Hotels’ Green Practices Adoption: Determinants and Top Managers’ Environmental Commitment

Year 2022, , 157 - 187, 01.06.2022

Lok-sin Kuar Lee Peng Ng , Yuen-onn Choong I-chi Chen Sok-yee Teoh Chee-wee Tee

https://doi.org/10.30519/ahtr.937991

Cited By: 1

Abstract

This study aims to examine the mediating effects of top managers’ environmental commitment (EC) between three key variables (i.e., subjective norms, perceived benefits, and environmental knowledge) and the adoption of green practices in Malaysian hotels. This study also evaluates the direct linkages among these variables. A total of 147 hotel top managers returned the completed and valid questionnaires. The participants consisted of top managers, such as owners, general managers, CEOs, and senior managers who possess managerial discretion regarding the hotel’s green practices. Top managers’ EC was found to be significantly related to green practices adoption in the hotels. Subjective norms (i.e., perceived stakeholder pressure) and environmental knowledge showed direct influences on top managers’ EC. On the other hand, the hotels’ green practices were mainly explained by environmental knowledge and perceived benefits. Top managers’ EC was found to fully mediate the relationship between subjective norms and green practices. Besides, EC partially mediates the linkage between environmental knowledge and green practices. These findings suggest that exposure to environmental knowledge through different platforms and frequent monitoring of the stakeholders' expectations are beneficial in enhancing environmental commitment among hotel top managers and embracing green practices.

Keywords

Green practices, environmental commitment, subjective norms, perceived benefits, enivronmental knowledge, hotel

Project Number

The research has been carried out under Fundamental Research Grant Scheme project FRGS/1/2018/2203UTAR/02/1 by Ministry of Higher Education of Malaysia.

References

• Abatecola, G., & Cristofaro, M. (2020). Hambrick and Mason's "Upper Echelons Theory": Evolution and open avenue. Journal of Management History, 26(1), 116-136. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMH-02-2018-0016
• Abdou, A. H., Hassan, T. H., & El Dief, M. M. E. (2020). A description of green hotel practices and their role in achieving sustainable development. Sustainability, 12, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229624
• Agnew, C. (2009). Commitment, theories and typologies. Department of Psychological Sciences Faculty Publications. Paper 28. Retrieved October 10, 2020, from https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/psychpubs/28/
• Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Process, 50, 179-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
• Alonso-Almeida, M. del M., Fernández Robin, C., Celemín Pedroche, M. S., & Astorga, P. S. (2017). Revisiting green practices in the hotel industry: A comparison between mature and emerging destinations. Journal of Cleaner Production, 140, 1415–1428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.10.010
• Al-Aomar, R., & Hussain, M. (2017). An assessment of green practices in a hotel supply chain: A study of UAE hotels. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 32, 71-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2017.04.002
• Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411–423. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411
• Bagur-Femenias, L., Celma, D., & Patau, J. (2016). The adoption of environmental practices in small hotels. Voluntary or mandatory? An empirical approach. Sustainability, 8(7), 695, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8070695
• Banerjee, S. B., Iyer, E. S., & Kashyap, R. K. (2003). Corporate environmentalism: Antecedents and influence of industry type. Journal of Marketing, 67(2), 106–122. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.67.2.106.18604
• Best, M. N., & Thapa, B. (2013). Motives, facilitators and constraints of environmental management in the Caribbean accommodations sector. Journal of Cleaner Production, 52, 165-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.03.005
• Bromiley, P., & Rau, D. (2016). Social, behavioral, and cognitive influences on upper echelons during strategy process: a literature review. Journal of Management, 42(1), 174-202. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206315617240
• Budovska, V., Delgado, A. T., & Øgaard, T. (2019). Pro-environmental behavior of hotel guests: Application of the theory of planned behavior and social norms to towel reuse. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 20(1), 105-116. https://doi.org/10.1177/1467358419831431
• Butler, J. (2008). The compelling “hard case” for “green” hotel development. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 49(3), 234-244. https://doi.org/10.1177/1938965508322174
• Calabrese, A., Costa, R., Levialdi, N., & Menichini, T. (2019). Integrating sustainability into strategic decision-making: A fuzzy AHP method for the selection of relevant sustainability issues. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 139, 155-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2018.11.005
• Cantele, S., & Zardini, A. (2020). What drives small and medium enterprises towards sustainability? Role of interactions between pressures, barriers, and benefits. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 27(1), 126-136. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1778
• Cantor, D. E., Morrow, P. C., McElroy, J. C., & Mantabon, F. (2013). The role of individual and organizational factors in promoting firm environmental practices. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 43(5/6), 407-426. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPDLM-03-2012-0071
• Casey, D., & Siber, S. (2016). Employees, sustainability and motivation: Increasing employee engagement by addressing sustainability and corporate social responsibility. Research in Hospitality Management, 6(1), 69-76. https://doi.org/10.2989/RHM.2016.6.1.9.1297
• Chan, E. S. W., Hon, A. H. Y., Chan, W., & Okumus, F. (2014). What drives employees’ intentions to implement green practices in hotels? The role of knowledge, awareness, concern and ecological behaviour. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 40, 20-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2014.03.001
• Chandran, C., & Bhattacharya, P. (2019). Hotel’s best practices as strategic drivers for environmental sustainability and green marketing. Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science, 29(2), 218-233. https://doi.org/10.1080/21639159.2019.1577156
• Chen, L., Zhao, X., Tang, O., Price, L., Zhang, S., & Zhu, W. (2017). Supply chain collaboration for sustainability: A literature review and future research agenda. International Journal of Production Economics, 194, 73-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2017.04.005
• Chen, S., Chen, H. H., Zhang, K. Q., & Xu, X. L. (2018). A comprehensive theoretical framework for examining learning effects in green and conventionally managed hotels. Journal of Cleaner Production, 174, 1392-1399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.321
• Cheyne, J., & Barnett, S. (2001). The greening of accommodation: stakeholder perspectives of environmental programmes in New Zealand hotels and luxury lodges. Journal of corporate citizenship, 1, 115-126. https://doi.org/10.9774/GLEAF.4700.2001.sp.00011
• Choi, D., & Han, T.-I. (2019). Green practices among fashion manufacturers: Relationship with cultural innovativeness and perceived benefits. Social Sciences, 8, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci8050138
• Choi, H.-M., Kim, W.G., Kim, Y. J., & Agmapisarn, C. (2019). Hotel environmental management initiative (HEMI) scale development, International Journal of Hospitality Management, 77, 562-572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.08.020
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
• Davis, J. L., Green, J. D., & Reed, A. (2009). Interdependence with the environment: Commitment, interconnectedness, and environmental behavior. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 29, 173-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2008.11.001
• Davis, J. L., Le, B., Coy, A. E., Rickert, J., Regan, B., & Ridgeway, K. (2015). Commitment to the environment: The role of subjective norms in college and community samples. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 45(10), 568-583. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12320
• Dimara, E.; Manganari, E. & Skuras, D. (2017). Don’t change my towels please: Factors influencing participation in towel reuse programs. Tourism Management, 59, 425–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.09.003
• Dubey, R., Gunasekaran, A., Helo, P., Papadopoulos, T., Childe, S. J., & Sahay, B.S. (2017). Explaining the impact of reconfigurable manufacturing systems on environmental performance: The role of top management and organizational culture. Journal of Cleaner Production, 141, 56-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.09.035
• EdgeProp (2016, 5 August). Mida, GreenTech introduce tax allowances to encourage businesses to go green. Retrieved September 20, 2021, from https://www.edgeprop.my/content/834812/mida-greentech-introduce-tax-allowances-encourage-businesses-go-green
• Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavioural Research Model, 39(2), 175-191. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03193146.
• Ferdig, M. A. (2007). Sustainability leadership: Co-creating a sustainable future. Journal of Change Management, 7, 25-35. https://doi.org/10.1080/14697010701233809
• Fernández-Robin, C., Celemín-Pedroche, M. S., Santander-Astorga, P., & Alonso-Almeida, M. del M. (2019). Green practices in hospitality: A Contingency approach. Sustainability, 11(13), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11133737
• Freeman, R.E. (1984). Strategic management: A stakeholder approach. Boston: Pitman Publishing Inc.
• Freeman, R. E., & Dmytriyev, S. (2017). Corporate social responsibility and stakeholder theory: Learning from each other. Emerging Issues in Management, 2, 7- 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4468/2017.1.02freeman.dmytriyev
• Fryxell, G. E., & Lo, C. W. H. (2003). The influence of environmental knowledge and values on managerial behaviours on behalf of the environment: An empirical examination of managers in China. Journal of Business Ethics, 46, 45–69. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024773012398
• Geiger, S., Dombois, C., & Funke, J. (2018). The role of environmental knowledge and attitude: Predictors for ecological behavior across cultures? An analysis of Argentinean and German students. Umweltpsychologie, 22(1), 69-87.
• Geiger S. M., Geiger, M. & Wilhelm, O. (2019). Environment-specific vs. general knowledge and their role in pro-environmental behavior. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(718), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00718
• Gupta, A. K., & Gupta, N. (2021). Environment practices mediating the environmental compliance and firm performance: An institutional theory perspective from emerging economies. Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, 22(3), 157-178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40171-021-00266-w
• Hair, J. F., Money, A. H., Samouel, P., & Page, M. (2007). Research methods for business. West Sussex: John Wily & Sons.
• Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2-24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203
• Hambrick, D. C. & Mason, P. A. (1984). Upper echelons: the organization as a reflection of its top managers. Academy of Management Review, 9(2), 193-206. https://doi.org/10.2307/258434
• Han, H., Lee, J.-S., Trang, H. L. T., Kim, W. (2018). Water conservation and waste reduction management for increasing guest loyalty and green hotel practices. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 75, 58-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.03.012.
• Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115-135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
• Hemingway, C. A. (2005). Personal values as a catalyst for corporate social entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Ethics, 60, 233-249. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-005-0132-5
• Hsiao, T. Y., Chuang, C.-M., & Huang, L. (2018). The contents, determinants, and strategic procedure for implementing suitable green activities in star hotels. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 69, 1-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2017.10.00
• Kaiser, F. G., Ranney, M., Hartig, T., & Bowler, P. A. (1999). Ecological behavior, environmental attitude, and feelings of responsibility for the environment. European Psychologist, 42, 59-74. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040.4.2.59
• Karatepe, O. M., Rezapouraghdam, H., & Hassannia, R. (2020). Job insecurity, work engagement and their effects on hotel employees’ nongreen and nonattendance behaviors. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 87, 102472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102472
• Keogh, P. D., & Polonsky, M. J. (1988). Environmental commitment: A basis for environmental entrepreneurship? Journal of Organization Change Management, 11(1), 38–49. https://doi.org/10.1108/09534819810369563.
• Kim, H. J., Park, J., & Wen, J. (2015). General managers’ environmental commitment and environmental involvement of lodging companies: The mediating role of environmental management capabilities. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality, 27(7), 1499-1519. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-01-2014-0011
• Kim, J.-Y., Hlee, S., & Joun, Y. (2016). Green practices of hotel industry: Analysis through the windows of smart tourism system. International Journal of Information Management, 36, 1340-1349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2016.05.001
• Kim, M.-S., Kim, J., & Thapa, B. (2018a). Influence of environmental knowledge on affect, nature affiliation and pro-environmental behaviors among tourists. Sustainability, 10, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10093109
• Kim, S. B., & Kim, D. Y. (2016). The impacts of corporate social responsibility, service quality, and transparency on relationship quality and customer loyalty in the hotel industry. Asian Journal of Sustainability and Social Responsibility, 1, 39–55. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41180-016-0004-1
• Kim, S.-H., Lee, K., & Fairhurst, A. (2017). The review of "green" research in hospitality, 2000-2014: Current trends and future research directions. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29(1), 226-247. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-11-2014-0562
• Kim, Y. H., Barber, N., & Kim, D.- K. (2018b). Sustainability research in the hotel industry: Past, present, and future. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 28(5) 576-620. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2019.1533907
• Kitsis, A. M., & Chen, I. J. (2021). Do stakeholder pressures influence green supply chain Practices? Exploring the mediating role of top management commitment. Journal of Cleaner Production, 316, 128258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128258
• Kularatne, T., Wilson, C., Månsson, J., Hoang, V., & Lee, B. (2019). Do environmentally sustainable practices make hotels more efficient? A study of major hotels in Sri Lanka. Tourism Management, 71, 213-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.09.009
• Martinez-Martinez, A., Cegarra-Navarro, J. G., Garcia-Perez, A., & Wensley, A. (2019). Knowledge agents as drivers of environmental sustainability and business performance in the hospitality sector. Tourism Management, 70, 381-389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.08.030
• Mensah, I., & Ampofo, E. T. (2020). Effects of managers' environmental attitudes on waste management practices in small hotels in Accra. International Hospitality Review, 35(1), 109-126. https://doi.org/10.1108/IHR-08-2020-0032
• Merli, R., Preziosi, M., Acampora, A., & Ali, F. (2019). Why should hotels go green? Insights from guests experience in green hotels. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 81(April), 169-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.04.022
• Moise, M. S., Gil-Saura, I., & Ruiz Molina, M.E.R. (2021). The importance of green practices for hotel guests: Does gender matter? Economic Research, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2021.1875863
• My Hijau (2018). Green incentive. Retrieved September 10, 2021, from https://www.myhijau.my/green-incentives/
• Musavengane, R. (2019). Small hotels and responsible tourism practice: Hoteliers’ perspective. Journal of Cleaner Production, 220, 786-799. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2019.02.143
• National Geographic (2020). Causes and effects of climate change. Retrieved February 10, 2021, from https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/global-warming-effects/
• Nejati,M., Amran, A., & Ahmad, N. H. (2014). Examining stakeholders’ influence on environmental responsibility of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises and its outcomes, Management Decision, 52(10), 2021-2043. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-02-2014-0109
• Ng, C. J. (2006). Designing a questionnaire. Malaysian Family Physician, 1(1), 32-35.
• Ojo, A. O., & Fauzi, M. A. (2020). Environmental awareness and leadership commitment as determinants of IT professionals engagement in green IT practices for environmental performance. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 24, 298-307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2020.07.017
• Onel, N. (2017). Pro-environmental purchasing behavior of consumers: The role of norms. Social Marketing Quarterly, 23(2), 103-121. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524500416672440
• Ouyang, Z., Wei, W., & Chi, C. G. (2019). Environment management in the hotel industry: Does institutional environment matter? International Journal of Hospitality Management, 77, 353-364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.07.015
• Pamfilie, R., Firoiu, D., Croitoru, A. G., Lonescu, G. H. I. (2018). Circular economy: A new direction for the sustainability of the hotel industry in Romania? Amfiteatru Economic Journal, 20(48), 388-404.
• Papagiannakis, G., & Lioukas, S. (2012). Values, attitudes and perceptions of managers as predictors of corporate environmental responsiveness. Journal of Environmental Management, 100, 41-51. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.01.023
• Park, J., Kim, H. J., & McClearly, K. W. (2014). The impact of top management’s environmental attitudes on hotel companies’ environmental management. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 38(1), 98-115. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348012452666
• Park, J., & Kim. H. J. (2014). Environmental proactivity of hotel operations: Antecedents and the moderating effect of ownership type. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 37, 1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2013.09.011
• Parviainen, T., Lehikoinen, A., Kuikka, S., & Haapasaari, P. (2018). How can stakeholders promote environmental and social responsibility in the shipping industry? WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs, 17, 49-70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13437-017-0134-z
• Pereira, V., Silva, G. M., & Dias, Á. (2021). Sustainability practices in hospitality: Case study of luxury hotel in Arrábida Natural Park. Sustainability, 13, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063164
• Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
• Rahman, I., Reynolds, D., & Svaren, S. (2012). How “green” are North American hotels? An exploration of low-cost adoption practices. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(3), 720–727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.09.008
• Rahman, I., & Reynolds, D. (2016). Predicting green hotel behavioral intentions using a theory of environmental commitment and sacrifice for the environment. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 52, 107-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2015.09.007
• Raineri, N., & Paillé, P. (2016). Linking corporate policy and supervisory support with environmental citizenship behaviors: The role of employee environmental beliefs and commitment. Journal of Business Ethics, 137(1), 129–148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2548-x
• Roy, M.-J., & Thérin, F. (2008). Knowledge acquisition and environmental commitment in SMEs. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 15(5), 249-259. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.145
• Safari, A., Salehzadeh, R., Panahi, R., & Abolghasemian, S. (2018). Multiple pathways linking environmental knowledge and awareness to employees’ green behavior. Corporate Governance, 18(1), 81-103. https://doi.org/10.1108/CG-08-2016-0168
• Saleem, F., Zhang-Zhang, Y., Malik, M. I., & Allui, A. (2020). Revisiting stakeholder theory and environmentalism: Evidence from an emerging economy. Sustainability, 12(20), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12208751.
• Sandve, A., & Øgaard, T. (2013). Understanding corporate social responsibility decisions: Testing a modified version of the theory of trying. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 13(3), 242-256. https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2013.818188
• Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., Cheah, J.-H., Ting, H., Moisescu, O. I., & Radomir, L. (2020). Structural model robustness checks in PLS-SEM. Tourism Economics, 26(4), 531–554. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354816618823921
• Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Hair, J. F. (2017). Partial least squares structural equation modelling. In C. Homburg., M. Klarmann., & A. Vomberg. (Eds.), Handbook of Market Research (pp. 1- 40), Springer, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05542-8_15-1
• Shedd, B. (2020). Why hotels need to focus on sustainable technology. Retrieved October 12, 2020, from https://www.hotelmanagement.net/tech/why-hotels-need-to-focus-sustainable-technology
• Singjai, K., Winata, L., & Kummer, T.F. (2018). Green initiatives and their competitive advantage for the hotel industry in developing countries. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 75, 131-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.03.007
• Stratton, S. J. (2021). Population research: Convenience sampling strategies. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 36(4), 373-374. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X21000649
• Tariq, M., Yasir, M., & Majid, A. (2020). Promoting employees’ environmental performance in hospitality industry through environmental attitude and ecological behavior: Moderating role of managers’ environmental commitment. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 27(6), 3006-3017. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.2019
• Teng, C.- C., Lu, A. C. C. and Huang, T.-T. (2018). Drivers of consumers’ behavioral intention toward green hotels. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 30(2), 1134-1151. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-04-2017-0203
• Tumpa, T. J., & Ali, S. M., Rahman, M. H., Pau, S. K., Chowdhury, P., & Rehman Khan, S. A. (2019). Barriers to green supply chain management: An emerging economy context. Journal of Cleaner Production, 236, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117617
• United Nations (2018). UN works with global hotel industry to reduce emissions. Retrieved September 12, 2020, from https://unfccc.int/news/un-works-with-global-hotel-industry-to-reduce-emissions
• Verma, V. K., & Chandra, B. (2018). An application of theory of planned behaviour to predict young Indian consumers’ green hotel visit intention. Journal of Cleaner Production, 172, 1152-1162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.047
• Wan, Y. K. P., Chan, S. H. J., & Huang, C. L. W. (2017). Environmental awareness, initiatives and performance in the hotel industry of Macau. Tourism Review, 72(1), 87-103, https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-06-2016-0016
• Wang, L., & Li, W., & Qi, L. (2020). Stakeholder pressures and corporate environment strategies: A meta-analysis. Sustainability, 12, 1172. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12031172
• Yi, S., Li, X., & Jai, T.-M. (Catherine) (2018). Hotel guests’ perception of best green practices: A content analysis of online reviews. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 18(2), 191–202. https://doi.org/10.1177/1467358416637251
• Yin, C.Y., Du, F., & Chen, Y. (2019). Types of green practices, hotel price image and consumers’ attitudes in China: the mediating role of consumer skepticism. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 29(3), 329-357. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2019.1640162
• Yilmaz, N. (2014). The influence of hotel managers’ intention for green marketing practices: An application of the Theory of Planned Behavior in Turkey. Unpublished Master Thesis, Texas A&M University, Texas, The United States. Retrieved June 18, 2018, from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/79649501.pdf.
• Yu, T. K., Lin, F. Y., Kao, K. Y., & Yu, T. Y. (2019). Encouraging environmental commitment to sustainability: An empirical study of environmental connectedness theory to undergraduate students. Sustainability, 11, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11020342
• Yucedag, C., Kaya, L. G., & Cetin, M. (2018). Identifying and assessing environmental awareness of hotel and restaurant employees’ attitudes in the Amasra District of Bartin. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 190, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-6456-7
• Yusliza, M.Y., Amirudin, A., Rahadi, R.A., Athrah, N.A.N.S., Ramayah, T., Muhammad, Z., Dal Mas, F., Massaro, M., Saputra, J., & Mokhlis, S. (2020). An investigation of pro-environmental behaviour and sustainable development in Malaysia. Sustainability, 12, 1-21. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/su12177083
• Yusof, Z. B. & Jamaludin, M. (2014). Barriers of Malaysian green hotels & resorts. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 153, 501-509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.10.083
• Zaiton, S., Syamsul Herman, M. A., Kasimu, A. B., & Hassan, H. (2016). Sustainable tourism practices among hoteliers Malaysia: Financial and non-financial benefits. Journal of Sustainability Science and Management, 11(1), 73-81.
• Zhao, X., Lynch, J. G., Jr., & Chen, Q. (2010). Reconsidering Baron and Kenny: Myths and truths about mediation analysis. Journal of Consumer Research, 37(2), 197–206. https://doi.org/10.1086/651257
• Zsóka, Á., Szerényi, Z. M., Széchy, A., & Kocsis, T. (2013). Greening due to environmental education? Environmental knowledge, attitudes, consumer behavior and everyday pro-environmental activities of Hungarian high school and university students. Journal of Cleaner Production, 48, 126-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.11.030