Toprak Faunasının Kurak Ekosistemlerdeki Görevleri

Year 2017, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 67 - 78, 15.07.2017

Meriç Çakır

Abstract

Enerji akışı ve besin maddesi döngüleri önemli ekosistem süreçleri olup
bakteriler, mantarlar, nematodlar, solucanlar ve eklembacaklılar gibi toprak
canlılarının aktiviteleri ile kontrol edilmektedir. Toprak içerisindeki
süreçlerin işleyişi ve toprak verimliliği bu canlıların faaliyetlerine bağlı
olarak devam etmektedir. Dünyadaki toplam karasal alanın %30’u kurak alanlar
olup eklembacaklılar, kurak ekosistemlerde yaşayan toprak canlıları içerisinde
büyük çeşitliliğe sahiptir. Bu ekosistemlerdeki hassas döngülerin
sürdürülebilmesinde önemli görevleri olan canlıların ve fonksiyonlarının
bilinmesi hayati önem taşımaktadır. Kurak alanlardaki toprak canlılarının besin
ağındaki fonksiyonel yapılarını abiyotik faktörlerden özellikle sıcaklık ve
toprak nemi etkilemektedir. 
Eklembacaklıların düşük enerji ihtiyaçları da kuraklık gibi ekstrem
şartlarda hayatta kalmalarını sağlamaktadır. Bununla birlikte ölüörtü-toprak
ilişkisi hem termal hem de hidrolik özellikleri etkileyerek hızlı değişimlere
neden olabilmekte ve özellikle toprak faunasının dağılımını ve çeşitliliğini
etkilemektedir. Genel olarak ölüörtü ayrışması üzerinde yağışın etkisi
baskınken kurak alanlarda ayrışma üzerinde ışıl bozunmanın etkisi hakimdir.
Eklembacaklıların ölüörtü ayrışmasına; ölüörtüyü toprakaltına taşıyarak
doğrudan veya karmaşık trofik ilişkiler ile dolaylı etkisi olduğu
bilinmektedir. Küresel değişim senaryolarında yer alan ekosistem fonksiyonları
için toprak altı biyoçeşitliliğinin belirlenmesi, giderek artan araştırma
konuları içinde yer almaktadır.Toprak faunasının miktar ve çeşitliliği ile
ekosistem servisleri arasında kuvvetli bir ilişki vardır. Toprakaltı
biyoçeşitliliğinin azalması bu servislerin aksamasına neden olmaktadır. Bu
çalışmada, toprak faunasının biyoçeşitliliğine ve ekosistem fonksiyonlarına
olan etkileri araştırılmıştır.

Keywords

Toprak faunası, kurak alan, eklembacaklılar, ayrışma, biyoçeşitlilik

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