CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY IN THE TURKISH CRIMINAL CODE: A CRITICAL REVIEW IN THE LIGHT OF INTERNATIONAL MECHANISMS

Volkan Maviş

CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY IN THE TURKISH CRIMINAL CODE: A CRITICAL REVIEW IN THE LIGHT OF INTERNATIONAL MECHANISMS

Year 2016, Volume: 20 Issue: 2, 679 - 708, 01.04.2016

Abstract

Crimes against humanity are as old as humanity itself. However, the expression can be traced dating back a century. After the birth of the concept, international criminal law has covered a long distance by courtesy of international tribunals. The defi nition of the crime has evolved and the practice has been modifi ed. On the other hand, Turkish Criminal Code system has fallen outside the developments in the international area. Although, including of international crimes in the Code is an admirable enterprise, the defi nition of crimes against humanity must be restructured in the light of international standards. Firstly, the list of prohibited acts must be enhanced. Secondly, discriminatory intent and requirement for systematic attack must be excluded from the text

Keywords

crimes against humanity, international criminal court, discriminatory intent, enforced disappearance, deportation

References

Aksar, Yusuf: “Uluslararası Suçlar, Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi ve Yeni Türk Ceza Kanunu”, Uluslararası Hukuk ve Politika, Vol. 1, Iss. 1, pp. 43-56.
Aksar, Yusuf: Implementing International Humanitarian Law: From the Ad Hoc Tribunals to a Permanent International Criminal Court, London 2004: Routledge Press.
Baars, Grietje: “Making ICL Histıry: On the Need to Move Beyond Pre-fab Critiques of ICL”, in Schwöbel, C. (ed.), Critical Approach to International Criminal Law: An Introduction, Oxon 2014: Routledge Press, pp. 196-218.
Badar, Mohamed Elewa: “From the Nuremberg Charter to the Rome Statute: DeŞ ning the Elements of Crimes against Humanity”, San Diego International Law Journal, Vol. 5, pp. 73-144.
Banks, Angela M.: Sexual Violence and International Law: An Analysis of the Ad Hoc Tribunal’s Jurisprudence & the International Criminal Court’s Elements of Crimes, 2005, Faculty Publications, paper 305, http://scholarship. law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1326&context=facpubs
Bassiouni M. Cherif: International Criminal Law: Source, Subjects and Contents, Vol. I, Leiden 2008: Brill Press.
Bassiouni, M. Cherif: Crimes against Humanity: Historical Evolution and Contemporary Application, New York 2011: Cambridge University Press.
Bert V.A. Röling: “The Nuremberg and Tokyo Trials in Retrospect”, in Bassiouni M.C. and Nanda, V. (ed.), A Treatise on International Criminal Law, SpringŞ eld 1973: Thomas Press, pp. 591-608.
Butow, Robert Joseph Charles: Tojo and the Coming of the War, Stanford 1970: Stanford University Press.
Byron, Christine: War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Manchester 2009: Manchester University Press.
Cassese, Antonio: International Criminal Law, Oxford 2008: Oxford University Press.
Chesterman, Simon: “An Altogether Diﬀ erent Order: DeŞ ning The Elements of Crimes Against Humanity”, Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law, Vol. 10, Iss. 2, pp. 307-344.
Chinkin, Christine: “Rape and Sexual Abuse of Women in International Law”, European Journal of International Law, Vol. 5, Iss. 1, pp. 326-341.
Cryer, Robert / Friman, Hakan / Robinson, Darryl / Wilmshurst, Elizabeth: An Introduction to International Criminal Law and Procedure, Cambridge 2010: Cambridge University Press.
deGuzman, Margaret M.: “Crimes Against Humanity”, in Schabas, William A., Bernaz, N. (ed.), Routledge Handbook of International Criminal Law, Abingdon 2011: Routledge, pp. 121-138.
Değirmenci, Olgun: “Mukayeseli Hukukta ve Türk Hukukunda İnsan Ticareti Suçu”, Türkiye Barolar Birliği Dergisi, Vol. 67, pp. 57-95.
Dörmann, Knut, Elements of War Crimes under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Cambridge 2003: Cambridge University Press.
Forges, Alison Des: “Call to Genocide: Radio in Rwanda, 1994”, in Thompson, A. (ed.), The Media and The Rwandan Genocide, London 2007: Pluto Press, pp. 41-54.
Fujita, Hisakazu: “The Tokyo Trials Revisited”, in Doria, J., Gasser, H.P. and Bassiouni, M. Cherif (ed.), The Legal Regime of The International Criminal Court: Essays in Honour of Professor Igor Blishchenko, Leiden - Boston 2008: Martinus Njhoﬀ Publishers, pp. 23-50.
Haenen, Iris: “Classifying Acts as Crimes against Humanity in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court”, German Law Journal, Vol. 14, Iss. 7, pp. 796-822.
Hafızoğulları, Zeki / Güngör, Devrim: “Türk Ceza Hukukunda Suçların TasniŞ ”, Türkiye Barolar Birliği Dergisi, Vol. 69, pp. 21-50.
İçel, Kayıhan: Ceza Hukuku Genel Hükümler, İstanbul 2014: Beta Press.
Kittichaisaree, Kriangsak: International Criminal Law, Oxford 2001: Oxford University Press.
Kurban, Dilek / Yeğen, Mesut: Adaletin Kıyısında: Zorunlu Göç Sonrasında Devlet ve Kürtler / 5233 Sayılı Tazminat Yasasının Bir Değer- lendirmesi – Van Örneği, İstanbul 2012: TESEV Publication.
MacKinnon, Elaine: “Joseph Stalin”, in Shelton, Dinah L. (ed.), En- cyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity 2, Farmington Hills 2005: Thomson Gale, pp. 996-998.
Marks, Stephen P.: “Medical Experimentation”, in Shelton, Dinah L. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity 2, Farmington Hills 2005: Thomson Gale, pp. 669-675.
Mettraux, Guenael: International Crimes and Ad Hoc Tribunals, Ox- ford 2005: Oxford University Press.
Novak, Andrew: The International Criminal Court: An Introduction, Switzerland 2015: Springer International Publishing.
Özgenç, İzzet: Türk Ceza Hukuku Genel Hükümler, Ankara 2014: Seçkin Press.
Park, Bill: Modern Turkey: People, State and Foreign Policy in a Glo- balized World, New York 2013: Routledge Press.
Proctor, Robert N.: “The Destruction of ‘Lives Not Worth Living”, in Terry, J. and Urla, J. (ed.), Deviant Bodies: Critical Perspectives on Diﬀ erence in Science and Popular Culture, Indiana 1995: Indiana University Press.
Ratner, Steven R. / Abrams, Jason S. / Bischoﬀ , James L: Accountability for Human Rights Atrocities in International Law: Beyond the Nuremberg Legacy, New York 2009: Oxford University Press.
Robinson, Darryl: “DeŞ ning ‘Crimes against Humanity’ at the Rome Conference”, The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 93, Iss. 1, pp. 43-57.
Robinson, Darryl / von Hebel Hebel: “War Crimes in Internal Armed Conﬂ ict: Article 8 of the ICC Statute”, in Fischer, H. (ed.), Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law – Vol. 2, Hague 1999: Asser Press, pp. 193- 212.
SaraŞ an, Ara / Avebury, Eric: British Parliamentary Debates on the Armenian Genocide, 1915-1918, Reading 2003: Taderon Press.
Schaack, Beth Van: “The DeŞ nition of Crimes against Humanity: Resolving the Incoherence”, Columbia Journal of Transitional Justice, Vol. 37, pp. 787-850.
Schabas, William A.: “State Policy as an Element of International Crimes”, Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol. 98, Iss. 3, pp. 953- 982.
Scovazzi, Tullio / Citroni, Gabriella: The Struggle against Enforced Disappearance and the 2007 United Nations Convention, Leiden - Boston 2007: Martinus Nijhoﬀ Publisher.
Simbeye, Yitiha: Immunity and International Criminal Law, Aldershot 2004: Ashgate Publication.
Stewart, David P.: “The International Criminal Court” in Giorgetti, C. (ed.), International Litigation in Practice: The Rules, Practice and Jurisprudence of International Courts and Tribunals, Leiden - Boston 2012: Martinus Nijhoﬀ Publisher.
T.C. Adalet Bakanlığı Yayın İşleri Daire Başkanlığı: Tutanaklarla Türk Ceza Kanunu, Ankara 2005.
Tezcan, Durmuş / Erdem, Mustafa Ruhan / Önok, Rıfat Murat: Teorik ve Pratik Ceza Özel Hukuku, Ankara 2013: Seçkin Press.
Topal, Ahmet Hamdi: Uluslararası Ceza Yargılamalarında Cinsel Suçlar, İstanbul 2009: On İki Levha Press.
Charter of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, 19 January 1946, T.I.A.S. No. 1589.
General Assembly Resolution (GA Res.) 47/133, 18 December 1992.
Inter-American Convention on the Forced Disappearance of Persons, 9 June 1994, OAS Treaty Series No. 68, 33 ILM 1429.
Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to Protection of Victims of International Armed Conﬂ icts, 7 December 1978, 1125 U.N.T.S.3.
Report of the Preparatory Committee on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court, U.N. GAOR, 51st Sess., Supp. No. 22, at 22, U.N. Doc. A/51/22 (1996).
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 17 July 1998, U.N. Doc. A/CONF. 183/9.
Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal For Rwanda, 8 November 1994, U.N.S.C. Res. 955, U.N. SCOR, 49th Sess. 3453th mtg., U.N Doc. S/ RES/955.
Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, 25 May 1993, U.N.S.C. Res. 827, U.N. SCOR, 48th Sess., 217th mtg., U.N. Doc. S/RES/827.
The Agreement for the Prosecution and Punishment of the Major War Criminals of the European Axis, 8 August 1945, 59 Stat. 1544, 82 U.N.T.S 279, E.A.S. No. 472.
Treaty of Peace with Turkey, Sevres, 10 August 1920.
Turkish Criminal Code, No.5237, passed on 26 September 2004 (Oﬃ - cial Gazette No.25611, dated 12 October 2004).
U.N. International Convention on the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Dısappearance, 12 January 2007. G.A. Res. 61/177, U.N. Doc. A/ RES/61/177.
Kurt v Turkey, ECtHR, Application No. 24276/94, Judgement, 25 May 1998.
Prosecutor v. Akayesu, Case No. ICTR-96-4-T, Judgement, 2 September 1998.
Prosecutor v. Akayesu, Case No. ICTR-96-4-4, Judgement, 1 June 2001.
Prosecutor v. Blaskic, Case No. IT-95-14-T, Judgement, 3 March 2000.
Prosecutor v. Brima et al., Case No. SCSL-04-16-A, Judgment, 22 February 2008, [AFRC Appeals Judgment].
Prosecutor v. Krnojelac, Case No. IT-97-25-T, Judgement, 15 March 2002.
Prosecutor v. Krstic, Case No. IT-98-33-T, Judgement, 2 August 2001.
Prosecutor v. Kunarac, Case No. IT-96-23 & IT-96-23/1-A, Judgement, 12 June 2002.
Prosecutor v. Stakic, Case No. IT-97-24-A, Judgement, 22 March 2006.
Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-T, Opinion and Judgement, 7 May 1997.
Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-A, Judgement, 15 July 1999.
Amnesty International: “’Ne Bir Hastalık Ne Bir Suç’ Türkiye’de Lezbiyen, Gey, Biseksüel, ve Trans Bireyler Eşitlik İstiyor”, http://www. amnesty.org.tr/uploads/Docs/lgbt-raporu-tr240.pdf, (Accessed 17 August 2015).
Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü: “2013 Türkiye Nüfus ve Sağlık Araştırması”, http://www.hips.hacettepe.edu.tr/TNSA_2013_ ana_rapor.pdf, (Accessed 20 August 2015)
Human Rights Watch: “Adalet Vakti: Türkiye’de Doksanlarda Gerçekleşen Faili Meçhul Cinayetler ve Kayıplar İçin Cezasızlığın Sona turkey0912tuwebwcover.pdf (Accessed 5 September 2015) http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/Ş les/reports/
Human Rights Watch: “World Report 2014”, http://www.hrw.org/ sites/default/Ş les/wr2014_web_0.pdf (Accessed 18 August 2015)
Hürriyet Daily News: “Syrian Car Hits Family in Gaziantep, Raising s y r i a n - c a r- h i t s - f a m i l y - i n - g a z i a n t e p - r a i s i n g - r a c i a l - t e n s i o n s . aspx?pageID=238&nID=69203&NewsCatID=341 (Accessed 17 August 2015) Tensions”, http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/
İnsan Hakları Derneği: “2013 Türkiye İnsan Hakları İhlalleri Bilançosu”, http://www.ihd.org.tr/images/2014/2013_bilano.doc, (Accessed 5 September 2015)
United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute: “Crimes Module_7_Crimes_against_humanity.pdf (Accessed 25 September 2014) Humanity”, http://wcjp.unicri.it/deliverables/docs/
U.S. Department of State: http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2000/ eap/709.htm, (Accessed 17 August 2015)
Unicef: “Türkiye’de Çocukların Durumu Raporu 2011”, http://www. izmiriplanliyorum.org/static/upload/Ş le/turkiye%27de_cocuklarin_durumu_ raporu_%282011%29.pdf, (Accessed 20 August 2015)

Türk Ceza Kanunu’nda İnsanlığa Karşı Suçlar: Uluslararası Mekanizmalar Işığında Eleştirel Bir İnceleme

Year 2016, Volume: 20 Issue: 2, 679 - 708, 01.04.2016

Volkan Maviş

Abstract

İnsanlığa karşı suçlar, insanlığın kendisi kadar eski bir olgudur. Oysa ki, kavram ancak yüz yıllık bir tarihe sahiptir. Konseptin doğumundan bu yana uluslararası ceza hukuku, uluslararası mahkemelerin katkılarıyla uzun bir yol kat etmiştir. Suçun tanımı evrim geçirmiş ve uygulama değişim göstermiştir. Öte yandan, Türk Ceza Kanunu uluslararası alandaki bu gelişmelerin gerisinde kalmıştır. Her ne kadar kanunun uluslararası suçlara yer vermesi önemli bir gelişme olsa da insanlığa karşı suç tanımının uluslararası standartlar ışığında yeniden düzenlenmesi gerekmektedir. Öncelikle suç tanımındaki yasaklanmış fiillerin sayısı arttırılmalıdır. İkinci olarak, fiilin ayrımcılık saikiyle ve sistemli olarak işlenmesi şartları madde metninden çıkarılmalıdır

Keywords

insanlığa karşı suçlar, uluslararası ceza mahkemesi, ayrımcılık saiki, zorla kaybetme, sürgün

References

Aksar, Yusuf: “Uluslararası Suçlar, Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi ve Yeni Türk Ceza Kanunu”, Uluslararası Hukuk ve Politika, Vol. 1, Iss. 1, pp. 43-56.
Aksar, Yusuf: Implementing International Humanitarian Law: From the Ad Hoc Tribunals to a Permanent International Criminal Court, London 2004: Routledge Press.
Baars, Grietje: “Making ICL Histıry: On the Need to Move Beyond Pre-fab Critiques of ICL”, in Schwöbel, C. (ed.), Critical Approach to International Criminal Law: An Introduction, Oxon 2014: Routledge Press, pp. 196-218.
Badar, Mohamed Elewa: “From the Nuremberg Charter to the Rome Statute: DeŞ ning the Elements of Crimes against Humanity”, San Diego International Law Journal, Vol. 5, pp. 73-144.
Banks, Angela M.: Sexual Violence and International Law: An Analysis of the Ad Hoc Tribunal’s Jurisprudence & the International Criminal Court’s Elements of Crimes, 2005, Faculty Publications, paper 305, http://scholarship. law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1326&context=facpubs
Bassiouni M. Cherif: International Criminal Law: Source, Subjects and Contents, Vol. I, Leiden 2008: Brill Press.
Bassiouni, M. Cherif: Crimes against Humanity: Historical Evolution and Contemporary Application, New York 2011: Cambridge University Press.
Bert V.A. Röling: “The Nuremberg and Tokyo Trials in Retrospect”, in Bassiouni M.C. and Nanda, V. (ed.), A Treatise on International Criminal Law, SpringŞ eld 1973: Thomas Press, pp. 591-608.
Butow, Robert Joseph Charles: Tojo and the Coming of the War, Stanford 1970: Stanford University Press.
Byron, Christine: War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Manchester 2009: Manchester University Press.
Cassese, Antonio: International Criminal Law, Oxford 2008: Oxford University Press.
Chesterman, Simon: “An Altogether Diﬀ erent Order: DeŞ ning The Elements of Crimes Against Humanity”, Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law, Vol. 10, Iss. 2, pp. 307-344.
Chinkin, Christine: “Rape and Sexual Abuse of Women in International Law”, European Journal of International Law, Vol. 5, Iss. 1, pp. 326-341.
Cryer, Robert / Friman, Hakan / Robinson, Darryl / Wilmshurst, Elizabeth: An Introduction to International Criminal Law and Procedure, Cambridge 2010: Cambridge University Press.
deGuzman, Margaret M.: “Crimes Against Humanity”, in Schabas, William A., Bernaz, N. (ed.), Routledge Handbook of International Criminal Law, Abingdon 2011: Routledge, pp. 121-138.
Değirmenci, Olgun: “Mukayeseli Hukukta ve Türk Hukukunda İnsan Ticareti Suçu”, Türkiye Barolar Birliği Dergisi, Vol. 67, pp. 57-95.
Dörmann, Knut, Elements of War Crimes under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Cambridge 2003: Cambridge University Press.
Forges, Alison Des: “Call to Genocide: Radio in Rwanda, 1994”, in Thompson, A. (ed.), The Media and The Rwandan Genocide, London 2007: Pluto Press, pp. 41-54.
Fujita, Hisakazu: “The Tokyo Trials Revisited”, in Doria, J., Gasser, H.P. and Bassiouni, M. Cherif (ed.), The Legal Regime of The International Criminal Court: Essays in Honour of Professor Igor Blishchenko, Leiden - Boston 2008: Martinus Njhoﬀ Publishers, pp. 23-50.
Haenen, Iris: “Classifying Acts as Crimes against Humanity in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court”, German Law Journal, Vol. 14, Iss. 7, pp. 796-822.
Hafızoğulları, Zeki / Güngör, Devrim: “Türk Ceza Hukukunda Suçların TasniŞ ”, Türkiye Barolar Birliği Dergisi, Vol. 69, pp. 21-50.
İçel, Kayıhan: Ceza Hukuku Genel Hükümler, İstanbul 2014: Beta Press.
Kittichaisaree, Kriangsak: International Criminal Law, Oxford 2001: Oxford University Press.
Kurban, Dilek / Yeğen, Mesut: Adaletin Kıyısında: Zorunlu Göç Sonrasında Devlet ve Kürtler / 5233 Sayılı Tazminat Yasasının Bir Değer- lendirmesi – Van Örneği, İstanbul 2012: TESEV Publication.
MacKinnon, Elaine: “Joseph Stalin”, in Shelton, Dinah L. (ed.), En- cyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity 2, Farmington Hills 2005: Thomson Gale, pp. 996-998.
Marks, Stephen P.: “Medical Experimentation”, in Shelton, Dinah L. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity 2, Farmington Hills 2005: Thomson Gale, pp. 669-675.
Mettraux, Guenael: International Crimes and Ad Hoc Tribunals, Ox- ford 2005: Oxford University Press.
Novak, Andrew: The International Criminal Court: An Introduction, Switzerland 2015: Springer International Publishing.
Özgenç, İzzet: Türk Ceza Hukuku Genel Hükümler, Ankara 2014: Seçkin Press.
Park, Bill: Modern Turkey: People, State and Foreign Policy in a Glo- balized World, New York 2013: Routledge Press.
Proctor, Robert N.: “The Destruction of ‘Lives Not Worth Living”, in Terry, J. and Urla, J. (ed.), Deviant Bodies: Critical Perspectives on Diﬀ erence in Science and Popular Culture, Indiana 1995: Indiana University Press.
Ratner, Steven R. / Abrams, Jason S. / Bischoﬀ , James L: Accountability for Human Rights Atrocities in International Law: Beyond the Nuremberg Legacy, New York 2009: Oxford University Press.
Robinson, Darryl: “DeŞ ning ‘Crimes against Humanity’ at the Rome Conference”, The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 93, Iss. 1, pp. 43-57.
Robinson, Darryl / von Hebel Hebel: “War Crimes in Internal Armed Conﬂ ict: Article 8 of the ICC Statute”, in Fischer, H. (ed.), Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law – Vol. 2, Hague 1999: Asser Press, pp. 193- 212.
SaraŞ an, Ara / Avebury, Eric: British Parliamentary Debates on the Armenian Genocide, 1915-1918, Reading 2003: Taderon Press.
Schaack, Beth Van: “The DeŞ nition of Crimes against Humanity: Resolving the Incoherence”, Columbia Journal of Transitional Justice, Vol. 37, pp. 787-850.
Schabas, William A.: “State Policy as an Element of International Crimes”, Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol. 98, Iss. 3, pp. 953- 982.
Scovazzi, Tullio / Citroni, Gabriella: The Struggle against Enforced Disappearance and the 2007 United Nations Convention, Leiden - Boston 2007: Martinus Nijhoﬀ Publisher.
Simbeye, Yitiha: Immunity and International Criminal Law, Aldershot 2004: Ashgate Publication.
Stewart, David P.: “The International Criminal Court” in Giorgetti, C. (ed.), International Litigation in Practice: The Rules, Practice and Jurisprudence of International Courts and Tribunals, Leiden - Boston 2012: Martinus Nijhoﬀ Publisher.
T.C. Adalet Bakanlığı Yayın İşleri Daire Başkanlığı: Tutanaklarla Türk Ceza Kanunu, Ankara 2005.
Tezcan, Durmuş / Erdem, Mustafa Ruhan / Önok, Rıfat Murat: Teorik ve Pratik Ceza Özel Hukuku, Ankara 2013: Seçkin Press.
Topal, Ahmet Hamdi: Uluslararası Ceza Yargılamalarında Cinsel Suçlar, İstanbul 2009: On İki Levha Press.
Charter of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, 19 January 1946, T.I.A.S. No. 1589.
General Assembly Resolution (GA Res.) 47/133, 18 December 1992.
Inter-American Convention on the Forced Disappearance of Persons, 9 June 1994, OAS Treaty Series No. 68, 33 ILM 1429.
Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to Protection of Victims of International Armed Conﬂ icts, 7 December 1978, 1125 U.N.T.S.3.
Report of the Preparatory Committee on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court, U.N. GAOR, 51st Sess., Supp. No. 22, at 22, U.N. Doc. A/51/22 (1996).
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 17 July 1998, U.N. Doc. A/CONF. 183/9.
Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal For Rwanda, 8 November 1994, U.N.S.C. Res. 955, U.N. SCOR, 49th Sess. 3453th mtg., U.N Doc. S/ RES/955.
Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, 25 May 1993, U.N.S.C. Res. 827, U.N. SCOR, 48th Sess., 217th mtg., U.N. Doc. S/RES/827.
The Agreement for the Prosecution and Punishment of the Major War Criminals of the European Axis, 8 August 1945, 59 Stat. 1544, 82 U.N.T.S 279, E.A.S. No. 472.
Treaty of Peace with Turkey, Sevres, 10 August 1920.
Turkish Criminal Code, No.5237, passed on 26 September 2004 (Oﬃ - cial Gazette No.25611, dated 12 October 2004).
U.N. International Convention on the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Dısappearance, 12 January 2007. G.A. Res. 61/177, U.N. Doc. A/ RES/61/177.
Kurt v Turkey, ECtHR, Application No. 24276/94, Judgement, 25 May 1998.
Prosecutor v. Akayesu, Case No. ICTR-96-4-T, Judgement, 2 September 1998.
Prosecutor v. Akayesu, Case No. ICTR-96-4-4, Judgement, 1 June 2001.
Prosecutor v. Blaskic, Case No. IT-95-14-T, Judgement, 3 March 2000.
Prosecutor v. Brima et al., Case No. SCSL-04-16-A, Judgment, 22 February 2008, [AFRC Appeals Judgment].
Prosecutor v. Krnojelac, Case No. IT-97-25-T, Judgement, 15 March 2002.
Prosecutor v. Krstic, Case No. IT-98-33-T, Judgement, 2 August 2001.
Prosecutor v. Kunarac, Case No. IT-96-23 & IT-96-23/1-A, Judgement, 12 June 2002.
Prosecutor v. Stakic, Case No. IT-97-24-A, Judgement, 22 March 2006.
Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-T, Opinion and Judgement, 7 May 1997.
Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-A, Judgement, 15 July 1999.
Amnesty International: “’Ne Bir Hastalık Ne Bir Suç’ Türkiye’de Lezbiyen, Gey, Biseksüel, ve Trans Bireyler Eşitlik İstiyor”, http://www. amnesty.org.tr/uploads/Docs/lgbt-raporu-tr240.pdf, (Accessed 17 August 2015).
Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü: “2013 Türkiye Nüfus ve Sağlık Araştırması”, http://www.hips.hacettepe.edu.tr/TNSA_2013_ ana_rapor.pdf, (Accessed 20 August 2015)
Human Rights Watch: “Adalet Vakti: Türkiye’de Doksanlarda Gerçekleşen Faili Meçhul Cinayetler ve Kayıplar İçin Cezasızlığın Sona turkey0912tuwebwcover.pdf (Accessed 5 September 2015) http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/Ş les/reports/
Human Rights Watch: “World Report 2014”, http://www.hrw.org/ sites/default/Ş les/wr2014_web_0.pdf (Accessed 18 August 2015)
Hürriyet Daily News: “Syrian Car Hits Family in Gaziantep, Raising s y r i a n - c a r- h i t s - f a m i l y - i n - g a z i a n t e p - r a i s i n g - r a c i a l - t e n s i o n s . aspx?pageID=238&nID=69203&NewsCatID=341 (Accessed 17 August 2015) Tensions”, http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/
İnsan Hakları Derneği: “2013 Türkiye İnsan Hakları İhlalleri Bilançosu”, http://www.ihd.org.tr/images/2014/2013_bilano.doc, (Accessed 5 September 2015)
United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute: “Crimes Module_7_Crimes_against_humanity.pdf (Accessed 25 September 2014) Humanity”, http://wcjp.unicri.it/deliverables/docs/
U.S. Department of State: http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2000/ eap/709.htm, (Accessed 17 August 2015)
Unicef: “Türkiye’de Çocukların Durumu Raporu 2011”, http://www. izmiriplanliyorum.org/static/upload/Ş le/turkiye%27de_cocuklarin_durumu_ raporu_%282011%29.pdf, (Accessed 20 August 2015)

There are 75 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language	English
Journal Section	Research Article
Authors	Volkan Maviş
Publication Date	April 1, 2016
Published in Issue	Year 2016 Volume: 20 Issue: 2

Cite

APA	Maviş, V. (2016). CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY IN THE TURKISH CRIMINAL CODE: A CRITICAL REVIEW IN THE LIGHT OF INTERNATIONAL MECHANISMS. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(2), 679-708.
AMA	Maviş V. CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY IN THE TURKISH CRIMINAL CODE: A CRITICAL REVIEW IN THE LIGHT OF INTERNATIONAL MECHANISMS. AHBVU-FLJ. April 2016;20(2):679-708.
Chicago	Maviş, Volkan. “CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY IN THE TURKISH CRIMINAL CODE: A CRITICAL REVIEW IN THE LIGHT OF INTERNATIONAL MECHANISMS”. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 20, no. 2 (April 2016): 679-708.
EndNote	Maviş V (April 1, 2016) CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY IN THE TURKISH CRIMINAL CODE: A CRITICAL REVIEW IN THE LIGHT OF INTERNATIONAL MECHANISMS. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 20 2 679–708.
IEEE	V. Maviş, “CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY IN THE TURKISH CRIMINAL CODE: A CRITICAL REVIEW IN THE LIGHT OF INTERNATIONAL MECHANISMS”, AHBVU-FLJ, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 679–708, 2016.
ISNAD	Maviş, Volkan. “CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY IN THE TURKISH CRIMINAL CODE: A CRITICAL REVIEW IN THE LIGHT OF INTERNATIONAL MECHANISMS”. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 20/2 (April 2016), 679-708.
JAMA	Maviş V. CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY IN THE TURKISH CRIMINAL CODE: A CRITICAL REVIEW IN THE LIGHT OF INTERNATIONAL MECHANISMS. AHBVU-FLJ. 2016;20:679–708.
MLA	Maviş, Volkan. “CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY IN THE TURKISH CRIMINAL CODE: A CRITICAL REVIEW IN THE LIGHT OF INTERNATIONAL MECHANISMS”. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 20, no. 2, 2016, pp. 679-08.
Vancouver	Maviş V. CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY IN THE TURKISH CRIMINAL CODE: A CRITICAL REVIEW IN THE LIGHT OF INTERNATIONAL MECHANISMS. AHBVU-FLJ. 2016;20(2):679-708.

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