Habitus: A Conceptual Study on the Formation of the Religious Faith Habitus

Year 2018, , 1 - 24, 01.09.2018

Ali Baltacı

https://doi.org/10.30803/adusobed.411797

Cited By: 127

Abstract

Habitus is a system of embodied dispositions,
tendencies that organize the ways in which individuals perceive the social
world around them and react to it. The concept of habitus refers to the
physical embodiment of cultural capital, to the deeply ingrained habits,
skills, and dispositions that we possess due to our life experiences. These
dispositions are usually shared by people with a similar background (in terms
of social class, religion, nationality, ethnicity, education, profession etc.),
and reflects the lived reality to which individuals are socialized, their
individual experience and objective opportunities. Thus, the habitus represents
the way group culture with personal history and shapes social action in the
present. Habitus is not fixed or permanent, and can be changed under unexpected
situations or over a long historical period. Religion is a multidimensional
concept which is an individual's journey through other aspects of life.
Religious habitus is a generic term, which designates infinity of different
possibilities and has four characteristics: It is mainly unconscious for the
bearer, it is stable over time, it is the incorporation of social structures
and it implies and enables strategic action within a faith field. This study
focuses on the concept of religious faith habitus and the answers it provides
given the potential areas of conflict between structure and agency and actors’
intentions and unconsciousness. In
this context, this study, designed as a conceptual review, primarily
concentrates on habitus’ concept and then the focuses on the religious faith
habitus. The main aim of this study is a conceptual one: To further elaborate
the concept of religious faith habitus, especially under the perspective of its
inertia and social theory, and to discuss its usefulness for some aspects of
analyzing and interpreting faith.  

Keywords

Habitus, Religious Fatih Habitus, Faith Field, Religious Capital

Habitus: Dini İnanç Habitusunun Oluşumu Üzerine Kavramsal Bir İnceleme

Abstract

Habitus, bireylerin
çevrelerindeki sosyal dünyayı algılama ve ona tepki verme biçimlerini
düzenleyen bir somutlaştırılmış eğilimler sistemidir. Habitus kavramı, kültürel
sermayenin fiziksel düzenlemesine, yaşam deneyimimiz nedeniyle sahip olduğumuz
derin yerleşmiş alışkanlıklara, becerilere ve haklara atıfta bulunmaktadır. Bu
haklar genelde benzer nitelikte (sosyal sınıf, din, milliyet, eğitim, meslek
vb.), benzer kişilerle paylaşılır ve bireylerin toplumsallaştığı yaşam
gerçeklerini, bireysel tecrübelerini ve nesnel imkânlarını yansıtır. Habitus
sabit ya da kalıcı değildir ve beklenmedik durumlarda ya da uzun bir tarihsel
dönemde değiştirilebilir. Dolayısıyla, habitus, kişisel tarihle birlikte grup
kültürünü ve bugünkü toplumsal eylemi biçimlendirir. Din, hayatın diğer
alanlarını içeren çok yönlü bir kavramdır. Dini inanç habitusu, kişinin
yaşamında karşılaştığı farklı olasılıkların sonsuzluğunu belirleyen ve dört
özelliğe sahip olan genel bir terimdir: Temelde öznenin bilinçsizliği, zamanla
istikrarlı olması, toplumsal yapıların bir araya getirilmesi ve inanç alanında
sürdürülen stratejik eylemlerden oluşur. Bu çalışma, yapı ve kurum arasındaki
potansiyel çatışma alanları ve aktörlerin niyetleri ile bilinçliliği göz önüne
alınarak, dini inanç habitusu kavramı ve kavramın verdiği cevaplara
odaklanmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, kavramsal tarama modelinde tasarlanan bu çalışma,
öncelikle habitus kavramına ve daha sonra dini inanç habitusu kavramına
eğilmektedir. Çalışmanın asıl hedefi kuramsal bir kavram olan dini inanç
habitusunu, özellikle atalet ve sosyal kuram perspektifi içinde daha ayrıntılı
olarak irdelemek ve inancı analiz etme ve yorumlamanın farklı yönleri için
tartışma alanları oluşturmaktır.

Keywords

Habitus, Dini İnanç Habitusu, İnanç Alanı, Din Sermayesi

References

• ARTHUR, M. B., HALL, D. T., & LAWRENCE, B. S. (1989). Generating new directions in career theory: The case for a transdisciplinary approach. In M. B. Arthur, D. T. Hall, & B. S. Lawrence (Eds.), Handbook of career theory: 7-25. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
• ARTHUR, M. B., INKSON, K., & PRİNGLE, J. K. (1999). The New Careers. London: Sage.
• BALTACI, A. (2017a). Relations between prejudice, cultural ıntelligence and level of entrepreneurship: A study of school principals. International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 9(3), 645-666.
• BALTACİ, A. (2017b). A comparison of Syrian migrant students in Turkey and Germany: Entrepreneurial tendencies and career expectations. European Journal of Educational Research, 6(1), 15-27.
• BARLEY, S. R. (1989). Careers, identities, and institutions: the legacy of the Chicago School of Sociology. In M. B. Arthur, D. T. Hall, & B. S. Lawrence (Eds), Handbook of career theory: 41-65. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
• BENEVOLO, L., & Ipsen, C. (1995). The European City. London: Blackwell.
• BENHABİB, S. (2002). The claims of culture: Equality and diversity in the global era. Princeton University Press.
• BERNSTEİN, B. (2003). Class, codes and control: Applied studies towards a sociology of language (Vol. 2). Psychology Press.
• BOURDİEU, P. (1977). Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge, Mass.: Cambridge University Press.
• BOURDİEU, P. (1984). Distinction. A Social Critique of the Judgement. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.
• BOURDİEU, P. (1986). The Forms of Capital. In J. G. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education. 241-258. New York.
• BOURDİEU, P. (1987). What makes a social class? On the theoretical and practical existence of groups. Berkeley Journal of Sociology, 32. 1-18.
• BOURDİEU, P. (1988). Homo academicus. Stanford University Press.
• BOURDİEU, P. (1990a). In Other Words. Essays Towards a Reflexive Sociology. Cambridge, UK.
• BOURDİEU, P. (1990b). The Logic of Practice. Stanford. Stanford University Press.
• BOURDİEU P (1996) Physical space, social space and habitus. The Vilhelm Aubert Memorial Lecture. ISO Report, Oslo: University of Oslo.
• BURT, R. S. (1992). Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition. Cambridge. Harvard University Press.
• CHOMSKY, N. (2014). Aspects of the Theory of Syntax (Vol. 11). MIT press.
• CROSSLEY, N. (2001). The phenomenological habitus and its construction. Theory and Society (30). 81-120.
• CROSSLEY, N. (2003). From Reproduction to Transformation. Social Movements Fields and the Radical Habitus. Theory, Culture and Society, 20(6). 43-68.
• CROSSLEY, N. (2013). Habit and habitus. Body & Society, 19(2-3), 136-161.
• CHUDZİKOWSKİ, K., & MAYRHOFER, W. (2011). In search of the blue flower? Grand social theories and career research: The case of Bourdieu’s theory of practice. Human Relations, 64(1), 19-36.
• DELAMONT, S., & STEPHENS, N. (2008). Up on the roof: the embodied habitus of diasporic capoeira. Cultural sociology, 2(1), 57-74.
• DORE, R. (2004). New forms and meanings of work in an increasingly globalized world. Geneva. International Institute for Labour Studies.
• DUBERLEY, J., & COHEN, L. (2010). Gendering career capital: An investigation of scientific careers. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 76(2), 187-197.
• DUMAİS, S. A. (2002). Cultural capital, gender, and school success: The role of habitus. Sociology of education, 44-68.
• ELİAS, N. (1978). Norbert Elias and “The Civilizing Process”. Theory and Society, 5(2), 219-228.
• EGERTON, M., & HALSEY, A. H. (1993). Trends by social class and gender in access to higher education in Britain. Oxford Review of Education, 19. 183-196.
• FLANAGAN, W. G. (1993). Contemporary Urban Sociology. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press.
• GİDDENS, A. (2013). New rules of sociological method: A positive critique of interpretative sociologies. John Wiley & Sons.
• GRANDJEAN, B. D. (1981). History and career in a bureaucratic labor market. American Journal of Sociology, 86(5). 1057-1092.
• HABERMAS, J. (1991). The structural transformation of the public sphere: An inquiry into a category of bourgeois society. MIT press.
• HİGGİNS, M. (2001). Reconceptualizing mentoring at work: A developmental network perspective. Academy of Management Review, 26(2): 264-288.
• IELLATCHİTCH, A., MAYRHOFER, W., & MEYER, M. (2003). Career fields: A small step towards a grand career theory? International Journal of Human Resource Management, 14(5): 728-750.
• JARNESS, V. (2017). Cultural vs economic capital: Symbolic boundaries within the middle class. Sociology, 51(2), 357-373.
• JOKİNEN, T., BREWSTER, C., & SUUTARİ, V. (2008). Career capital during international work experiences: contrasting self-initiated expatriate experiences and assigned expatriation. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19(6), 979-998.
• KNİGHTS, D., & MORGAN, G. (1990). The concept of strategy in sociology: A note of dissent. Sociology, 24(3): 475-483.
• LAU, R. W. K. (2004). Habitus and the Practical Logic of Practice: An Interpretation. Sociology, 38(2): 369-387.
• LODGE, G. C. (1995). Managing globalization in the age of interdependece. San Francisco: Pfeiffer.
• MAYRHOFER, W., IELLATCHİTCH, A., MEYER, M., STEYRER, J., SCHİFFİNGER, M., & STRUNK, G. (2004a). Going beyond the individual. Some potential contributions from a career field and habitus perspective for global career research and practice. Journal of Management Development, 23(9): 870-884.
• MAYRHOFER, W., MEYER, M., IELLATCHİTCH, A., & SCHİFFİNGER, M. (2004b). Careers and human resource management - a European perpective. Human Resource Management Review, 14: 473-498.
• MAYRHOFER, W., STEYRER, J., MEYER, M., ERTEN, C., HERMANN, A., IELLATCHİTCH, A., MATTL, C., & STRUNK, G. (2000). Towards a Habitus Based Concept of Managerial Careers. Paper presented at the Academy of Management, Toronto, Canada.
• MAYRHOFER, W., STRUNK, G., SCHİFFİNGER, M., IELLATCHİTCH, A., STEYRER, J., & MEYER, M. (2002). Career Habitus. Theoretical and Empirical Contributions to Make a Black Box Grey. Organisational Behaviour, 17(3), 548-596.
• NORA, A. (2004). The role of habitus and cultural capital in choosing a college. Journal of Hispanic Higher Education, 3(2), 180-208.
• PARSONS, T. (2013). Social system. New York: Routledge.
• ROBBİNS, D. (2005). The origins, early development and status of Bourdieu's concept of ‘cultural capital’. The British journal of sociology, 56(1), 13-30.
• SAVİCKAS, M. L. (2005). The theory and practice of career construction. Career development and counseling: Putting theory and research to work, 1, 42-70.
• SUUTARİ, V., & MÄKELÄ, K. (2007). The career capital of managers with global careers. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(7), 628-648.
• VİLHJÁLMSDÓTTİR, G., & ARNKELSSON, G. B. (2013). Social aspects of career choice from the perspective of habitus theory. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 83(3), 581-590.
• WACQUANT, L. (2014). Homines in extremis: What fighting scholars teach us about habitus. Body & Society, 20(2), 3-17.
• ŽİŽEK, S. (2009). The parallax view. Boston: MIT Press.