ARTAN KATILIM BİRİKİM GETİRİYOR MU? KADININ İŞGÜCÜNE KATILIMI VE YURTİÇİ TASARRUF İLİŞKİSİ ÜZERİNE BİR PANEL VERİ ANALİZİ

Year 2018, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 30 - 49, 28.12.2018

Öznur Özdamar Gıovanıs , Sibel Gündüz Eda Akılotu Eleftherios Gıovanıs , Nazli Uyar

Abstract

Yurtiçi tasarruflar, bir ülkenin
kalkınabilmesi için önemli olan finansman kaynaklarından biri olarak görülür.
Bir ülkenin ekonomik yönden kalkınması tamamen dış finansal kaynaklara
dayanıyorsa, bu ülke için yurtiçi tasarruf oranının düşük olduğu söylenebilir.
Dış finansal kaynaklar ile desteklenen bir kalkınma modeli dışa bağımlılığı
artırır ve ülke ekonomisine zarar verir. Bu nedenle ülkelerin yurtiçi
tasarruflara dayanan bir kalkınma modeli izlemeleri önemlidir. İlgili
literatürde yurtiçi tasarrufların belirleyicileri pek çok çalışmada ele
alınmıştır. Bu çalışma diğer belirleyici değişkenler kontrol altında iken kadının
işgücüne katılımının yurtiçi tasarruflar ile ilişkisini 1991-2014 yılları arasında
Panel Veri Yöntemleri ile analiz etmiştir. Diğer bir ifade ile, kadının
erkeklere kıyasla daha çok tasarruf ettiği konusundaki ilgili literatürün
doğruluğu, kadınların işgücüne artan katılımının yurtiçi tasarruflara etkisi
ölçülerek test edilmiştir. Çalışma gelişmekte olan ve az gelişmiş ülkeler
açısından ele alınmış olup elde edilen bulgular bu ülkelerde kadının işgücüne
katılımının tasarrufları belirlemede rol oynamadığını ortaya koymuştur. Bu
ülkelerde kadının işgücüne katılımının tarım gibi düşük ücret getiren
sektörlerde yoğunlaşmasının veya çocuk bakımı gibi sosyal hizmetlerin
yetersizliğinden dolayı az ücretle yarı zamanlı işlerde çalışmalarının bu
sonuca neden olduğu düşünülmektedir.

Keywords

Yurtiçi Tasarruflar, Kadının İşgücüne Katılımı, Panel Veri Analizi

References

• Arellano, M. ve Bond, S.R. (1991) “Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and an Application to Employment Equations”, Review of Economic Studies, 58(2-1):277-297.Beck, N. ve Katz, J.N (1995) “What To Do (And Not To Do) With Time-Series Cross-Section Data”, American Political Science Review, 89: 634–647.Beck, N. ve Katz, J.N (1996) “Nuisance vs. Substance: Specifying and Estimating Time-Series-Cross-Section Models”, Political Analysis 6:1-36Boserup, E. (1970) “Woman's Role in Economic Development”, New York: St Martin's Press.Broman, Clifford L., V. Lee Hamilton, ve William S. Hoffman (2012), “Stress and Distress among the Unemployed: Hard Times and Vulnerable People”. Springer Science & Business Media.Curley, J., Ssewamala, F., ve Sherraden, M. (2005) “Institutions and Savings in Low Income Households”, (CSD Working Paper 05–13). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.Cavalcanti V. ve Tavares J. (2007) “The Output Cost of Gender Discrimination: A Model-Based Macroeconomic Estimate” CEPR Discussion Papers 6477, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.Den Haan, W.J. (1990) “The Optimal Inflation Path in a Sidrauski-Type Model with Uncertainty”, Journal of Monetary Economics, 25(3):389-409.Domar, E.D. (1946) "Capital Expansion, Rate of Growth, and Employment," Econometrica, 14(2):137-47.Durand, JD. (1975) “The Labor Force in Economic Development: A Comparison of International Census Data, 1946–1966”, NJ: Princeton University Press, Princeton.Fry. M.J., (1980) “Saving, Investment, Growth and the Cost of Financial Repression”, World Development, 8(4): 317-327.Fry, M. J. (1995) “Money, Interest, and Banking in Economic Development”, 2.nd Ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Fry, M. J. (1978) “Money and Capital or Financial Deepening In Economic Development” Journal of Money, Credit And Banking, 10(4): 464–75.Fortin, N.M. (2005) “Gender Role Attitudes and the Labour-Market Outcomes of Women Across OECD Countries”, Oxford Review Of Economic Policy, 21(3-1): 416-438.Galor, O. ve David N.W (1996) “The 188 Journal of Economic Perspectives Gender Gap, Fertility, and Growth” American Economic Review, 86(3):374–87.Gavin, M. ve R. Perotti. (1997) “Fiscal Policy in Latin America”, In Bernanke, B. and J. Rotemberg (Eds.), NBER Macroeconomics Annual, Cambridge: MIT Press, 12: 11-72.Grinstein-Weiss, M., et.Al (2007) “Using Individual Development Accounts To Save For A Home: Are There Differences By Race?”, Social Service Review, 81(4): 657-681.Giovanis E. (2018), “Are Women Happier When Their Spouse is Teleworker?”, Journal of Happiness Studies. 1;19(3):719-54.Giovannini, A. (1983) “ The Interest Elasticity of Savings in Developing Countries: The Existing Evidence”, World Development, 11(7): 601-607.Giovannini, A. (1985) “Saving and the Real Interest Rate In LDCS”, Journal of Development Economics, 18(2-3), 197-217.Goldin, C. (1995) “The U-Shaped Female Labor Force Function in Economic Development and Economic History. In T. P Schultz, Ed. Investment in Women’s Human Capital and Economic Development. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press, 61-90.Haber, S. (1958) “Female Labor Force Participation and Economic Development”, Los Angeles: Rand Corporation Monograph, 1504.Harrod, R.F. (1939) "An Essay in Dynamic Theory", The Economic Journal, 49(193):14-33.Heer, B. ve Süssmuth, B. (2007) “Effects of Inflation on Wealth Distribution: Do Stock Market Participation Fees and Capital Income Taxation Matter?”,31(1): 277-303.Hill, M. A. (1983) “Female Labor Force Participation in Developing and Developed Countries”, Review of Economics and Statistics, 65: 459-467.Holzer, H.J. (2000) “Unemployment Insurance and Welfare Recipients: What Happens When The Recession Comes?”, New Federalism Policy Brief A-46, Washington, DC: The Urban Institute.ILO (2016) “Women at work: Trends 2016”. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Organization.Jappelli, T. ve Pagano, M. (1994) “Saving, Growth, And Liquidity Constraints. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106: 83-109.Karaçor, Z. ve Kartal, M. (2016) “Gelir Gruplarına Göre Yurtiçi Tasarruflar ile Dış Borçlar Arasındaki İlişki: Panel Veri Yöntemi İle Bir Analiz”, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 19(1): 139-165.Klasen, S. (1999) “Does Gender Inequality Reduce Growth And Development? Evidence from Cross-Country Regressions”, Policy Research Report on Gender And Development Working Paper Series, 7: 1-38.Klasen, S. ve Lamanna, F. (2009) “The Impact of Gender Inequality in Education and Employment on Economic Growth: New Evidence For a Panel of Countries”, Feminist Economics, 15(3): 91-132.Kottis, A.P. (1990) “Shifts over Time and Regional Variation in Women’s Labor Force Participation Rates in A Developing Economy: The Case of Greece,” Journal of Development Economics, 33: 117-132.Loayza, N., K. Schmidt-Hebbel ve L. Servén (2000). “What Drives Private Saving across the World.” Review of Economics and Statistics 82(2): 165-181Marcotte, D.E. (1995) “Declining Job Stability: What Do We Know And What It Means”. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 14 (4): 590–598.Mckinnon, R. I. (1973) “Money and Capital in Economic Development”, Washington, D. C.: The Brookings Institution, 2(3): 87-88.Mincer, J. (1985) “Inter Country Comparisons of Labor Force Trends and of Related Developments: An Overview”, Journal of Labour Economics, 3(1): 1-32.Modigliani, F. (1970) “The Life-Cycle Hypothesis And Intercountry Differences In The Saving Ratio”, In W. A. Eltis, M. FG. Scott, and J. N. Wolfe, Eds., Induction, Growth, and Trade: Essays in Honour of Sir Roy Harrod, Oxford. Oxford University Press: 197–225.Nabar, M. (2011). “Targets, Interest Rates, and Household Saving in Urban China,” IMF Working Paper. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary FundNickell, S. (1981) “Biases in Dynamic Models with Fixed Effects”, Econometrica, 49(6): 1417-1426.Nurkse R. (1952), “Growth in Underdeveloped Country: Some International Aspect of The Problem of Economic Development”, The American Economic Review, Vol:42, No:2, May, pp:571–583Obstfeld, M. (1998) “Foreign Resource Inflows, Saving and Growth”, Center for International and Development Economics Research (CIDER) Working Papers From University Of California-Berkeley, Department Of Economics.Ozdamar, O. (2017). “Gendered Economic Policy Making: The Case of Public Expenditures on Family Allowances”. Economics: The Open-Access, Open-Assessment E-Journal, 11(2017-8), 1-28.Pampel, F.C. ve Tanaka, K. (1986), “Economic Development and Female Labor Force Participation: A Reconsideration”, Social Forces, 64(3): 599-619.Psacharopoulos, G. ve Tzannatos, Z. (1989) “Female Labor Force Participation: An International Perspective” World Bank Research Observer, 4(2): 187-201.Pesaran, M.H. (2004) “General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels”, Cambridge Working Papers in Economics No. 0435 Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge.Saltz, I.S. (1999) “An Examination of Causal Relationship Between Savings and Growth in the Third World”, Journal of Economics and Finance, 23(1): 90-98.Schreiner, M., Clancy, M., ve Sherraden, M. (2002) “Saving Performance in the American Dream Demonstration: A National Demonstration Of Individual Development Accounts (CSD Report)”, St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.Schultz, T.P. (1991) “International Differences in Labor Force Participation in Families and Firms”, Center Discussion Paper, Yale University Working Paper, Economic Growth Center, New Haven, CT.Seguino, Stephanie ve Maria Sagrario Floro (2003) ‘‘Does Gender Have any Effect on Aggregate Saving?’’ International Review of Applied Economics, 17(2): 147–66.Shaw, E.S. (1973) “Financial Deepening in Economic Development”, Oxford University Press.Sinha, D. ve Sinha, T. (1998) “Cart Before the Horse? The Saving-Growth Nexus in Mexico”, Economics Letters, 61: 43-47.Solow, R.M. (1956) “A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth, The Quarterly Journal Of Economics, 70(1): 65–94.Stockman, A.C. (1981) “Anticipated Inflation and the Capital Stock in a Cash-In-Advance Economy”, Journal of Monetary Economics, 8: 387-393.Tam, A. (2011) “U-Shaped Female Labor Participation with Economic Development: Some Panel Data Evidence”, Economics Letters, 110: 140-142.Tansel, A. (2001) ‘‘Economic Development and Female Labor Force Participation in Turkey: Time-Series Evidence and Cross-Province Estimates.’’ Working Paper 0124, Economic Research Forum, Cairo, Egypt. Torçun, S. (2017). “Tasarruf Yatırım Açığı ve Kadının İşgücüne Katılımının Ekonomik Büyüme ile İlişkisi: Farklı Ülke Gruplarına Göre Bir Panel Veri Analizi”, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.Vella, F. (1994) “Gender Roles and Human Capital Investment: The Relationship Between Traditional Attitudes and Female Labour Market Performance”, Economica, 61:191-211.Weisskopf, T.E. (1972) “The Impact of Foreign Capital Inflow on Domestic Savings in Underdeveloped Countries”, Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, 2(1): 25-38.