Topraklarda Su Erozyonu Kökenli Kabuk Tabakası Oluşumu

Year 2000, Volume: 13 Issue: 1, 107 - 112, 01.06.2000

Zeki Alagöz

Abstract

Yapılan araştırmalar, topraklarda aşağıda belirtilmiş olan 3 farklı yapıda kabuk tabakası oluştuğunu göstermektedir. 1) Toprak yüzeyindeki agregatların yağmur damlalarının ıslatma ve çarpma etkisi ile bir dereceye kadar dağıldıktan sonra, ortamda önceden var olan teksel parçacıkların da katılımı ile yeniden organize olup sıkışması ile meydana gelen kabuk tabakası (Destructional/Structural Crust). 2) Toprak materyalinin su etkisi ile orjinal yerinden koparılıp taşınması ve daha sonra başka bir alanda birikmesi ile meydana gelen kabuk tabakası (Depositional/Sedimentational Crust). 3) Yağışın sona ermesinden sonra toprak yüzeyinde oluşan su birikintileri veya laminar karakterli yüzey akışı içinde süspanse halde bulunan toprak materyalinin çökelmesi ile meydana gelen kabuk tabakası (Lamellar Crust/ Skin Seal/Afterflow Seal).

Keywords

Kabuk, Kaymak tabakası, Yapısal degradasyon

Water Erosion Induced Crust Formation in Soils

Abstract

Previous researches indicated that three kinds of crust development occur in soils as follows; 1) Formation of the Structural Crust (Destructional Crust) after the rearrangement and compaction of the individual particles present and the particles emerge by the slaking and destruction of the surface aggregates due to wetting and splash affect of the raindrops. 2) Formation of the Sedimentational (Depositional) Crust after the deposition of the transported soil material. 3) Formation of the Lamellar Crust (Skin Seal/Afterflow Seal) by the settling down of the suspended soil material in the puddles or in the flowing water with laminar character.

Keywords

crust, surface sealing, structural degradation

References

• Arshad, M. A. and Mermut, A. R. 1988. Micromorpholgical and physico-chemical characteristics of soil crust types in northwestern Alberta, Canada. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 52: 724-729.
• Bertrand, A. R. and Sor, K. 1962. The effect of rainfall intensity on soil structure and migration of colloidal materials in soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc., 26: 297-300.
• Bresson, L. M. and Boiffin, J. 1990. Morphological characterization of soil crust develoment stages on an experimental field. Geoderma, 47: 301-325.
• Bresson, L. M. and Cadot, L. 1992. Illuviation and structural crust formation on loamy temperate soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 56: 1565-1570.
• McIntyre, D. C. 1958a. Permeability measurements of soil crusts formed by raindrop impact. Soil Sci., 85: 185-189.
• McIntyre, D. C. 1958b. Soil splash and the formation of surface crusts by raindrop impact. Soil Sci., 85: 261-266.
• Mualem, Y., Assouline, S. and Rohdenburg, H. 1990. Rainfall induced soil seal. A critical review of observations and models. Catena, 17: 185-203.
• Norton, L. D. 1987. Micromorfological study of surface seals developed under simulated rainfall. Geoderma, 40: 127-140.
• Slattery, M. C. and Bryan, R. B. 1992. Laboratory experiments on surface seal developments and its effect on interrill erosion processes. Journal Soil Sci. 43: 517-529.
• Slattery, M. C. and Bryan, R. B. 1994. Surface seal development under simulated rainfall on an actively eroding surface. Catena, 22: 17-34.
• Valentin, C. 1991. Surface crusting in two alluvial soils of northern Niger. Geoderma, 48: 201-222.
• Yves Le B. and Singer, M. J. 1993. Seal formation, runoff, and interrill erosion from seventeen California soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 57: 224-229.