Nitrogen Nutrition of Crop Plants: Soil Nitrogen Vis-À-Vis Fertilizer Nitrogen

Year 2018, Volume: 15 Issue: 1, 127 - 133, 30.06.2018

Bijay Sıngh Mustafa Ali Kaptan Gönül Aydın , Mehmet Aydın , Seçil Küçük Kaya Özlem Üstündağ , Saime Seferoğlu

https://doi.org/10.25308/aduziraat.393466

Abstract

In
unmanaged ecosystems, soil nitrogen (N) released through mineralization of
organic matter constitutes the source of N for the plants. In agro-ecosystems,
N is applied additionally as mineral or organic fertilizers in order to
compensate N which is removed with products. Adequate and timely application of
fertilizer N as dictated that by contribution of soil N to crop production is
important for minimizing production costs from overuse of N fertilizer and for
reducing possible environmental impacts. Using ¹⁵N-labelled
fertilizers, it has now been convincingly proved that majority of the plant N
comes from the soil N. Thus, soil N plays a vital role in supplying N to crop
plants and dictates the efficiency of applied fertilizer N.  Size of available N pool, though relatively
small as compared to total soil N, throughout the crop growth season determines
whether crop gets adequate N nutrition or N is lost from the soil-plant
system.  As fertilizer N contributes
directly to available N pool and by N substitution to the soil organic matter
pool, N management at that point following the principles of synchrony between
crop N need and application of N through soil and fertilizer N can lead to high
fertilizer NUE (nitrogen use efficiency). Evaluation of site-based N management
in cereals using gadgets like chlorophyll meter, leaf colour chart or optical
sensors or OTG (on the go) crop sensing spreaders revealed that same yields can
be achieved with less N fertilizer applied but with enhanced fertilizer NUE and
diminished losses of N to the environment.

Keywords

soil nitrogen, N use efficiency, fertilizer, environment

Bitkilerinin Azot Beslenmesi: Toprak Azotu Karşısında Gübre Azotu

Abstract

Yönetilmeyen ekosistemlerde, organik maddenin
mineralizasyonu yoluyla salınan toprak azotu (N) bitkiler için N kaynağı oluşturmaktadır. Tarım
ekosistemlerinde, topraktan kaldırılan N' u telafi etmek için mineral gübreler
veya organik gübreler
uygulanmaktadır.
N gübresinin
uygun bir şekilde
ve zamanında
uygulanması,
üretim
maliyetlerini azaltmak, N gübresinin
fazla kullanılması ve olası çevresel etkilerin azaltılması için önemlidir. 15N
etiketli gübreler kullanılarak yapılmış çalışmalarla, bitki N içeriğinin
büyük bir kısmının
toprak azotundan geldiği ikna edici bir şekilde kanıtlanmıştır.
Böylece,
toprak N’u,
bitkilerinin N ihtiyacının karşılanmasında hayati bir rol oynamakta ve
uygulanan N’lu gübre, verimliliği belirlemektedir. Toprağın toplam N içeriğine
kıyasla
nispeten çok
az olan alınabilir
N havuzunun büyüklüğü, bitkinin yeterli N beslenmesini yada
toprak- bitki sisteminden N kaybını belirler. Azotlu gübreleme ile doğrudan
mevcut alınabilir
N havuzuna katkıda
bulunulması
ve toprak organik madde havuzuna N ikame edilmesi, bitkinin N ihtiyacı ile toprak ve gübrenin N arzı
arasındaki
senkronizasyon ilkelerini izleyen alana özgü spesifik N yönetimi, yüksek azotlu
gübre kullanım etkinliğine neden olabilir. Serin iklim tahıllarında
alana özgü spesifik N yönetiminde,
klorofil metre, yaprak renk şeması, optik sensörler
veya hareketli bitki algılama
sensörleri
gibi aygıtların
kullanılması sonucunda daha az azotlu gübre ile aynı verim değerleri
elde edilmiş
ancak N kullanım
etkinliği artmış
ve çevreye
karışan
N kayıplarının
azaldığı tespit edilmiştir.

Keywords

toprak azotu, N kullanım etkinliği, gübre, çevre

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