Early Release in English Criminal Law

Year 2023, , 261 - 294, 31.07.2023

Ali Emrah Bozbayındır

https://doi.org/10.34246/ahbvuhfd.1270715

Abstract

Early release, with or without conditions, is an indispensable element of the modern criminal justice apparatus, albeit controversial. It reflects, at times, the tension between the interest of reducing the prison population on the one hand and the interest of keeping, say, violent offenders longer behind bars to preserve the public's trust in the criminal justice system in a given society. The present article presents the English early release model, which is marked by complexity and change, yet, quite interesting for a comparatist, for it makes crystal the aforementioned tensions in the liberal criminal justice apparatus, especially in the law few years. The present article starts with an overview of the model and basic concepts of early release in England and Wales, emphasizing its mixed model of early release, which combines automatic and discretionary models of early release. The article then briefly analyses the historical development of the law of early release in England and its modern evolution from the Criminal Justice Acts 1967 to the most recent, the Review of the Parole System conducted by the Ministry of Justice in 2022. The article also examines the current bifurcated temporal requirements for conditional release and the role and decision-making process of the parole board. After providing an overview of the recall procedures and types of recall, the article examines the use of electronic monitoring in the context of conditional release and the temporary release schemes adopted during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Keywords

Conditional release, automatic release, parole board, recall, electronic monitoring

İNGİLİZ CEZA HUKUKUNDA KOŞULLU SALIVERİLME

Abstract

Erken salıverilme ister bir koşula bağlamış olsun ister olmasın modern ceza adaleti sisteminin vazgeçilmez bir unsurlarından bir olma niteliği arz etmektedir. Buna mukabil, koşullu salıverilme oldukça tartışmalı bir kurum niteliğindedir. Koşullu salıverilme, çoğu zaman cezaevi nüfusunun azaltılması menfaati ile örneğin şiddet ihtiva eden suçları işlemiş faillerin daha süre cezaevinde tutulması suretiyle belli bir toplumda kamunun ceza adaleti sistemine güveninin muhafazası menfaati arasındaki gerilimi yansıtmaktadır. Bu makale, oldukça karmaşık ve sürekli değişen bir yapı arz eden İngiliz koşullu salıverilme modelini tahlil etmektedir. Bu karmaşık yapısına rağmen İngiliz modeli, bir karşılaştırmalı hukukçu için bilhassa liberal bir ceza hukuku sisteminde yaşanan yukarıda ifade edilen gerilimi billurlaştırmış olması bakımından oldukça ilginç bir örnek teşkil etmektedir. Makale, İngiliz koşullu salıverilme modeli ve kavramlarının kısaca izah edilmesiyle başlamaktadır. İngiliz modeli, otomatik ve takdiri salıverilme sistemlerine bir arada yer veren karma bir model niteliğindedir. Bu izahları müteakip, İngiltere’de koşullu salıverilmenin tarihsel gelişimini ve modern dönemdeki 1967 tarihli Ceza Adaleti Kanunu’ndan (Criminal Justice Act 1967) en son 2022 yılındaki Adalet Bakanlığı Koşullu Salıverilme Sisteminin İncelenmesi Değerlendirme Raporu’na (the Review of the Parole System by the Ministry of Justice) kadar olan modern dönemdeki dönüşümünü kısaca tahlil edilmektedir. Çalışmada daha sonra, koşullu salıverilmeden yararlanmanın zamansal şartına ilişkin mevcut suç ve suçlu tipine göre farklılaştırılmış ikili bir yapı arz eden şartları ve koşullu salıverilme kurulunun karar alma süreçlerini incelemektedir. Koşullu salıverilme kararının geri alınması ve geri alınma kararı türlerini inceledikten sonra makale koşullu salıverilme bağlamında elektronik izlemenin kullanılması ve Yeni Koronavirüs Hastalığı (COVID-19) salgını döneminde benimsenen geçici salıverilme düzenlemelerinin tahlil edilmektedir.

Keywords

Koşullu Salıverilme, otomatik salıverilme, koşullu salıverilme kurulu, koşullu salıverilme kararının geri alınması, elektronik izleme

References

• Ashworth A, Sentencing and Criminal Justice, Fifth Ed., Cambridge University Press, 2010.
• Beard J, Release from prison in England and Wales, House of Commons Library, 2020.
• Beard J, The Parole System of England and Wales, House of Commons Library, 2023.
• Beard, J, Coronavirus: Prisons (England and Wales), House of Commons Library, 2020.
• Byrne J, Don Hummer, Sabrina S. Rapisarda/Kimberly R. Kras, ‘The US government’s response to COVID-19 outbreaks in federal, state, and local corrections’, in Frieder Dünkel, Stefan Harrendorf ve Dirk van Zyl Smit (eds.) The Impact of Covid-19 on Prison Conditions and Penal Policy, Routledge, 2022, s. 557-580.
• Cox D J, ‘Fitted both Morally and Physically to Fulfil his Proper Duties in the Battle of Life? – The effectiveness or Otherwise of Penal Servitude and imprisonment 1853-2021’ The Howard Journal of Crime and Justice, 60(1), 2021, s. 47-55.
• Dünkel F/Weber J, ‘(Early) release, probation and collateral consequences (directives) after release, Legal conditions and practice’ in Frieder Dünkel, Ineke Pruin, Anette Storgaard and Jonas Weber (eds), Prisoner Resettlement in Europe, Routledge, 2019, s. 403-434.
• Dünkel F, ‘Early Release from Prison’, in Gerben Bruinsma ve David Weisburd (eds.), Encyclopaedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Springer, 2014, s. 1256-1271.
• Dünkel F/Harrendorf S/van Zyl Smit D, ‘Summary analysis of the state of prisons and penal policies before, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic’, in Frieder Dünkel, Stefan Harrendorf ve Dirk van Zyl Smit (eds.) The Impact of Covid-19 on Prison Conditions and Penal Policy, Routledge, 2022, s. 634-664.
• Dünkel F/Thiele C/Treig J, ‘Elektronische Überwachung von Straffälligen und Beschuldigten in Europa – Zusammenfassender Vergleich und Perspektiven und Perspektiven für die Kriminalpolitik’, in Frieder Dünkel, Christoph Thiele ve Judith Treig (Hrsg), Elektronische Überwachung von Straffälligen im europäischen Vergleich – Bestandsaufnahme und Perspektiven, Forum Verlag Godesberg, 2017, s. 475-540.
• Gov. UK., press release, “Pregnant prisoners to be temporarily released from custody”, 31 Mart 2020. Heard C/Padfield N, ‘England and Wales’, in Frieder Dünkel, Stefan Harrendorf ve Dirk van Zyl Smit (eds.) The Impact of Covid-19 on Prison Conditions and Penal Policy, Routledge, 2022, s. 169-180.
• Herzog-Evans M, ‘France’, in Frieder Dünkel, Stefan Harrendorf ve Dirk van Zyl Smit (eds.) The Impact of Covid-19 on Prison Conditions and Penal Policy, Routledge, 2022, s. 209-223.
• Herzog-Evans M, ‘French Early Release: McPocedures and McRe-Entry’, European Journal of Probation, 11(3), 2019, s. 188-201.
• Höffler K/Padfield N, ‘The Implementation of Sentences’, in Kai Ambos, Antony Duff, Alexander Heinze, Julian Roberts and Thomas Weigend (eds), Core Concepts in Criminal Law and Criminal Justice, Volume II, Cambridge University Press, 2022, s. 349-391.
• Hörnle T, ‘Comparative Assessment of Sentencing Laws, Practices, and Trends’ in Darryl K. Brown, Jenia I. Turner ve Bettina Weisser (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Criminal Process, Oxford University Press, 2019, s. 887-909.
• Hucklesby A/Holdsworth E, ‘England und Wales’, in Frieder Dünkel, Christoph Thiele ve Judith Treig (Hrsg), Elektronische Überwachung von Straffälligen im europäischen Vergleich – Bestandsaufnahme und Perspektiven, Forum Verlag Godesberg, 2017, s. 177-204.
• Kensey A, ‘Conditional release and the prevention of reoffending’ in Crime Policy in Europe, Council of Europe Publishing, 2004.
• Laubenthal K, Strafvollzug, 8. Auflage, Springer, 2019.
• Lévy R, ‘Pardons and Amnesties as Policy Instruments in Contemporary France’, Crime and Justice, 36(1), 2007, s. 551-590.
• Ministry of Justice, “Serious violent and sexual offenders to spend longer in prison”, 22 January 2020, <https://www.gov.uk/government/news/serious-violent-and-sexual-offenders-to-spend-longer-in-prison>, Erişim Tarihi 11.03.2023.
• Padfield N/Bild J, Text and Materials on the Criminal Justice Process, 5th Edition, Routledge, 2016. Padfield N, “England and Wales”, in Nicola Padfield, Dirk Van Zyl Smit ve Frieder Dünkel (eds.), Release from Prison, European Policy and Practice, Willan Publishing, 2010, s. 104-134.
• Padfield N/Bild J, Text and Materials on the Criminal Justice Process, 5th Edition, London, 2016. Parole Board, ‘How we make our decisions’, <https://www.gov.uk/guidance/how-we-make-our-decisions>, Erişim Tarihi 11.03.2023.
• Petersilia J, “Parole and Prisoner Re-Entry”, in Michael Tonry (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Crime and Criminal Justice, Oxford University Press, 2011, s. 925-952.
• Picotti L/ Ravagnani L, ‘Italy’, in Frieder Dünkel, Stefan Harrendorf ve Dirk van Zyl Smit (eds.) The Impact of Covid-19 on Prison Conditions and Penal Policy, Routledge, 2022, s. 295-305.
• Roberts J V, Criminal Justice, Oxford University Press, 2015.
• Roydhouse E, The Criminal Law and Criminal Justice Acts 1967, Butterworths, 1968.
• Sky News, ‘Mother who abused her child so badly he had to have his legs amputated may be kept in prison’ 11 August 2022, <https://news.sky.com/story/mother-who-abused-her-child-so-badly-he-had-to-have-his-legs-amputated-may-be-kept-in-prison-12670701>, Erişim Tarihi 11.03.2023.
• Sturge G, UK Prison Population Statistics, House of Commons Library, 2020.
• Tonry M, ‘Reducing the prison population’ in Michael Tonry (ed) Confronting Crime, Willan Publishing, 2003, s. 211-223.
• Tournier P V, “Systems of Conditional Release (Parole) in the Member States of the Council of Europe”, Champ Pénal/Penal Field [Online], 2004, <http://journals.openedition.org/champpenal/378>, Erişim Tarihi 11.03.2023.
• Villman E, ‘Early release from prison with electronic monitoring: Hook for or hindrance to change?’ Criminology & Criminal Justice, 2022, online first.
• Werninger S, ‘Die elektronische Überwachung (Art. 79b StGB)’, Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Strafrecht, 136, 2018, s. 214-247.