Assessment of Phytochemical Characteristics of Walnut (Juglans regia) Leaves: Determination of Nutritional Value and Quantitative Content of Phenolic Compounds

Year 2024, Volume: 55 Issue: 3, 151 - 157, 29.09.2024

Olena Gaviley , Svitlana Pankova , Lydmila Poliakova , Ganna Chorna

https://doi.org/10.17097/agricultureatauni.1424918

Abstract

This study aimed to assess the nutritional value of walnut leaves (Juglans regia), investigate the content of major polyphenolic compounds in walnut leaves, and assess the potential of walnut leaves as a phytogenic supplement to poultry diets. The nutritional composition of dried ground walnut leaves (crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, calcium, phosphorus, vitamin E, b-carotene) was assessed according to generally accepted methods. The quantitative content of individual groups of polyphenols, such as total phenols, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonoids, and juglon, was determined spectrophotometrically. The content of the sum of tannins was determined by the titrimetric method. Walnut leaves contain a high content of b-carotene (295.0 μg/g) and natural antioxidant vitamin E (128.8 μg/g). The protein content was noted at the level of 12.5%, the fiber content - 12.86%. In a significant amount, calcium and phosphorus accumulated in walnut leaves - 2.04% and 0.23%, respectively. The content of the total hydroxycoric acids in terms of chlorogenic acid in walnut leaves was 24.3 mg/g, the total content of phenolic compounds in gallic acid equivalent was 14.4 mg/g, flavonoids in rutin equivalent was 20.2 mg/g, and juglone was 2.72 mg/g. The content of total tannins in walnut leaves was 124.5 mg/g. The high nutritional value of walnut leaves compared to alfalfa meal and the presence of a number of biologically active polyphenolic compounds in a significant amount give grounds to consider this phyto-raw material not only as a valuable feed component, but also as a source of natural antioxidants.

Keywords

Walnut, Leaves, Nutritional value, Phenolic compounds, Hydroxycinnamic acids, Flavonoids, Tannins, Juglone

Ethical Statement

State Poultry Research Station NAAS, No. 125, August 1, 2023

Supporting Institution

The work was performed at the State Poultry Research Station NAAS within the State Research Program “Adaptation processes in highly productive agricultural animals under the influence of environmental and climatic factors”, approved and funded by the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine.

Ceviz (Juglans regia) yapraklarının Fitokimyasal Özelliklerinin Değerlendirilmesi: Besin Değeri ve Fenolik Bileşiklerin Niceliksel İçeriğinin Belirlenmesi

Abstract

Bu çalışma, ceviz yapraklarının (Juglans regia) besin değerini değerlendirmeyi, ceviz yapraklarındaki başlıca polifenolik bileşiklerin içeriğini araştırmayı ve ceviz yapraklarının kanatlı hayvan diyetlerine fitogenik bir katkı maddesi olarak potansiyelini değerlendirmeyi amaçlamıştır. Kurutulmuş ve öğütülmüş ceviz yapraklarının besin bileşimi (ham protein, ham yağ, ham lif, kalsiyum, fosfor, vitamin E, β-karoten) genel olarak kabul edilen yöntemlere göre değerlendirilmiştir. Toplam fenoller, hidroksinamik asitler, flavonoidler ve juglon gibi bireysel polifenol gruplarının niceliksel içeriği spektrofotometrik olarak belirlenmiştir. Toplam tanenlerin içeriği titrimetrik yöntemle tespit edilmiştir. Ceviz yaprakları yüksek β-karoten (295,0 μg/g) ve doğal antioksidan vitamin E (128,8 μg/g) içeriğine sahiptir. Protein içeriği %12,5, lif içeriği ise %12,86 olarak kaydedilmiştir. Ceviz yapraklarında önemli miktarda kalsiyum ve fosfor birikmiştir, sırasıyla %2,04 ve %0,23. Ceviz yapraklarında klorojenik asit cinsinden toplam hidroksikorik asit içeriği 24,3 mg/g, gallik asit eşdeğeri olarak toplam fenolik bileşik içeriği 14,4 mg/g, rutin eşdeğeri olarak flavonoidler 20,2 mg/g ve juglon da 2,72 mg/g olarak belirlenmiştir. Ceviz yapraklarında toplam tanenlerin içeriği 124,5 mg/g olmuştur. Ceviz yapraklarının yüksek besin değeri ve önemli miktarda biyolojik olarak aktif polifenolik bileşiklerin varlığı, bu fito hammaddeyi sadece değerli bir yem bileşeni olarak değil, aynı zamanda doğal antioksidan kaynağı olarak da değerlendirmeyi mümkün kılmaktadır.

Keywords

Ceviz, Yapraklar, Besin değeri, Fenolik bileşikler, Hidroksinamik asitler, Flavonoidler, Tanenler, Juglon

Ethical Statement

State Poultry Research Station NAAS, No. 125, 1 Ağustos 2023

Supporting Institution

Çalışma, Ukrayna Ulusal Tarım Bilimleri Akademisi tarafından onaylanan ve finanse edilen “Çevresel ve iklimsel faktörlerin etkisi altında yüksek verimli tarım hayvanlarında adaptasyon süreçleri” Devlet Araştırma Programı kapsamında NAAS Devlet Kümes Hayvanları Araştırma İstasyonu'nda gerçekleştirilmiştir.

References

• Abbasi Rad, V., Mirzadeh, K., Mamoyi, M., Tabatabayi, S., & Zarei, M. (2014). The effect of different levels of walnut leaves (Juglans regia L.) powder and Vitamin E dietary supplementation on the antioxidant activity of blood, performance and egg traits in commercial laying hens. Animal Sciences Journal, 27(104), 233-242. CrossRef
• Badiefar, L., Zahra Soleimani Bozcheloie, & Rodriguez-Couto, S. (2022). Antimicrobial Activity of Walnut Leaf Extract against Gram-Negative Bacteria. Res. Sq. CrossRef
• Bratyshko, N.I., Ionov, I. A., Ibatullin, I.I., Prytulenko, O.V., Klymenko, T. Ye., Kotyk, A.M., Katerynych, O.O., Zhukorskyi, O.M., & Gaviley, O.V. (2013). Ефективна годівля сільськогосподарської птиці: навчальний посібник [Effective feeding of poultry: tutorial]. Agrarian science.
• Cahalan, C., Thakur, A., & Cahalan, C. (2011). Geographical variation of Juglans regia L. in juglone content: rapid analysis using micro-plate reader. Current science, 100(10), 1483–1485.
• Chaleshtori, R. S., Chaleshtori, F. S., & Rafieian, M. (2011). Biological characterization of Iranian walnut (Juglans regia) leaves. Turkish Journal of Biology, 35(5), 635–639. CrossRef
• Chaudhary, A., Arora, D., Devi, P., & Ashish (2021). A Review on Medicinal Importance of Juglans regia (Walnut). Ijppr.Human, 22(1), 468-477.
• Cobzaru, C., Serban, A. N., & Cernatescu, C. (2019). Identification and analysis of tanins in extracts from walnuts green fruits and leaves. Smart Energy and Sustainable Environment, 22(1), 103-112.
• Cort W.M., T, V., Waysek E.Н., & Williams, B. D. (1983). Vitamin E content of feedstuffs determined by high-performance liquid chromatographic fluorescence. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 31(6), 1330–1333. CrossRef
• Cosmulescu, S. N., Trandafir, I., Achim, G., & Baciu, A. (2011). Juglone Content in Leaf and Green Husk of Five Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Cultivars. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 39(1), 237-240. CrossRef
• Eratalar S, Yaman A, Okur N, Karadeniz T (2017). Effects of adding walnut meal, green husk and leaves to quail feeds on egg shell and egg yolk colour. Bahçe, 46(2), 71-76.
• Fedosov, A. I., Kyslychenko, V. S., & Novosel, O. M. (2018). Quantitative content of the sum of phenolic compounds determination in artichoke inflorescences, garlic leaves and bulbs. Medical and Clinical Chemistry, 20(1), 100-104. CrossRef
• Giura, S., Botu, M., Vulpe, M., Vîjan, L. E., & Mitrea, R. (2019). Evolution of the Polyphenols, Flavonoids, and Tannins Content in Walnut Leaves and Green Walnut Husk during Growing Season. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 47(4), 1264–1271. CrossRef
• Gutiérrez Ortiz, A. L., Berti, F., Navarini, L., Crisafulli, P., Colomban, S., & Forzato, C. (2018). Aqueous extracts of walnut (Juglans regia L.) leaves: quantitative analyses of hydroxycinnamic and chlorogenic acids. Journal of Chromatographic Science, 56(8), 753–760. CrossRef
• Ionov, I., & Shapovalov, S. (2015). Критерии и методы контроля метаболизма в организме животных и птиц [Criteria and methods for controlling metabolism in the body of animals and birds]. Institute of Animal Science of NAAS. Jahanban-Esfahlan, A., Ostadrahimi, A., Tabibiazar, M., & Amarowicz, R. (2019). A Comparative Review on the Extraction, Antioxidant Content and Antioxidant Potential of Different Parts of Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Fruit and Tree. Molecules, 24(11), 2133. CrossRef
• Kocaçalışkan, İsmail, Turan, E., Ertürk, Ümran, Demir, Y., & Terzi, İrfan. (2020). Varietal and time dependent differences in juglone and total phenolic contents of the walnut (Juglans regia L.) leaves. Progress in Nutrition, 22(1), 193–198. CrossRef
• Kravchenko, М., & Pop, Т. (2014). Chemical and fractional composition of the powder made of the walnut leaves. Commodities and markets, 18(2), 124–131.
• Mazur, K., & Gontaruk, Y. (2021). State and prospects for the development of growing and processing of walnuts in Ukraine. The Economic Discourse, 1-2, 18–28. CrossRef
• Medic, A., Jakopic, J., Hudina, M., Solar, A., & Veberic, R. (2022). Identification and quantification of major phenolic constituents in Juglans regia L. leaves: healthy vs. infected leaves with Xanthomonas campestris pv. juglandis using HPLC-MS/MS. Journal of King Saud University – Science, 34(3), Article 101890. CrossRef
• Miłek, M., Ciszkowicz, E., Lecka-Szlachta, K., Miłoś, A., Zaguła, G., Pasternakiewicz, A., & Dżugan, M. (2022). Mineral Composition, Antioxidant, Anti-Urease, and Antibiofilm Potential of Juglans Regia Leaves and Unripe Fruits. Acta Universitatis Cibiniensis Series E: FOOD TECHNOLOGY, 26(1), 69–82. CrossRef
• Nardini, M. (2022). Phenolic Compounds in Food: Characterization and Health Benefits. Molecules, 27(3), 783. CrossRef
• Nour, V., Trandafir, I., & Cosmulescu, S. (2016). Optimization of ultrasound-assisted hydroalcoholic extraction of phenolic compounds from walnut leaves using response surface methodology. Pharmaceutical Biology, 54(10), 2176–2187. CrossRef
• Panaite, T. D., Criste, R. D., Olteanu, M., Untea, A. E., Ropota, M., Varzaru, I., & Lupu, A. (2019). Feeding value of local phyto-additives, potential ingredients in poultry diets. Scientific Papers. Series D. Animal Science, LXII(1), 122–129. Pereira, J. A., Oliveira, I., Sousa, A., Valentão, P., Andrade, P. B., Ferreira, I. C. F. R., Ferreres, F., Bento, A., Seabra, R., & Estevinho, L. (2007). Walnut (Juglans regia L.) leaves: Phenolic compounds, antibacterial activity and antioxidant potential of different cultivars. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 45(11), 2287–2295. CrossRef
• Proskurina, K., Yevtifieieva, O., Mala, O., & Mashtaler, V. (2021). Development of the method for standardization of the medicinal plant raw material of Cichorium intybus L. herb by the total amount of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives. Pharmacia, 68(1), 167–173. CrossRef
• Santos, A., Barros, L., Calhelha, R. C., Dueñas, M., Carvalho, A. M., Santos-Buelga, C., & Ferreira, I. C. F. R. (2013). Leaves and decoction of Juglans regia L.: Different performances regarding bioactive compounds and in vitro antioxidant and antitumor effects. Industrial Crops and Products, 51, 430–436. CrossRef
• Shah, U. N., Mir, J. I., Ahmed, N., Jan, S., & Fazili, K. M. (2018). Bioefficacy potential of different genotypes of walnut Juglans regia L. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 55(2), 605–618. CrossRef Solmaz, Y., & Adiloğlu, A. (2017). Determination of nutritional status of walnut orchards by leaf analysis in Tekirdag region. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(1). 88-92.
• Turfan, N., Savacı, G. & Sarıyıldız, T. (2020). Variation in chemical compounds of walnut (Juglans regia L.) leaves with tree age. Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(1), 124-134. CrossRef
• Untea, A. E., Varzaru, I., Panaite, T. D., Gavris, T., Lupu, A., & Ropota, M. (2020). The Effects of Dietary Inclusion of Bilberry and Walnut Leaves in Laying Hens’ Diets on the Antioxidant Properties of Eggs. Animals, 10(2), 191. CrossRef
• Vieira, V., Pereira, C., Pires, T. C. S. P., Calhelha, R. C., Alves, M. J., Ferreira, O., Barros, L., & Ferreira, I. C. F. R. (2019). Phenolic profile, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of Juglans regia L. (walnut) leaves from the Northeast of Portugal. Industrial Crops and Products, 134, 347–355. CrossRef
• Vronska L.V. , Chubka M.B., & Demyd A.E. (2015). Development of phenolic compounds chromatographic identification in bilberry shoots. Pharmaceutical Review, 3, 28-33. CrossRef