LİSE ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN KARİYER KAYGILARININ ÇEŞİTLİ DEĞİŞKENLERE GÖRE İNCELENMESİ
Year 2018,
Volume: 18 Issue: 3, 1585 - 1602, 17.10.2018
Funda Nalbantoğlu Yılmaz
,
Hicran Çetin Gündüz
Abstract
Meslek seçimi lise yıllarında ergenlerin vermesi gereken önemli
kararlardan birisidir. Bu kararın verilmesi sürecinde pek çok faktör lise
öğrencilerini etkilemekte ve kariyer gelişimi sürecinde etkili olmaktadır. Bu
kapsamda çalışmada, lise öğrencilerinde kariyer gelişimi sürecinde etkili
olabilecek faktörlerden kariyer kaygısı sınıf düzeyi, okul türü, algılanan
başarı durumu, seçmek istediği mesleğe ilişkin karar durumu, okul rehberlik
servisinden mesleki geleceği ile ilgili destek alıp almaması ve mesleklerle
ilgili bilgi toplama durumlarına göre incelenmiştir. Araştırma grubu 11 ve 12.
sınıflarda okuyan 415 öğrenciden oluşmaktadır. Araştırma verileri Kariyer
Kaygısı Ölçeği ve Kişisel Bilgi Formu ile toplanmıştır. Veriler tek yönlü
MANOVA ile incelenmiştir. Araştırma bulgularına göre öğrencilerin aile etkisine
yönelik kariyer kaygılarının okul türüne göre anlamlı farklılık gösterdiği
belirlenmiştir. Öğrencilerin algılanan başarı durumlarına göre aile etkisine
yönelik ve meslek seçimine yönelik kariyer kaygılarının anlamlı farklılıklar
gösterdiği görülmüştür. Öğrencilerin bir mesleğe ilişkin karar durumlarına göre
meslek seçimine yönelik kariyer kaygılarının anlamlı farklılıklar gösterdiği
belirlenmiştir. Sonuçlar literatür bulguları çerçevesinde tartışılmıştır.
References
- Adekele, B. L., Yahya, W. B., & Usman, A. (2015). A comparison of some test statistics for multivariate analysis of variance model with non-normal responses. Journal of Natural Sciences Research, 5(15), 1-9.
- Akkoç, F. (2012). Lise öğrencilerinin mesleki kararsızlıkları ile kariyer inançları arasındaki ilişki. Buca Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 32, 49-70.
- Alisinanoğlu, F. ve Ulutaş, İ. (2003). Çocukların kaygı düzeyleri ile annelerinin kaygı düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Eğitim ve Bilim Dergisi, 28(128), 65-71.
- Armstrong, R. A. (2014). When to use the Bonferroni correction. Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics, 34, 502–508. doi: 10.1111/opo.12131
- Atkinson, R.L., Atkinson, R.C., Smith, E.E., Bem, D.J., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2010). Psikolojiye giriş. Ankara: Arkadaş.
- Baltaş, A. ve Baltaş, Z. (1996). Stres ve başa çıkma yolları. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
- Bedel, A. (2013). Sınıf tekrarı yapan ve yapmayan öğrencilerin akademik güdülenme ve kaygı düzeylerinin karşılaştırılması. Milli Eğitim Dergisi, 42(200), 111-121.
- Campagna, C., & Curtis, G. J. (2007). So worried I don't know what to be: anxiety is associated with increased career indecision and reduced career certainty. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 17(1), 91-96.
- Creed, P. A., Prideaux, L., & Patton, W. (2005). Antecedents and consequences of career decisional states in adolescence. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 67, 397-412.
- Chen, J. Y. (2005). A study on college students’ anxiety of career decision. Journal of Education & Psychology, 28(4), 745–771.
- Çetin-Gündüz, H. ve Nalbantoğlu-Yılmaz, F. (2016). Lise öğrencilerinin kariyer kaygılarını belirlemeye yönelik ölçek geliştirme çalışması. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(3), 1008-1022.
- Daniels, L.M., Clifton, R.A., Perry, R.P., Mandzuk, D., & Hall, N.C. (2006). Student teachers’ competence and career certainty: The effects of career anxiety and perceived control, Social Psychology of Education 9, 405-423.
- Daniels, L.M., Stewart, T.L., Stupnisky, R.H., Perry, R.P., & Verso, T.L. (2011). Relieving career anxiety and indecision: the role of undergraduate students’ perceived control and faculty affiliations. Soc Psychol Educ, 14, 409-426.
- DiStefano, C., Zhu, M., & Mîndrilă, D. (2009). Understanding and using factor scores: considerations for the applied researcher. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 14(10), 1-11.
- Dolgin, K.G. (2014). Ergenlik psikolojisi: Gelişim, ilişkiler ve kültür. İstanbul: Kaknüs.
- ERG (2015). Meslek liselerinde toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliği raporu. İstanbul.
- Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity, youth, and crisis. New York: Norton.
- Erikson, E. H. (1963). Childhood and society. New York: Norton.
- Fouad, N. A. (2007). Work and vocational psychology: Theory, research, and applications. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 543–564. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085713.
- Fuqua, D. R., Newman, J. L., & Seaworth, T. B. (1988). Relation of state and trait anxiety to different components of career indecision. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 35, 154–158. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.35.2.154.
- Flouri, E. & Buchanan, A. (2002). The Role of work related skills and career role models in adolescent career maturity, Adolescent Career Development, 51, 36-43.
- Germeijs, V., Verschueren, K., & Soenens, B. (2006). Indecisiveness and high school students’ career decision-making process: Longitudinal associations and the mediational role of anxiety. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(4), 397-410.
- Gordon, V.N. (1998). Career decidedness types: A literature review. The Career Development Quarterly, 46, 386–403.
- Gökçedağ, S. (2001). Lise öğrencilerinin okul başarısı ve kaygı düzeyi üzerinde anne-baba tutumlarının etkilerinin belirlenip karşılaştırılması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İzmir.
- Guay, F., Senecal, C., Gauthier, L., & Fernet, C. (2003). Predicting career indecision: A self-determination theory perspective. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 30(2), 165-177.
- Gushue, G.V., Scanlan, K.R.L., Pantzer, K.M. & Clarke, C.P. (2006). The relationship of career decision-making self-efficacy, vocational ıdentity, and career exploration behavior in African American high school students, Journal of Career Development, 33(1), 19-28.
- Hirschi, A., & Lage, D. (2007). The relation of secondary students’ career-choice readiness to a six-phase model of career decision making. Journal of Career Development, 34(2), 164-191.
- Hirschi, A., Niles, S.G. & Akos, P. (2011). Engagement in adolescent career preparation: Social support, personality and the development of choice decidedness and congruence. Journal of Adolescence, 34, 174-182.
- Işık, E. (2012). The relationship of career decision self-efficacy, trait anxiety, and affectivity among undergraduate students. Psychological Reports, 111, 805–813.
- Jones, L. K. (1989). Measuring a three-dimensional construct of career indecision among college students: A revision of the vocational decision scale: The career decision profile. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 36(4), 477-486. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.36.4.477
- Kimes, H. G., & Troth, W. A. (1974). Relationship of trait anxiety to career decisiveness. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 21(4), 277-280.
- Kracke, B. (1997). Parental behavior and adolescents’ career exploration. The Career Development Quarterly, 45(4), 341-350.
- Kracke, B. (2002). The role of personality, parents and peers in adolescent’s career exploration, Journal of Adolescence, 25 (1), 19-30.
- Marcionetti, J., & Rossier, J. (2016). The mediating impact of parental support on the relationship between personality and career indecision in adolescents. Journal of Career Assessment, 25(4), 601-615. doi.org/10.1177/1069072716652890
- Mardia, K. V. (1971). The effect of nonnormality on some multivariate tests and robustness to nonnormality in the linear model. Biometrika, 58(1), 105-121.
- Mertler, C. A., & Vannatta, R. A. (2016). Advanced and multivariate statistical methods: Practical application and interpretation (6th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Pyrczak Publishing.
- Mojgan, F. N., Kadir, R. A., & Soheil, S. (2011). The relationship between state and trait anxiety with career indecision of undergraduate students. Inter. Educ. Stud. 4(3):31-35. doi: 10.1177/1069072716652890
- O'Hare, M. M., & Tamburri, E. (1986). Coping as a moderator of the relation between anxiety and career decision making. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 33(3), 255-264.
- Olson, C.L. (1979). Practical considerations in choosing a MANOVA test statistic: Arejoinder to Stevens. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 1350–1352.
- Öztemel, K. (2012). Kariyer kararsızlıgı ile mesleki karar verme oz yetkinlik ve kontrol odağı arasındaki iliskiler [Relationships between career indecision, career decision making selfefficacy, and locus of control]. Gazi Universitesi Gazi Egitim Fakultesi Dergisi, 32(2), 459–477.
- Özyürek, R. (2013). Kariyer psikolojik danışmanlığı kuramları: Çocuk ve ergenler için kariyer rehberliği uygulamaları. Ankara: Nobel.
- Peng, H. (2001). Career group counseling in undecided college female seniors' state anxiety and career indecision. Psychological Reports, 88, 996–1004. doi: 10.2466/PR0.88.4.996-1004
- Peng, H. (2005). Reduction in state anxiety scores of freshmen through a course in career decision. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, 5: 293–302. doi: 10.1007/s10775-005-3603-4
- Peng, H., & Johanson, R. E. (2006). Career maturity and state anxiety of Taiwanese college student athletes given cognitive career-oriented group counseling. Psychological Reports, 99(3), 805–812. doi: 10.2466/PR0.99.7.805-812
- Peng, H. H., Johanson, R. E., & Chang, M. H. (2012). Career indecision and state anxiety of returned international Chinese undergraduate students in Taiwan. International Journal of Psychology and Counselling, 4(9), 106 – 114. doi: 10.5897/IJPC12.003
- Rainey, L.M. & Borders, L.D. (1997). Influental in career orientation and career aspiration of early adolescent girls. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 44(2), 160-172.
- Rochlen, A. B., Milburn, L., & Hill, C. E. (2004). Examining the process and outcome of career counseling for different types of career counseling clients. Journal of Career Development, 30(4), 263-275.
- Roche, M..K., Carr, A.L., Lee, I.H., Wen, J.H., & Brown, S.D. (2017). Career indecison in China: measurement equivalence with the United States and South Korea. Journal of Career assessment, 25(3), 526-536.
- Santrock, J.W. (2012). Ergenlik. Ankara: Nobel.
- Sekmenli, T. (2000). Lise 1. sınıf öğrencilerinin mesleki olgunluk düzeyleri ile sürekli kaygı düzeylerinin bazı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İnönü Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Malatya.
- Sharf, R. S. (2017). Kariyer gelişim kuramlarının kariyer danışmasına uygulanması (Çev. F. Bacanlı ve K. Öztemel). Ankara: Pegem.
- Sheehan-Holt, J.K. (1998). MANOVA simultaneous test procedures: The power and robustness of restricted multivariate contrasts.Educational and Psychological Measurement, 58, 861–881.
- Siyez, D. M. (2011). Gelişimsel yaklaşımlar. Binnur Yeşilyaprak (Ed.), Mesleki rehberlik ve kariyer danışmanlığı-kuramdan uygulamaya içinde (s. 172-214). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
- Staf, J., Messersmith, E.E., & Schulenberg, J.E. (2009). Adolescent and the world of work. R.M. Lerner and L. Sternberg (Eds.), In. Handbook of Adolescent Pschology (Pp. 270-314). New Jersey: John Wiley &Sons.
- Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidell, L.S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics. New York: Allyn &Bacon Inc.
- Tsai, C. T., Hsu, H., & Hsu, Y.C. (2017). Tourism and hospitality college students’ career anxiety: Scale development and validation. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education, 29(4), 158-165.
- Varol, Ş. (1990). Lise son sınıf öğrencilerinin kaygı düzeylerini etkileyen bazı etmenler. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Samsun.
- Vignoli, E. (2009). Inter-relationships among attachment to mother and father, self-esteem, and career indecision. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 75, 91-99.
- Vignoli, E. (2015). Career indecision and career exploration among older French adolescents: the specific role of general trait anxiety and future school and career anxiety. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 89, 182–191. doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2015.06.005.
- Vignoli, E., Croity-Belz, S., Chapeland, V., Fillipis, A., & Garcia, M. (2005). Career exploration in adolescents: The role of anxiety, attachment and parenting style. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 67, 153-168.
- Vondracek, F.W., Schulenberg, J., Skorikov, V., Gillespie, L.K., & Wahlheim, C. (1995). The relationship of identity status to career indecision during adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 18(1), 17-29.
- Watson, C.M., Quatman, T., & Edler, E. (2002). Career aspirations of adolescent girls: Effects of achievement level, grade, and single-sex school environment. Sex Roles, 46, 323-335.
Year 2018,
Volume: 18 Issue: 3, 1585 - 1602, 17.10.2018
Funda Nalbantoğlu Yılmaz
,
Hicran Çetin Gündüz
References
- Adekele, B. L., Yahya, W. B., & Usman, A. (2015). A comparison of some test statistics for multivariate analysis of variance model with non-normal responses. Journal of Natural Sciences Research, 5(15), 1-9.
- Akkoç, F. (2012). Lise öğrencilerinin mesleki kararsızlıkları ile kariyer inançları arasındaki ilişki. Buca Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 32, 49-70.
- Alisinanoğlu, F. ve Ulutaş, İ. (2003). Çocukların kaygı düzeyleri ile annelerinin kaygı düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Eğitim ve Bilim Dergisi, 28(128), 65-71.
- Armstrong, R. A. (2014). When to use the Bonferroni correction. Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics, 34, 502–508. doi: 10.1111/opo.12131
- Atkinson, R.L., Atkinson, R.C., Smith, E.E., Bem, D.J., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2010). Psikolojiye giriş. Ankara: Arkadaş.
- Baltaş, A. ve Baltaş, Z. (1996). Stres ve başa çıkma yolları. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
- Bedel, A. (2013). Sınıf tekrarı yapan ve yapmayan öğrencilerin akademik güdülenme ve kaygı düzeylerinin karşılaştırılması. Milli Eğitim Dergisi, 42(200), 111-121.
- Campagna, C., & Curtis, G. J. (2007). So worried I don't know what to be: anxiety is associated with increased career indecision and reduced career certainty. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 17(1), 91-96.
- Creed, P. A., Prideaux, L., & Patton, W. (2005). Antecedents and consequences of career decisional states in adolescence. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 67, 397-412.
- Chen, J. Y. (2005). A study on college students’ anxiety of career decision. Journal of Education & Psychology, 28(4), 745–771.
- Çetin-Gündüz, H. ve Nalbantoğlu-Yılmaz, F. (2016). Lise öğrencilerinin kariyer kaygılarını belirlemeye yönelik ölçek geliştirme çalışması. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(3), 1008-1022.
- Daniels, L.M., Clifton, R.A., Perry, R.P., Mandzuk, D., & Hall, N.C. (2006). Student teachers’ competence and career certainty: The effects of career anxiety and perceived control, Social Psychology of Education 9, 405-423.
- Daniels, L.M., Stewart, T.L., Stupnisky, R.H., Perry, R.P., & Verso, T.L. (2011). Relieving career anxiety and indecision: the role of undergraduate students’ perceived control and faculty affiliations. Soc Psychol Educ, 14, 409-426.
- DiStefano, C., Zhu, M., & Mîndrilă, D. (2009). Understanding and using factor scores: considerations for the applied researcher. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 14(10), 1-11.
- Dolgin, K.G. (2014). Ergenlik psikolojisi: Gelişim, ilişkiler ve kültür. İstanbul: Kaknüs.
- ERG (2015). Meslek liselerinde toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliği raporu. İstanbul.
- Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity, youth, and crisis. New York: Norton.
- Erikson, E. H. (1963). Childhood and society. New York: Norton.
- Fouad, N. A. (2007). Work and vocational psychology: Theory, research, and applications. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 543–564. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085713.
- Fuqua, D. R., Newman, J. L., & Seaworth, T. B. (1988). Relation of state and trait anxiety to different components of career indecision. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 35, 154–158. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.35.2.154.
- Flouri, E. & Buchanan, A. (2002). The Role of work related skills and career role models in adolescent career maturity, Adolescent Career Development, 51, 36-43.
- Germeijs, V., Verschueren, K., & Soenens, B. (2006). Indecisiveness and high school students’ career decision-making process: Longitudinal associations and the mediational role of anxiety. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(4), 397-410.
- Gordon, V.N. (1998). Career decidedness types: A literature review. The Career Development Quarterly, 46, 386–403.
- Gökçedağ, S. (2001). Lise öğrencilerinin okul başarısı ve kaygı düzeyi üzerinde anne-baba tutumlarının etkilerinin belirlenip karşılaştırılması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İzmir.
- Guay, F., Senecal, C., Gauthier, L., & Fernet, C. (2003). Predicting career indecision: A self-determination theory perspective. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 30(2), 165-177.
- Gushue, G.V., Scanlan, K.R.L., Pantzer, K.M. & Clarke, C.P. (2006). The relationship of career decision-making self-efficacy, vocational ıdentity, and career exploration behavior in African American high school students, Journal of Career Development, 33(1), 19-28.
- Hirschi, A., & Lage, D. (2007). The relation of secondary students’ career-choice readiness to a six-phase model of career decision making. Journal of Career Development, 34(2), 164-191.
- Hirschi, A., Niles, S.G. & Akos, P. (2011). Engagement in adolescent career preparation: Social support, personality and the development of choice decidedness and congruence. Journal of Adolescence, 34, 174-182.
- Işık, E. (2012). The relationship of career decision self-efficacy, trait anxiety, and affectivity among undergraduate students. Psychological Reports, 111, 805–813.
- Jones, L. K. (1989). Measuring a three-dimensional construct of career indecision among college students: A revision of the vocational decision scale: The career decision profile. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 36(4), 477-486. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.36.4.477
- Kimes, H. G., & Troth, W. A. (1974). Relationship of trait anxiety to career decisiveness. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 21(4), 277-280.
- Kracke, B. (1997). Parental behavior and adolescents’ career exploration. The Career Development Quarterly, 45(4), 341-350.
- Kracke, B. (2002). The role of personality, parents and peers in adolescent’s career exploration, Journal of Adolescence, 25 (1), 19-30.
- Marcionetti, J., & Rossier, J. (2016). The mediating impact of parental support on the relationship between personality and career indecision in adolescents. Journal of Career Assessment, 25(4), 601-615. doi.org/10.1177/1069072716652890
- Mardia, K. V. (1971). The effect of nonnormality on some multivariate tests and robustness to nonnormality in the linear model. Biometrika, 58(1), 105-121.
- Mertler, C. A., & Vannatta, R. A. (2016). Advanced and multivariate statistical methods: Practical application and interpretation (6th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Pyrczak Publishing.
- Mojgan, F. N., Kadir, R. A., & Soheil, S. (2011). The relationship between state and trait anxiety with career indecision of undergraduate students. Inter. Educ. Stud. 4(3):31-35. doi: 10.1177/1069072716652890
- O'Hare, M. M., & Tamburri, E. (1986). Coping as a moderator of the relation between anxiety and career decision making. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 33(3), 255-264.
- Olson, C.L. (1979). Practical considerations in choosing a MANOVA test statistic: Arejoinder to Stevens. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 1350–1352.
- Öztemel, K. (2012). Kariyer kararsızlıgı ile mesleki karar verme oz yetkinlik ve kontrol odağı arasındaki iliskiler [Relationships between career indecision, career decision making selfefficacy, and locus of control]. Gazi Universitesi Gazi Egitim Fakultesi Dergisi, 32(2), 459–477.
- Özyürek, R. (2013). Kariyer psikolojik danışmanlığı kuramları: Çocuk ve ergenler için kariyer rehberliği uygulamaları. Ankara: Nobel.
- Peng, H. (2001). Career group counseling in undecided college female seniors' state anxiety and career indecision. Psychological Reports, 88, 996–1004. doi: 10.2466/PR0.88.4.996-1004
- Peng, H. (2005). Reduction in state anxiety scores of freshmen through a course in career decision. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, 5: 293–302. doi: 10.1007/s10775-005-3603-4
- Peng, H., & Johanson, R. E. (2006). Career maturity and state anxiety of Taiwanese college student athletes given cognitive career-oriented group counseling. Psychological Reports, 99(3), 805–812. doi: 10.2466/PR0.99.7.805-812
- Peng, H. H., Johanson, R. E., & Chang, M. H. (2012). Career indecision and state anxiety of returned international Chinese undergraduate students in Taiwan. International Journal of Psychology and Counselling, 4(9), 106 – 114. doi: 10.5897/IJPC12.003
- Rainey, L.M. & Borders, L.D. (1997). Influental in career orientation and career aspiration of early adolescent girls. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 44(2), 160-172.
- Rochlen, A. B., Milburn, L., & Hill, C. E. (2004). Examining the process and outcome of career counseling for different types of career counseling clients. Journal of Career Development, 30(4), 263-275.
- Roche, M..K., Carr, A.L., Lee, I.H., Wen, J.H., & Brown, S.D. (2017). Career indecison in China: measurement equivalence with the United States and South Korea. Journal of Career assessment, 25(3), 526-536.
- Santrock, J.W. (2012). Ergenlik. Ankara: Nobel.
- Sekmenli, T. (2000). Lise 1. sınıf öğrencilerinin mesleki olgunluk düzeyleri ile sürekli kaygı düzeylerinin bazı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İnönü Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Malatya.
- Sharf, R. S. (2017). Kariyer gelişim kuramlarının kariyer danışmasına uygulanması (Çev. F. Bacanlı ve K. Öztemel). Ankara: Pegem.
- Sheehan-Holt, J.K. (1998). MANOVA simultaneous test procedures: The power and robustness of restricted multivariate contrasts.Educational and Psychological Measurement, 58, 861–881.
- Siyez, D. M. (2011). Gelişimsel yaklaşımlar. Binnur Yeşilyaprak (Ed.), Mesleki rehberlik ve kariyer danışmanlığı-kuramdan uygulamaya içinde (s. 172-214). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
- Staf, J., Messersmith, E.E., & Schulenberg, J.E. (2009). Adolescent and the world of work. R.M. Lerner and L. Sternberg (Eds.), In. Handbook of Adolescent Pschology (Pp. 270-314). New Jersey: John Wiley &Sons.
- Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidell, L.S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics. New York: Allyn &Bacon Inc.
- Tsai, C. T., Hsu, H., & Hsu, Y.C. (2017). Tourism and hospitality college students’ career anxiety: Scale development and validation. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education, 29(4), 158-165.
- Varol, Ş. (1990). Lise son sınıf öğrencilerinin kaygı düzeylerini etkileyen bazı etmenler. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Samsun.
- Vignoli, E. (2009). Inter-relationships among attachment to mother and father, self-esteem, and career indecision. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 75, 91-99.
- Vignoli, E. (2015). Career indecision and career exploration among older French adolescents: the specific role of general trait anxiety and future school and career anxiety. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 89, 182–191. doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2015.06.005.
- Vignoli, E., Croity-Belz, S., Chapeland, V., Fillipis, A., & Garcia, M. (2005). Career exploration in adolescents: The role of anxiety, attachment and parenting style. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 67, 153-168.
- Vondracek, F.W., Schulenberg, J., Skorikov, V., Gillespie, L.K., & Wahlheim, C. (1995). The relationship of identity status to career indecision during adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 18(1), 17-29.
- Watson, C.M., Quatman, T., & Edler, E. (2002). Career aspirations of adolescent girls: Effects of achievement level, grade, and single-sex school environment. Sex Roles, 46, 323-335.