Çalışma Hayatında Otizmli Bireyler ve Aileleri Üzerine Fenomenolojik Bir Araştırma

İbrahim Efe Efeoğlu; Ömür Kılınçarslan

Research Article

A Phenomenological Research on Individuals with Autism and Their Families in Working Life

Year 2021, Volume: 23 Issue: 1, 37 - 66, 18.04.2021

İbrahim Efe Efeoğlu , Ömür Kılınçarslan

Abstract

References

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Avşaroğlu, S. (2012). Zihinsel yetersizliğe sahip çocuğu olan anne-babaların kaygı düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(1), 533-549.
Baker, D. L., & Drapela, L. A. (2010). Mostly the mother: Concentration of adverse employment effects on mothers of children with autism. The Social Science Journal, 47(3), 578-592.
Balcı, A. (2016). Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma Yöntem, Teknik ve İlkeler, 12. Baskı, Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
Baldwin, S., Costley, D., & Warren, A. (2014). Employment activities and experiences of adults with high-functioning autism and Asperger’s disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(10), 2440-2449.
Bircan G. A. (2004). Otistik çocuğa sahip ailelerin aile işlevlerinin incelenmesi (Yüksek lisans tezi). Ankara, Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
Cannella, G. S., ve Lincoln, Y. S. (2007). Predatory vs. dialogic ethics: Constructing an illusion or ethical practice as the core of research methods. Qualitative Inquiry, 13(3), 315-335.
Capo, L. C. (2001). Autism, employment, and the role of occupational therapy. Work, 16(3), 201-207.
Chen, J. L., Leader, G., Sung, C. Ve Leahy, M. (2015). Trends in Employment for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review of the Research Literature. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 2(2): 115-127.
Chiang, H. M., Cheung, Y. K., Li, H., & Tsai, L. Y. (2013). Factors associated with participation in employment for high school leavers with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(8), 1832-1842.
Coetzer, G. H. (2016). Researching Autism Spectrum Disorder in the Workplace: Lessons Learned from Researching the Relationship between Adult Attention Deficit Disorder and Organizational Behavior. Journal of Business and Management, 22(1), 39-70.
Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design:Choosing Among Five Approaches, Second Edition, California: Sage Publications.
Creswell, J. W. ve Miller, D. L. (2000). Determining Validity in Qualitative Inquiry. Theory Into Practice, 39(3): 124-130.
Çam, O., Özkan, Ö. (2009). Otistik Çocuk Sahibi Ailelerin Yaşam Kalitelerinin İncelenmesi, Öz-Veri Dergisi, 6, (2), 1425–1438.
Doğan, Y., Özdemir, S., Selimoğlu, Ö. G., Töret, G., Özkubat, U., ve Duman, A. T. C. (2016). Otizm spektrum bozukluğu olan ve normal gelişim gösteren çocuklarda anne-çocuk etkileşiminin karşılaştırılması. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi, 17(01), 79-96.
Dreaver, J., Thompson, C., Girdler, S., Adolfsson, M., Black, M. H., & Falkmer, M. (2019). Success Factors Enabling Employment for Adults on the Autism Spectrum from Employers’ Perspective. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 1-11.
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Fırat, S. (2016). Otistik çocukların anne-babalarının depresyon ve kaygı düzeyleri. Cukurova Medical Journal, 41(3), 539-547.
Freedman, B. H., Kalb, L. G., Zablotsky, B., & Stuart, E. A. (2012). Relationship status among parents of children with autism spectrum disorders: A population-based study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(4), 539-548.
Gal, E., Landes, E., & Katz, N. (2015). Work performance skills in adults with and without high functioning autism spectrum disorders (HFASD). Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 10, 71-77.
Garey, A. I. (1999). Weaving work and motherhood (Vol. 105). Temple University Press.
Gentry, T., Lau, S., Molinelli, A., Fallen, A., & Kriner, R. (2012). The Apple iPod Touch as a vocational support aid for adults with autism: Three case studies. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 37(2), 75-85.
Glesne, C. (2016). Becoming qualitative researchers: An introduction. Pearson. One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458.
Gray, D. E. (2002). Ten years on: A longitudinal study of families of children with autism. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 27(3), 215-222.
Gray, D. E. (1993). Perceptions of stigma: The parents of autistic children. Sociology of Health & Illness, 15(1), 102-120.
Gray, D. E. (1997). High functioning autistic children and the construction of “normal family life.” Social Science and Medicine, 44(8), 1097-1106.
Griffiths, A. J., Giannantonio, C. M., Hurley-Hanson, A. E. ve Cardinal, D. N. (2016). Autism in the workplace: Assessing the transition needs of young adults with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Business and Management, 22(1),5-22.
Güleç-Aslan, Y., Cihan, H., & Altın, D. (2014). Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğu Tanılı Çocuk Sahibi Annelerin Deneyimleri. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 13(50), 96-111.
Hagner, D., & Cooney, B. F. (2005). “I do that for everybody”: Supervising employees with autism. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 20(2), 91-97.
Hendricks, D. (2010). Employment and adults with autism spectrum disorders: Challenges and strategies for success. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 32(2), 125-34.
Hoogsteen, L., & Woodgate, R. L. (2013). Centering autism within the family: A qualitative approach to autism and the family. Journal of pediatric nursing, 28(2), 135-140.
Hsieh, H. F. & Shannon, S.E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277-1288.
Jacob, A., Scott, M., Falkmer, M., & Falkmer, T. (2015). The costs and benefits of employing an adult with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review. PloS one, 10(10).
Johnson, T. D., & Joshi, A. (2016). Dark clouds or silver linings? A stigma threat perspective on the implications of an autism diagnosis for workplace well-being. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101(3), 430.
Karst, J. S., & Van Hecke, A. V. (2012). Parent and family impact of autism spectrum disorders: A review and proposed model for intervention evaluation. Clinical child and family psychology review, 15(3), 247-277.
Krefting, L. (1991). Rigor in Qualitative Research: The Assessment of Trustworthiness. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 45(3), 214-222.
MacDonald, H., & Callery, P. (2008). Parenting children requiring complex care: a journey through time. Child: care, health and development, 34(2), 207-213.
Markel, K. S., & Elia, B. (2016). How human resource management can best support employees with autism: future directions for research and practice. Journal of Business and Management, 22(1), 71-85.
Marshall, M. N. (1996). Sampling for Qualitative Research. Family Practice, 13(6): 522-525.
Mawhood, L., & Howlin, P. (1999). The outcome of a supported employment scheme for high-functioning adults with autism or Asperger syndrome. Autism, 3(3), 229-254.
Meral, B. F., ve Cavkaytar, A. (2014). Otizmli Çocuk Ailelerinin Aile Yaşam Kalitesi Algıları. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 23(3), 1363-1380.
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Nicholas, D. B., Attridge, M., Zwaigenbaum, L., & Clarke, M. (2015). Vocational support approaches in autism spectrum disorder: A synthesis review of the literature. Autism, 19(2), 235-245.
Norton, P., & Drew, C. (1994). Autism and potential family stressors. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 22(1), 67-76.
Özkubat, U., Özdemir, S., Selimoğlu, Ö. G., & Töret, G. (2014). Otizme yolculuk: Otizmli çocuğa sahip ebeveynlerin sosyal destek algılarına ilişkin görüşleri. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 33(1), 323-348.
Parr, D. P., Hunter, S. T. (2014). Enhancing work outcomes of employees with autism spectrum disorder through leadership: Leadership for employees with autism spectrum disorder. Autism,18(5), 545-554.
Patton, M. Q. (2014). Qualitative research and evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice. Sage publications.
Paul, J. B., Laird, M. D., & Tune, S. (2016). Autism at work: Calvin’s journey of living and working with autism. Journal of Business and Management, 21(2), 103-116.
Pence, S., & Svyantek, D. J. (2016). Person-Organization Fit and Autism in the Workplace. Journal of Business and Management, 21(2), 117-133.
Ou, J. J., Shi, L. J., Xun, G. L., Chen, C., Wu, R. R., Luo, X. R., ... ve Zhao, J. P. (2015). Employment and financial burden of families with preschool children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders in urban China: results from a descriptive study. BMC psychiatry, 15(1), 3.
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Çalışma Hayatında Otizmli Bireyler ve Aileleri Üzerine Fenomenolojik Bir Araştırma

Year 2021, Volume: 23 Issue: 1, 37 - 66, 18.04.2021

İbrahim Efe Efeoğlu , Ömür Kılınçarslan

Abstract

Bir spektrum bozukluğu olarak otizmi anlamaya yönelik her geçen gün artan oranda araştırma yapılmasına rağmen otizmli bireylerin çalışma hayatına ilişkin yapılan araştırmalar oldukça sınırlıdır. Günümüzde otizmli bireyler iş bulmak ve ailelerinden bağımsız olarak yaşamak konusunda çeşitli zorluklarla karşılaşmaktadır. Bu durum otizmli bireyleri etkilediği gibi ailelerini de etkilemektedir. Ancak doğru miktarda destekle, otizmli bireyler ücretli istihdam da dâhil olmak üzere yaşamın tüm faaliyetlerine katılma yeteneğine sahiptir. Bu fenomonolojik çalışmanın amacı otizmli bireylerin istihdamının aileleri ve kendileri üzerinde etkilerini ailelerin deneyimleri üzerinden ortaya koyarak engelli istihdamı, otizm ve iş yerinde çeşitlilik konularında bilgi birikim düzeyini artırmaktır. Aileleri ile birlikte yaşayan ve aynı zamanda çalışma hayatında yer alan otizmli bireylerin ebeveynleri ile yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Toplamda on üç ebeveyn ile yüz yüze görüşmeler sonucu elde edilen veriler içerik analizi yöntemiyle analiz edilmiştir. Araştırmanın bulguları, otizmli bireylerin istihdamının hem otizmli bireyler hem de aileleri üzerinde önemli faydaları olduğunu göstermektedir. Aileler kendilerine daha fazla vakit ayırabilmekte, daha fazla sosyalleşebilmekte, otizmli çocuklarıyla daha nitelikli iletişim kurabilmekte, ayrıca istihdam sonrası çocuklarının geleceğine dair daha az kaygı hissetmektedir. Otizmli bireylerin ise ailelerine olan bağımlılıkları azalmakta, fizyolojik özelliklerinde iyileşmeler olmakta, hayatları düzene girmekte, özgüven ve sosyalleşme düzeylerinde artışlar olmaktadır. Araştırma sonuçları literatürdeki çalışmalar ile karşılaştırılarak tartışılmıştır.

Keywords

Aile, Ebeveyn, İstihdam, Otizm

References

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th Edition, Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Avşaroğlu, S. (2012). Zihinsel yetersizliğe sahip çocuğu olan anne-babaların kaygı düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(1), 533-549.
Baker, D. L., & Drapela, L. A. (2010). Mostly the mother: Concentration of adverse employment effects on mothers of children with autism. The Social Science Journal, 47(3), 578-592.
Balcı, A. (2016). Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma Yöntem, Teknik ve İlkeler, 12. Baskı, Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
Baldwin, S., Costley, D., & Warren, A. (2014). Employment activities and experiences of adults with high-functioning autism and Asperger’s disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(10), 2440-2449.
Bircan G. A. (2004). Otistik çocuğa sahip ailelerin aile işlevlerinin incelenmesi (Yüksek lisans tezi). Ankara, Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
Cannella, G. S., ve Lincoln, Y. S. (2007). Predatory vs. dialogic ethics: Constructing an illusion or ethical practice as the core of research methods. Qualitative Inquiry, 13(3), 315-335.
Capo, L. C. (2001). Autism, employment, and the role of occupational therapy. Work, 16(3), 201-207.
Chen, J. L., Leader, G., Sung, C. Ve Leahy, M. (2015). Trends in Employment for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review of the Research Literature. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 2(2): 115-127.
Chiang, H. M., Cheung, Y. K., Li, H., & Tsai, L. Y. (2013). Factors associated with participation in employment for high school leavers with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(8), 1832-1842.
Coetzer, G. H. (2016). Researching Autism Spectrum Disorder in the Workplace: Lessons Learned from Researching the Relationship between Adult Attention Deficit Disorder and Organizational Behavior. Journal of Business and Management, 22(1), 39-70.
Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design:Choosing Among Five Approaches, Second Edition, California: Sage Publications.
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Çam, O., Özkan, Ö. (2009). Otistik Çocuk Sahibi Ailelerin Yaşam Kalitelerinin İncelenmesi, Öz-Veri Dergisi, 6, (2), 1425–1438.
Doğan, Y., Özdemir, S., Selimoğlu, Ö. G., Töret, G., Özkubat, U., ve Duman, A. T. C. (2016). Otizm spektrum bozukluğu olan ve normal gelişim gösteren çocuklarda anne-çocuk etkileşiminin karşılaştırılması. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi, 17(01), 79-96.
Dreaver, J., Thompson, C., Girdler, S., Adolfsson, M., Black, M. H., & Falkmer, M. (2019). Success Factors Enabling Employment for Adults on the Autism Spectrum from Employers’ Perspective. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 1-11.
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Gentry, T., Lau, S., Molinelli, A., Fallen, A., & Kriner, R. (2012). The Apple iPod Touch as a vocational support aid for adults with autism: Three case studies. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 37(2), 75-85.
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Gray, D. E. (1993). Perceptions of stigma: The parents of autistic children. Sociology of Health & Illness, 15(1), 102-120.
Gray, D. E. (1997). High functioning autistic children and the construction of “normal family life.” Social Science and Medicine, 44(8), 1097-1106.
Griffiths, A. J., Giannantonio, C. M., Hurley-Hanson, A. E. ve Cardinal, D. N. (2016). Autism in the workplace: Assessing the transition needs of young adults with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Business and Management, 22(1),5-22.
Güleç-Aslan, Y., Cihan, H., & Altın, D. (2014). Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğu Tanılı Çocuk Sahibi Annelerin Deneyimleri. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 13(50), 96-111.
Hagner, D., & Cooney, B. F. (2005). “I do that for everybody”: Supervising employees with autism. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 20(2), 91-97.
Hendricks, D. (2010). Employment and adults with autism spectrum disorders: Challenges and strategies for success. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 32(2), 125-34.
Hoogsteen, L., & Woodgate, R. L. (2013). Centering autism within the family: A qualitative approach to autism and the family. Journal of pediatric nursing, 28(2), 135-140.
Hsieh, H. F. & Shannon, S.E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277-1288.
Jacob, A., Scott, M., Falkmer, M., & Falkmer, T. (2015). The costs and benefits of employing an adult with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review. PloS one, 10(10).
Johnson, T. D., & Joshi, A. (2016). Dark clouds or silver linings? A stigma threat perspective on the implications of an autism diagnosis for workplace well-being. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101(3), 430.
Karst, J. S., & Van Hecke, A. V. (2012). Parent and family impact of autism spectrum disorders: A review and proposed model for intervention evaluation. Clinical child and family psychology review, 15(3), 247-277.
Krefting, L. (1991). Rigor in Qualitative Research: The Assessment of Trustworthiness. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 45(3), 214-222.
MacDonald, H., & Callery, P. (2008). Parenting children requiring complex care: a journey through time. Child: care, health and development, 34(2), 207-213.
Markel, K. S., & Elia, B. (2016). How human resource management can best support employees with autism: future directions for research and practice. Journal of Business and Management, 22(1), 71-85.
Marshall, M. N. (1996). Sampling for Qualitative Research. Family Practice, 13(6): 522-525.
Mawhood, L., & Howlin, P. (1999). The outcome of a supported employment scheme for high-functioning adults with autism or Asperger syndrome. Autism, 3(3), 229-254.
Meral, B. F., ve Cavkaytar, A. (2014). Otizmli Çocuk Ailelerinin Aile Yaşam Kalitesi Algıları. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 23(3), 1363-1380.
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Nicholas, D. B., Attridge, M., Zwaigenbaum, L., & Clarke, M. (2015). Vocational support approaches in autism spectrum disorder: A synthesis review of the literature. Autism, 19(2), 235-245.
Norton, P., & Drew, C. (1994). Autism and potential family stressors. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 22(1), 67-76.
Özkubat, U., Özdemir, S., Selimoğlu, Ö. G., & Töret, G. (2014). Otizme yolculuk: Otizmli çocuğa sahip ebeveynlerin sosyal destek algılarına ilişkin görüşleri. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 33(1), 323-348.
Parr, D. P., Hunter, S. T. (2014). Enhancing work outcomes of employees with autism spectrum disorder through leadership: Leadership for employees with autism spectrum disorder. Autism,18(5), 545-554.
Patton, M. Q. (2014). Qualitative research and evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice. Sage publications.
Paul, J. B., Laird, M. D., & Tune, S. (2016). Autism at work: Calvin’s journey of living and working with autism. Journal of Business and Management, 21(2), 103-116.
Pence, S., & Svyantek, D. J. (2016). Person-Organization Fit and Autism in the Workplace. Journal of Business and Management, 21(2), 117-133.
Ou, J. J., Shi, L. J., Xun, G. L., Chen, C., Wu, R. R., Luo, X. R., ... ve Zhao, J. P. (2015). Employment and financial burden of families with preschool children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders in urban China: results from a descriptive study. BMC psychiatry, 15(1), 3.
Quinn, J. M., Sherman, J. A., Sheldon, J. B., Quinn, L. M., & Harchik, A. E. (1992). Social validation of component behaviors of following instructions, accepting criticism, and negotiating. Journal of applied behavior analysis, 25(2), 401-413.
Rapp, A., Cena, F., Castaldo, R., Keller, R. ve Tirassa, M. (2018). Designing technology for spatial needs: Routines, control and social competenes of people with autism. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 120(December):49-65.
Romoser, M. (2000). Malemployment in autism. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 14, 246–247.
Roux, A. M., Shattuck, P. T., Cooper, B. P., Anderson, K. A., Wagner, M., ve Narendorf, S. C. (2013). Postsecondary employment experiences among young adults with an autism spectrum disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 52(9), 931-939.
Sandelowski, M. (1995). Sample size in qualitative research. Research in nursing & health, 18(2), 179-183.
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Primary Language	Turkish
Journal Section	Main Section
Authors	İbrahim Efe Efeoğlu 0000-0003-3928-4568 Ömür Kılınçarslan 0000-0003-3378-7607
Publication Date	April 18, 2021
Published in Issue	Year 2021 Volume: 23 Issue: 1

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APA	Efeoğlu, İ. E., & Kılınçarslan, Ö. (2021). Çalışma Hayatında Otizmli Bireyler ve Aileleri Üzerine Fenomenolojik Bir Araştırma. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(1), 37-66.

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