climate Migrants: A Survey Experiment in the Korail Slum of Dhaka, Bangladesh.” PLoS ONE 16, no. 4 (2021). https:// doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249315.
• Cooper, Jessica B. “Environmental Refugees: Meeting the Requirements of the Refugee Definition.” New York University Environmental Law Journal 6, no. 2 (1998): 480-530.
• Bonnie, Docherty ve Tyler Giannini. “Confronting a Rising Tide: A Proposal for a Convention on Climate Change Refugees.” Harvard Environmental Law Review 33, no. 2 (2009): 349-404.
• Duong, Tiffany T.V. “When Islands Drown: The Plight of “Climate Change Refugess” and Recourse to International Human Rights Law.” University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law 31, no. 4 (2010): 1239-1266.
• Gemenne, François. “Why the Numbers Don’t Add Up: Estimates and Predictions of People Displaced by Environmental Changes.” Global Environmental Change 215, (2011): 541-549.
• Gibb, Christine ve James Ford. “Should the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Recognize Climate Migrants?.” Environmental Research Letter 7, no. 045601 (2012): 1-9.
• Guterres, António. Climate Change, Natural Disasters and Human Displacement: A UNHCR Perspective. UNHCR. https://www.unhcr.org/4901e81a4.pdf.
• Gümüş Boyacı, Özgem Tuğçe. “İklim Değişikliği Nedeniyle Yerinden Edilmiş Kişilerin Korunmasına Yönelik İlk Kararlar ve Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi Kapsamında Geri Göndermeme İlkesi.” İnsan Hakları Yıllığı 38, (2020): 41-81.
• Eckersley, Robyn. “The Common But Differentiated Responsibilities of States to Assist and Receive ‘Climate Refugees’.” European Journal of Political Theory 14, no. 4 (2015): 481-500.
• Ekşi, Nuray. “İklim Mültecileri.” Göç Araştırmaları Dergisi 2, no. 2 (Temmuz-Aralık 2016): 10-58.
• Franca, Alessandra. “Climate Change and Interdependent Human Rights to Food, Water and Health.” içinde Climate Change And Human Rights, an International and Comparative Law Perspective, Editörler Ottavio Quirico ve Mouloud Boumghar, 89-103. Routhledge, 2016.
• Francis, Ama. “Climate-Induced Migration & Free Movement Agreements.” Journal of International Affairs 73, no.1 (2019): 123-133.
• Helbling, Marc. “Attitudes Towards Climate Change.” Climate Change 160, (2020): 89-102.
• Hodgkinson, David, Tess Burton, Heather Anderson ve Lucy Young. “The Hour When the Ship Comes in: A Convention for Persons Displaced By Climate Change.” Monash University Law Review 36, no. 1 (2010): 69-120.
• IOM. Environmental Migrants and Global Governance: Facts, Policies and Practices. Geneva: IOM, 2017. (Environmental Migrants).
• IOM. Climate Change Environmental Degradation and Migration. Geneva: IOM, 2009. (Climate Change).
• IOM. World Migration Report 2005: Costs and Benefits of International Migration. IOM, 2005. https://publications.iom.int/books/world-migration-report-2005-costs-and-benefits-international-migration.
• IOM. Glossary on Migration. Geneva: IOM, 2004, https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_1_en.pdf. (Glossary 2004).
• IOM. Glossary on Migration. Geneva: IOM, 2019. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf. (Glossary 2019).
• Ionesco, Dina, Daria Mokhnacheva ve François Gemenne. The Atlas of Environmental Migration. London and New York: Routhledge, 2017.
• IPCC. Climate Change 2023 Synthesis Report. (Geneva: IPCC, 2023). https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/syr/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_SYR_LongerReport.pdf.
• Kayğusuz Akbay, Mehtap. “Birleşmiş Milletler İnsan Hakları Komitesi’nin Teitiota Kararının Ardından ‘İklim Mültecileri’.” Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 23, no 1 (2021): 223-248.
• Kelman, Ilan. “Imaginary Numbers of Climate Change Migrants.” Social Sciences 8, no. 5 (2019): 131 vd. www.mdpi.com/journal/socsci.
• Khaskheli, Muhammad Bilawal, Ayalew Abate Bishaw, Jonathan Gesell Mapa ve Carlos Alves Gomes Dos Santos. “Environmental Migrants in the International Refuge Law and Human Rights: An Assessment of Protection Gaps and Migrants’ Legal Protection.” Journal ScienceRise: Juridicial Science 3, no.13 (2020): 52-59.
• Külüşlü, Emre. “İklim Göçmenliği Sorununun Hukuki Boyutu.” MHB 40, no.2, (Prof. Dr. Cemal Şanlı’ya Armağan) (2020): 1175-1197.
• Lewis, Bridget. “Balancing Human Rights in Climate Policies.” içinde Climate Change And Human Rights, an International and Comparative Law Perspective, Editörler Ottavio Quirico ve Mouloud Boumghar, 39-52. Routhledge, 2016.
• Lopez, Aurelie. “The Protection of Environmentally-Displaced Persons in International Law.” Environmental Law 37, no. 2 (Spring 2007): 365-409.
• Lujala, Päivi, Bezu Sosina, Ivar Kolstad, Minhaj Mahmud, ve Arne Wiig. “How Do Host-Migrant Proximities Shape Attitudes Toward International Climate Migrants?.” Global Environment Change 65 (2020) 102156.
• Marino, Elizabeth ve Heather Lazrus. “Migration or Forced Displacement?: The Complex Choices of Climate Change and Disaster Migrants in Shishmaref, Alaska and Nanumea, Tuvalu.” Human Organization 74, no. 4 (Winter 2015): 341-350.
• Mayer, Benoit ve Christel Cournil. “Climate Change, Migration and Human Rights: Towards Group-Specific Protection?.” içinde Climate Change And Human Rights, an International and Comparative Law Perspective, Editörler Ottavio Quirico ve Mouloud Boumghar, 173-188. Routhledge, 2016.
• Mayer, Benoit. The Concept of Climate Migration: Advocacy and Its Prospects. Edward Elgar, 2016. McAdam, Jane. “Protecting People Displaced by the Impacts of Climate Change: The UN Human Rights Committee and the Principle of Non-Refoulement.” American Society of International Law, No. 114:4 (2020): 708-725. (Non-Refoulement).
• McAdam, Jane. “Creating New Norms on Climate Change, Natural Disasters and Displacement.” Canada’s Journal of Refugees 29, no.2 (2014): 11-26. (New Norms).
• McAdam, Jane. “Swimming Against the Tide: Why a Climate Change Displacement Treaty is Not the Answer?.” International Journal of Refugee Law 23, no. 1 (2011): 1-27. (Treaty).
• McInerney-Lankford, Siobhan. “Human Rights and Climate Change: Reflections on International Legal Issues and Potential Policy Relevance.” in Threatened Island Nations, Legal Implications of Rising Seas and a Changing Climate, Editörler Michael B. Gerrard ve Gregory E. Wannier, 195-241. Cambridge University Press, 2013.
• Moberg, Kara K. “Extending Refugee Definitions to Cover Environmentally Displaced Persons Displaces Necessary Protection.” Iowa Law Review 94, (2009): 1107-1136.
• Nicholson, Calum T.M. “Climate Change and the Politics of Casual Reasoning: The Case of Climate and Migration.” The Geographical Journal 180, no. 2 (2014): 151-160.
• Nishimura, Lauren. “Climate Change Migrants: Impediments to a Protection Framework and Need to Incorporate Migration into Climate Change Adaptation Strategies.” International Journal of Refugee Law 27, no. 1 (2015): 107-134.
• Olgun Eker, Ebru. “İklim Değişikliğinin Sağlık Üzerindeki Etkileri.” Doğanın Sesi, no. 5 (2020): 13-23.
• Övünç Öztürk, Neva. “İklim Mülteciliği Kavramının Hukuki Görünümü: Mevcut Koruma Araçlarının Değerlendirilmesi ve Çözüm Önerileri.” TESEV Değerlendirme Notları 6, (2021), https://www.tesev.org.tr/tr/research/iklim-multeciligi-kavraminin-hukuki-gorunumu-mevcut-koruma-araclarinin-degerlendirilmesi-ve-cozum-onerileri/ (14.02.2022).
• Picchi, Marta. “Climate Change and the Protection of Human Rights: The Issue of Climate Refugees”. US-China Law Review 13, no. 7 (2016): 576-583.
• Robinson, Gordon. “Rethinking The Refugee Regime: Would a Human Rights-Based Approach to the Issue of Climate Change Refugees Produce Just Outcomes?.” Master Thesis, Illinois State University, Department of Politics and Government, 2021.
• Safi, Sibel. Mülteci Hukuku. İstanbul: Legal, 2017.
• Scoot, Matthew. Climate Change, Disasters and the Refugee Convention. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2020.
• Scott, Dayna Nadine ve Adrian A. Smith. “The Abstract Subject of the Climate Migrant: Displaced by the Rising Tides of the Green Energy Economy.” Journal of Human Rights and the Environment 1, no.1 (March 2017): 30-50.
• Solomon, Michele Klein ve Koko Warner. “Protection of Persons Displaced as a Result of Climate Change, Existing Tools and Emerging Frameworks.” in Threatened Island Nations , Legal Implications of Rising Seas and a Changing Climate, Editörler Michael B. Gerrard ve Gregory E. Wannier, 243-298. Cambridge University Press, 2013.
• Tekin, Esra. “Uluslararası Hukuk Bağlamında İklim Mültecilerinin Korunması Sorunu.” TBB Dergisi 147, (2020): 313-332.
• The Nansen Conference. Climate Change and Displacement in the 21st Century. Oslo, Norway, 5-7 June 2011. https://www.unhcr.org/4ea969729.pdf.
• Töre, Nazlı. Uluslararası Göç Hukuku. Ankara: Turhan, 2016.
• UNHCR. Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status and Guidelines on International Protection. United Nations High Commissioner. Geneva: 2019. https://www.unhcr.org/publications/legal/5ddfcdc47/handbook-procedures-criteria-determining-refugee-status-under-1951-convention.html.
• UNHCR. Key Messages and Commitments on Climate Change and Disaster Displacement. COP 25- Madrid, Spain, 2-13 December 2019, https://www.unhcr.org/uk/protection/environment/5e01e3857/key-messages-for-%20cop25.html?query=climate.
• UNHCR. Climate Change, Natural Disasters and Human Displacement: A UNHCR Perspective. http://www.unhcr.org/4901e81a4.pdf.
• Warren, Phillip Dane. “Forced Migration After Paris COP21: Evaluating the “Climate Change Displacement Coordination Facility.” Columbia Law Review 116 (2013): 2103-2144.
• Wilcox, Shelly. “Does Brock’s Theory of Migration Justice Adequately Account for Climate Refugees?.” Ethics & Global Politics 14, no. 2 (2021): 75-85.
• Williams, Angela. “Turning the Tide: Recognizing Climate Change Refugees in International Law.” Law & Policy 30, no. 4 (2008): 502-529.
• Wyman, Katrina M. “Are We Morally Obligated to Assist Climate Change Migrants.” Law & Ethics of Human Rights 7, no. 2 (2013): 185-212. (Climate Migrants).
• Wyman, Katrina M. “United States’ Options for Receiving Cross-Border Climate Migrants.” Climate Law 7, no. 4 (2017): 232-258. (United States’ Options).
• Yılmaz, Fırat Harun ve Mücahit Navruz. “Küresel İklim Değişikliği, İklim Mültecileri ve Güvenlik.” ASSAM Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi 13. Uluslararası Kamu Yönetimi Sempozyumu Bildirileri Özel Sayısı, (2019): 255-270.
• Yurtcanlı Duymaz, Seda. İklim Değişikliği, Afetler ve İnsan Hakları: Çevresel Zorunlu Göç. Ankara: Adalet, 2021.
• Zetter, Roger. “The Role of Legal and Normative Frameworks for the Protection of Environmentally Displaced People.” içinde Migration, Environment and Climate Change: Assessing the Evidence, Editörler Frank Laczko ve Christine Aghazarm, 385-441. IOM, 2009.
• Ziya, Olcay. “Mülteci-Göçmen Belirsizliğinde İklim Mültecileri.” TBB Dergisi 99 (2012): 229-240.