ROMA HUKUKU PERSPEKTİFİNDEN XV. YÜZYIL POLONYA’SINDA SUÇ VE CEZA SİSTEMİ

Year 2024, Volume: 28 Issue: 1, 435 - 469, 06.02.2024

Ebru Emine Oğuz

https://doi.org/10.34246/ahbvuhfd.1336689

Abstract

Roma Hukuku, Polonya’da Geç Orta Çağ döneminin suç ve ceza sistemi üzerinde önemli ölçüde etkili olmuştur. Dolayısıyla suçlar tıpkı Roma Hukuku’nda olduğu gibi iki kategoride ele alınmış; hırsızlık, dolandırıcılık ve cinayet ağır suçlar olarak kabul edilirken; küçük hırsızlıklar, ufak yaralamalar veya hakaretler daha hafif suçlar şeklinde değerlendirilmiştir. Suçlarla mücadele kapsamında ise suç işleyen kişileri yargılamak ve suçlulara uygun cezaları vermekle mahkemeler, genellikle de kraliyet mahkemeleri sorumlu kılınmıştır. Verilen cezaların insanlık dışı veya aşırı olmaması ilkesinin geçerli olduğu Polonya’da uygulanan para, hapis, sürgün ya da çeşitli fiziksel cezaların yanı sıra suçluların toplum hizmeti yapmaları veya malvarlıklarına el konulması da yaygın ceza şekilleri arasında yer almaktadır. Bununla birlikte, suçluların hakları da korunmuştur. Suçlulara masumiyet karinesine dayalı olarak savunma hakkı verilmiş ve mahkemelerde adil yargılama yapılması şart koşulmuştur. Roma Hukuku’nun etkisiyle gelişmiş olan Geç Orta Çağ Polonya suç ve ceza sistemi, adaletin sağlanması amacıyla düzenlenmiş olsa da, dönemin hem sosyal hem de siyasî koşullarının, ceza sistemi ve uygulamaları üzerinde etkili olduğunu belirtmek gerekmektedir. Ağırlıklı olarak yabancı kaynaklar kullanılarak hazırlanan bu çalışmamızda, Roma Hukuku açısından XV. yüzyıl Polonya Krallığı’nın suç ve ceza sistemi ele alınmıştır.

Keywords

Geç Orta Çağ, Roma Hukuku, Polonya, Magdeburg Yasası, Suç, Ceza

CRIME AND PUNISHMENT SYSTEM OF XV-TH CENTURY POLAND FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF ROMAN LAW

Abstract

Roman Law had a significant influence on the criminal justice system of Late Medieval Poland. Therefore, crimes were handled in two categories, just like in Roman Law; while theft, fraud, and murder were considered as serious crimes; petty thefts, minor injuries or insults were considered as lesser offences. In the fight against crime, courts, often royal courts, were made responsible for judging offenders and handing out appropriate punishments. In addition to fines, imprisonment, exile or various physical punishments applied in Poland, where the principle of not being inhuman or excessive in punishment was valid, the criminals’ performing community service or confiscating their assets were among the common forms of punishment. However, the rights of criminals were also protected. Criminals were granted the right of defence based on the presumption of innocence and fair trials in courts were stipulated. Although the Late Medieval Polish crime and punishment system, which developed under the influence of Roman Law, was designed to ensure justice, it should be noted that both the social and political conditions of the period were influential on the punishment system and its practices. In this study, which was mainly prepared by using foreign sources, the crime and punishment system of the XVth-century Polish Kingdom is discussed in terms of Roman Law.

Keywords

Late Middle Ages, Roman Law, Poland, Magdeburg Law, Crime, Punishment

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