ABD Hukukunda Kamusal Tartışmaya Karşı Stratejik Dava (SLAPP) Yasağı

Year 2022, , 563 - 588, 30.04.2022

İsmail Yüksel

https://doi.org/10.34246/ahbvuhfd.1076923

Abstract

Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde 1970’li yıllardan itibaren, bireylerin kamu makamlarına başvurmasını ya da kamusal tartışmaya katılmasını engellemek amacıyla çeşitli dayanaklarla tazminat davaları açılmaya başlanmıştır. Bu davalar “Kamusal Tartışmaya Karşı Stratejik Dava” olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Bu dava türünde davacı kaybedeceğini bildiği bir dava ile ifadelerini ya da başvurusunu engellemek istediği davalıyı sindirmeyi ve caydırmayı hedeflemektedir. Günümüzde dünyanın neredeyse tamamına yayılmış olan bu dava türü, internetin de etkisiyle genellikle büyük ekonomik güce sahip şirketler ile bireyleri karşı karşıya getirmektedir. Büyük tazminat talepleri yargılama sonunda reddedilse bile ülkede ifade hürriyetinin azalmasına, bireylerin kamusal tartışmalara katılmaktan caydırılmasına neden olmaktadır. ABD’de başlarda Noerr-Pennington ve NYT v. Sullivan içtihatları ile mücadele edilen bu davalara karşı 1990’lı yıllardan itibaren eyalet hukuklarında önlemler alınmaya başlanmıştır. Halen ABD’de federal düzeyde bir düzenleme ise yapılmamıştır. Eyalet kanunları genellikle davanın maddi yükünü davacının üstünde bırakacak ve yargılama sürecini kısaltarak manevi yükünü azaltacak yöntemler kabul etmişlerdir. Eyalet düzenlemelerinin ilklerinden birisi olan Kaliforniya Usul Kanunu’nun 425.16 maddesi her tür ifadeyi korumaktadır. Kamusal Tartışmaya Karşı Stratejik Davalara karşı alınacak önlemlerin de kötüye kullanılması mümkündür ve tedbirlerin adil yargılanma hakkıyla dengelenmesi gerekmektedir.

Keywords

İfade Hürriyeti, Caydırma Etkisi, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, Tazminat, Medeni Usul Hukuku, Kaliforniya

Anti-SLAPP Law in USA

Abstract

Around 1970’s a novel type of lawsuit started to appear in the United States of America to suppress participation of individuals in public discourse. Dubbed as “Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation” or SLAPP, these lawsuits appear mostly disguised as a civil law damages claim. By using a SLAPP, plaintiff aims to subdue and chill the defendant from petitioning the authorities or voicing her opposition. This lawsuit spread globally and brought individuals face to face with multi-million dollar companies. Although doomed from the start immense damages claimed in these suits diminish freedom of expression and chills participation in public discourse. Initially Noerr-Pennington and NYT v. Sullivan case law was employed as a defense against-SLAPPs and around the 1990s states began to adopt anti-SLAPP legislation. There is still not an anti-SLAPP legislation at the federal level. State legislations generally adopts procedural safeguards by which the defendant can recover expanses and allows expedited dismissal of a SLAPP. California anti-SLAPP protection, which is one of the first, provides very wide protection. Anti-SLAPP legislation can also be abused and for this reason a fair balance between free trial rights and freedom expression must be created.

Keywords

Freedom of Expression, Chilling Effect, United States of America, Damages, Civil Procedure, California

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