Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

19. Yüzyıl Ruhçuluğunda Melezlik Olarak Ölüm Düşüncesi

Year 2022, Volume: 7 Issue: 13, 19 - 32, 30.04.2022

Abstract

19. yüzyılda ruhçuluk bireyin kendi ve sevdiklerinin ölümü korkusuyla başa çıkabilmesinin bir yolu olarak toplumda yaygın biçimde görülmüş bir fenomendir. Dönemin önemli ruhçu figürleri ölümden kurtuluşu öneren öğretilerini bu korkuyu temel alarak oluşturmuşlar ve ruhların hem öte dünyada hem de yeryüzünde insanlarla iletişim kurabileceklerini savunmuşlardır. Ruhçulara göre on dokuzuncu yüzyılın ruhban sınıfı ölümden sonraki yaşama dair yeterli bir tatmin sağlayamamakla birlikte sosyal ve politik adaletsizliklere karşı da sessiz kalmış ve daha baskıcı ve çıkarcı davranarak kendi iktidarlarını korumuşlardır. Bu nedenle ölüm ile ilgilenen ruhçuların öğretileri aynı zamanda toplumsal, dini ve siyasi adaletsizliklere karşı önemli tavırlar almışlardır. Bu doğrultuda ruhçuluk teoride ve pratikte ölüm ile hayat arasında kalarak melez bir yapı oluşturmuş, bu melez yapıyı da gerek öğretilerine gerek dönemin edebiyatına ilham vererek vurgulamıştır. Bu makalede 19. yüzyıl ruhçuluğunun önde gelen isimleri olan Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, Allan Kardec ve Aleister Crowley’nin öğretilerinde ölüm ve ölüm sonrası yaşam üzerine neler önerdikleri 18. yüzyılda ruhçuluk akımının kurucusu olan Emanuel Swedenborg’dan başlanarak incelenmiştir. Bu önermelerin dini ve toplumsal açıdan nasıl melez bir yapı ortaya koydukları 19. yüzyıl edebiyatında nasıl karşılık bulduğu irdelenmiştir.

Thanks

Bu makalede TOLGA HEPDİNÇLER'e teşekkür etmek istiyorum.

References

  • Adkins, Brent (2007) Death and desire in Hegel, Heidegger and Deleuze. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Blavatsky, Helena Petrovna (2019) Gizli öğreti 2. cilt: Bilim, din ve felsefenin sentezi. R.S. Uğurlu (Tr.) İstanbul: Mitra.
  • Blavatsky, Helena Petrovna (2013) Isis unveiled: A master key to the mysteries of ancient and modern science and theology Vol.1. Mass Market Paperback.
  • Burton, Robert (2016) Melankolinin anatomisi. M. Tokmakçıoğlu (Tr.) İstanbul: Aylak Adam (original publishing date 1621).
  • Büker, Cengiz (2019) Mısır’ın ölüler kitabı: Gün ışığına çıkma kitabı. İstanbul: Okyanus Yayıncılık.
  • Cadwallader, Jen (2008) Spirit photography: Victorian culture of mourning. Modern language studies. 37 (2). pp. 8-31.
  • Çüçen, Kadir (2003) Dasein’in varlığı olarak kaygı. Heidegger’de varlık ve zaman, İstanbul: Asa Kitabevi, pp: 78-85.
  • Critchley, Simon (2009) Being and time: Death, Guardian, [online] 13 July 2009, https:// www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/jul/13/heidegger-being-time [accessed 5 May 2019].
  • Doyle, Sir. Arthur Conan (1926) The history of spiritualism, London: Cassell & Co., Ltd.
  • Freud, Sigmund (2010) Freud: Complete works. Smith, I. (Ed.) [online] https:// holybooks.com/sigmund-freud-the-complete-works/ [accessed 5 May 2019].
  • Grant, Garry (Director) (2000) Aleister Crowley: The other Loch Ness Monster [Film]. UK: Celtic Broadcasting, BBC Scotland.
  • Kardec, Allan (1859a) Self serving mediums. The Spiritist Review - The Journal of Psychological Studies. March, pp. 56-57.
  • Kardec, Allan (1859b) Hurdles to the mediums. The Spiritist Review - The Journal of Psychological Studies. February, pp. 31-35.
  • Kardec, Allan (1893) Spiritualist philosophy, the spirits’ book. Boston: Colby And Rich.
  • Kerrigan, Michael (2017) Ölümün tarihi. S. Erduman (Tr.), İstanbul: Paris (originally publishing date 2017).
  • Krasniqi, Seniha Gülderen, Okumuş, Salih (2014) A study of Lord Byron's the Turkish tales in terms of orientalism. Türk dili ve edebiyatı dergisi. 49 (49), pp. 195-214.
  • Levi-Strauss, Claude (2005) Myth and meaning, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, p.5.
  • Manning, Paul (2018) Spiritual signal and theosophical noise. Journal of linguistic anthropology, 28 (1), pp. 67-92.
  • Maroney, Tim (2019) İradenin buyurduğunu yap: Aleister Crowley üzerine altı ders. B. Tanyeri (Tr.), İstanbul: Subyayın.
  • Maroney, Tim (2002) Do what thou willt. Introduction to Crowley, [online] http:// tim.maroney.org/CrowleyIntro/Do_What_Thou_Wilt.html [Accessed: 26 April 2021].
  • May, Charles (1991) Edgar Allan Poe: A study of short fiction. Boston: Twayne Publishers.
  • Meinwald, Dan (1990) Memento mori: Death and photography in 19th century America, [online], UCLA University, http://vv.arts.ucla.edu/terminals/meinwald/ meinwald7.html [accessed 18 February 2019].
  • Nirun, Ata (2016) Ruhlar: Dünya’da ve Türkiye’de ruhçuluk. İstanbul: Wizart Edutainment.
  • Renouf, Peter Le Page, Naville, Edouard (1904) The Egyptian book of the dead: Translation and Commentary Vol.1. London: Society of Biblical Archaeology.
  • Ruhselman, Bedri (1990) Metapsişik Tetkikler ve İlmi Araştırmalar Derneği, Ruhlar arasında. İstanbul: Ruh ve Madde Yayınları.
  • Russell, Jeffrey Burton (2019) Mephistophelers: Modern dünyada Şeytan. E. Çelik (Tr.) Ankara: Panama Yayıncılık.
  • Sarıdoğan, Koray (2018) Ünlü okültist Aleister Crowley ve onun anti-Sherlock dedektifi Simon Iff. Edebiyat Gizemleri. Antalya: KalemKahveKlavye, pp. 26-31.
  • Slotkin, Richard (1998) Gunfighter nation: The myth of the frontier in 20th-century America. Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press.
  • Swedenborg, Emanuel (2016) Evren ve Dünyaları, Son Yargı Günü. Ed. Şendoğan, N., Mavi Kalem Yayınevi.
  • Swedenborg, Emanuel (2018) Last judgement/supplements. G.F. Dole, J.S. Rose (Tr.), Pennsylvania: Swedenborg Foundation.
  • Hill, Matthew (Producer), Michael Waldman (Director) (2009) The Scandalous Adventures of Lord Byron [Film]. UK: Blast Film Producton for Channel 4.

The Idea of Death in the 19th Century Spiritualism as Hybridity

Year 2022, Volume: 7 Issue: 13, 19 - 32, 30.04.2022

Abstract

Spiritualism in the 19th century has become a phenomenon which was adopted widely by the society to deal with the fear of self’s own and loved ones’ death. The essential figures of spiritualism have constituted their doctrines which suggested the survival of death and the possibility of communicating with spirits both in the afterlife and on Earth based on this fear. Accoring to spiritualists, the clergy of the nineteenth century have not given satisfying answers about the life after death. The clergy also remained silent in the social and political injustices and became more dogmatic and manipulative in order to keep their power. Therefore, the doctrines of spiritualists who dealt with the fear of death have taken a stand against the social, religious and political injustices at the same time. Spiritualism has stood in-between life and death and formed a hybrid structure both theoretically and practically. The spiritualists have emphasized on this hybridity by inspiring the doctrines and literature of their period. This article will evaluate what Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, Allan Kardec and Aleister Crowley have suggested about death and life after death in their doctrines starting with the pioneer of spiritualism, Emanuel Swedenborg in the 18th century. How these suggestions have formed a hybrid structure in terms of religion and society, and corresponded with the 19th century literature will be scrutinized.

References

  • Adkins, Brent (2007) Death and desire in Hegel, Heidegger and Deleuze. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Blavatsky, Helena Petrovna (2019) Gizli öğreti 2. cilt: Bilim, din ve felsefenin sentezi. R.S. Uğurlu (Tr.) İstanbul: Mitra.
  • Blavatsky, Helena Petrovna (2013) Isis unveiled: A master key to the mysteries of ancient and modern science and theology Vol.1. Mass Market Paperback.
  • Burton, Robert (2016) Melankolinin anatomisi. M. Tokmakçıoğlu (Tr.) İstanbul: Aylak Adam (original publishing date 1621).
  • Büker, Cengiz (2019) Mısır’ın ölüler kitabı: Gün ışığına çıkma kitabı. İstanbul: Okyanus Yayıncılık.
  • Cadwallader, Jen (2008) Spirit photography: Victorian culture of mourning. Modern language studies. 37 (2). pp. 8-31.
  • Çüçen, Kadir (2003) Dasein’in varlığı olarak kaygı. Heidegger’de varlık ve zaman, İstanbul: Asa Kitabevi, pp: 78-85.
  • Critchley, Simon (2009) Being and time: Death, Guardian, [online] 13 July 2009, https:// www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/jul/13/heidegger-being-time [accessed 5 May 2019].
  • Doyle, Sir. Arthur Conan (1926) The history of spiritualism, London: Cassell & Co., Ltd.
  • Freud, Sigmund (2010) Freud: Complete works. Smith, I. (Ed.) [online] https:// holybooks.com/sigmund-freud-the-complete-works/ [accessed 5 May 2019].
  • Grant, Garry (Director) (2000) Aleister Crowley: The other Loch Ness Monster [Film]. UK: Celtic Broadcasting, BBC Scotland.
  • Kardec, Allan (1859a) Self serving mediums. The Spiritist Review - The Journal of Psychological Studies. March, pp. 56-57.
  • Kardec, Allan (1859b) Hurdles to the mediums. The Spiritist Review - The Journal of Psychological Studies. February, pp. 31-35.
  • Kardec, Allan (1893) Spiritualist philosophy, the spirits’ book. Boston: Colby And Rich.
  • Kerrigan, Michael (2017) Ölümün tarihi. S. Erduman (Tr.), İstanbul: Paris (originally publishing date 2017).
  • Krasniqi, Seniha Gülderen, Okumuş, Salih (2014) A study of Lord Byron's the Turkish tales in terms of orientalism. Türk dili ve edebiyatı dergisi. 49 (49), pp. 195-214.
  • Levi-Strauss, Claude (2005) Myth and meaning, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, p.5.
  • Manning, Paul (2018) Spiritual signal and theosophical noise. Journal of linguistic anthropology, 28 (1), pp. 67-92.
  • Maroney, Tim (2019) İradenin buyurduğunu yap: Aleister Crowley üzerine altı ders. B. Tanyeri (Tr.), İstanbul: Subyayın.
  • Maroney, Tim (2002) Do what thou willt. Introduction to Crowley, [online] http:// tim.maroney.org/CrowleyIntro/Do_What_Thou_Wilt.html [Accessed: 26 April 2021].
  • May, Charles (1991) Edgar Allan Poe: A study of short fiction. Boston: Twayne Publishers.
  • Meinwald, Dan (1990) Memento mori: Death and photography in 19th century America, [online], UCLA University, http://vv.arts.ucla.edu/terminals/meinwald/ meinwald7.html [accessed 18 February 2019].
  • Nirun, Ata (2016) Ruhlar: Dünya’da ve Türkiye’de ruhçuluk. İstanbul: Wizart Edutainment.
  • Renouf, Peter Le Page, Naville, Edouard (1904) The Egyptian book of the dead: Translation and Commentary Vol.1. London: Society of Biblical Archaeology.
  • Ruhselman, Bedri (1990) Metapsişik Tetkikler ve İlmi Araştırmalar Derneği, Ruhlar arasında. İstanbul: Ruh ve Madde Yayınları.
  • Russell, Jeffrey Burton (2019) Mephistophelers: Modern dünyada Şeytan. E. Çelik (Tr.) Ankara: Panama Yayıncılık.
  • Sarıdoğan, Koray (2018) Ünlü okültist Aleister Crowley ve onun anti-Sherlock dedektifi Simon Iff. Edebiyat Gizemleri. Antalya: KalemKahveKlavye, pp. 26-31.
  • Slotkin, Richard (1998) Gunfighter nation: The myth of the frontier in 20th-century America. Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press.
  • Swedenborg, Emanuel (2016) Evren ve Dünyaları, Son Yargı Günü. Ed. Şendoğan, N., Mavi Kalem Yayınevi.
  • Swedenborg, Emanuel (2018) Last judgement/supplements. G.F. Dole, J.S. Rose (Tr.), Pennsylvania: Swedenborg Foundation.
  • Hill, Matthew (Producer), Michael Waldman (Director) (2009) The Scandalous Adventures of Lord Byron [Film]. UK: Blast Film Producton for Channel 4.
There are 31 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Sociology
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Burak Bayülgen 0000-0003-3200-2679

Publication Date April 30, 2022
Acceptance Date April 30, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 7 Issue: 13

Cite

APA Bayülgen, B. (2022). The Idea of Death in the 19th Century Spiritualism as Hybridity. Abant Kültürel Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(13), 19-32.