Research Article
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"Delving İnto The Dichotomy Of Mother Earth and Fatherland in 'The Wanderground' and 'The Cleft”

Year 2024, Volume: 12 Issue: 33, 145 - 177, 31.05.2024
https://doi.org/10.31126/akrajournal.1389525

Abstract

This study examines the relationship between women and nature in Doris Lessing's The Cleft and Sally Miller Gearhart's The Wanderground through using gender and ecofeminist lenses. Women's oppression is analogous to nature's oppression. Therefore, this article shows how a patriarchal (or male-dominated) society treats both nature and women and how society's standards unfairly dominate both. Both writers Sally Miller Gearhart and Doris Lessing argue that women and the environment, including (animals) are crucial to ecofeminism studies and practice; women may solve gender issues only by utilizing natural materials. The present piece portrays the female characters in both works acquiring an understanding of the underlying reasons behind every instance of misery they encounter in their lives. As a result, women attempt to escape the machismo society and create a nature-filled utopia (devoid of males). Although some women continue to live with men, they always opt for separation. Finally, this work shows how Gearhart's utopia is the outcome and redemption of The Cleft’s dystopia.

Project Number

1

References

  • Adams, C. J. (1991). Ecofeminism and the Eating of Animals. HYPATIA: A Journal Of Feminist Philosophy, 6(1), 125-145. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3810037
  • Aditya, S.K. (2016). Role of Women in Environmental Conservation. International Journal of Political Science and Development, 4(4), 140-145.
  • Alloun, E. (2015), Ecofeminism and Animal Advocacy in Australia: Productive Encounters for an İntegrative Ethics and Politics. Animal Studies Journal, 4(1), 148-173.
  • Bekoff, M. & Meaney, C. A. (2013). Encyclopedia of Animal Rights and Animal Welfare. Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Bierbach, D., Jung, C. T., Hornung, S., Streit, B., Plath, M. (2013). Homosexual behaviour increases male attractiveness to females. Biology Letters 9 (1). DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2012.1038
  • Butler, J. (1990). Gender Trouble Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. Routledge.
  • Buzard, J. (1993). The Beaten Track: European Tourism, Literature, and the Ways to Cul-ture, 1800-1918. Oxford University Press.
  • d’Eaubonne, F. (1974). Le féminisme ou la mort. Femmes en Mouvement.
  • Dew, N. (2020). River, Resistance and Women’s Resilience In Indonesian, Malaysian And Vietnamese Fictions. LiNGUA Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa dan Sastra 15(1) :1-10. DOI :10.18860/ling. v15i1.7487
  • Diderot, D. (1999). Thoughts on the Interpretation of Nature. Clinamen.
  • Fortnam, M. & Brown, K. & Crona, B. & Daw, T. M. & Gançalves, D. & Hicks, C. & Revmatas, M. & Sandbrook, C. & Schulte- Herbruggen, B. (2019). The Gendered Nature of Ecosystem Services. Ecological Economics, 1 (159), 312-325.
  • Friends of the Earth, C40 Cities. (2018). Why Women Will Save the Earth. Bloomsbury Academic.
  • Heller, C. (1993). For the love of nature: Ecology and the cult of the romantic. In Greta-Gaard (Ed.), Ecofeminism: Women, Animals, Nature. Temple University Press. Gearhart, S.M. (1979). The Wanderground: Stories of The Hill Women. Persephone Press.
  • Gaard, G. (ed.) (1993). Ecofeminism: Women, Animals, Nature. Temple University Press.
  • Gaard, Greta, and Lori Gruen. 1993. "Ecofeminism: Toward Global Justice and Planetary Health." Society and Nature 2 (1): 1-35.
  • Gaard, Greta (1996). Women, Animals, and Ecofeminist Critique. Environmental Ethics 18 (4):439-441.
  • Glazebrook, T. (2002). Karen Warren's ecofeminism. Ethics and the Environment 7 (2):12-26.
  • Griffin, S. (1978). Woman and Nature: The Roaring Inside Her. Harper & Row,Publishers.
  • Gendusa, E. (2014). Doris Lessing’s fiction : Literature as commitment. Altre Modernità, 1 (1), 136. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307809238
  • Hermann, H. R. (2017). Dominance and Aggression in Humans and Other Animals: the Great Game of Life. Elsevier Inc.
  • Hughes, J. (1995). Larousse Desk Reference Encyclopedia. Larousse.
  • King, G. (1989). Doris Lessing. Edward Arnold.
  • Lessing, D. (2007). The Cleft. Harper Collins Publishers.
  • Mellor, M. (1997). Feminism and Ecology. NYU Press.
  • Merchant, C. (1995). The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology, and the Scientific Revolution. HarperOne; Reprint edition.
  • O’Loughlin, E. (1993). Questioning Sour Grapes: Ecofeminism and the United Farm Workers. Grape Boycott. In Gaard 1993.
  • Rapping, E. A. (1975). Unfree Women: Feminism in Doris Lessing’s Novels. Women’s Studies, 3(1), 29-44. https://doi.org/10.1080/00497878.1975.9978371
  • Rashleigh, B., Purucker, T., Prieto, L., Suarez, L. (2009). Fish Habitat and Biodiversity Ecosystem Services: A Regional Modeling Approach. Conference: 94th ESA Annual Conven-tion 2009. Albuquerque, New Mexico.
  • Roberts, L. (1980). [Review of The Wanderground, by S. M. Gearhart]. Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies, 5 (1), 74–75. https://doi.org/10.2307/3346312
  • Roach, C. (1991). Loving Your Mother: On the Woman-Nature Relation. Hypatia 6 (1):46 - 59.
  • Ruether, R. R. (1975). New Woman, New Earth: Sexist Ideologies and Human Liberation. Seabury Press.
  • Ruether, R. R. (1996). Womanguides: Readings Toward a Feminist Theology. Beacon Press (MA).
  • Pandian, T. J., & Koteeswaran, R. (1999). Lability of Sex Differentiation in Fish. Current Science, 76(4), 580–583. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24100762
  • Scherff, J. (1991). The Mother Earth Handbook: What You Need to Know and Do - At Home, in Your Community, and Through Your Church - To Help Heal Our Planet Now. Cross-road Publishing Company.
  • Stroud, A. (2012). Good Guys with Guns: Hegemonic Masculinity and Concealed Handguns. Gender & Society, 26 (2), 216-238. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243211434612
  • Shiva, V. (1989). The violence of the Green Revolution: Ecological Degradation and Political Conflict in Punjab. Dehra Dun: Research Foundation for Science and Ecology: Exclusively distributed by Natraj Publishers.
  • Vacoch, D.A. (2021). Transecology: Transgender Perspectives on Environment and Natu-re. Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Warren, K. J. (1997). Taking Empirical Data Seriously. In Karen Warren (ed.), Ecofemi-nism: Women, Culture, Nature. Indiana Univ Pr. pp. 3
  • Warren, K. J. (1996). Ecological Feminist Philosophies. Indiana University Press.
  • Warren, K. J. (2000). Ecofeminist Philosophy: A Western Perspective on What It is and Why It Matters. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
  • Warren, K. J. (2002). Response to my Critics. Ethics and the Environment, 7(2), 39-59.http://www.jstor.org/stable/40339036

“The Cleft ve The Wanderground Çalışmalarında Bulunan Toprak Ana ve Baba Vatan İkilisi”

Year 2024, Volume: 12 Issue: 33, 145 - 177, 31.05.2024
https://doi.org/10.31126/akrajournal.1389525

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Doris Lessing'in The Cleft ve Sally Miller Gearhart'ın The Wanderground adlı eserlerinde kadın ve doğa arasındaki ilişkiyi toplumsal cinsiyet ve ekofeminist bakış açısıyla incelemektedir. Dolayısıyla bu makale, ataerkil (veya erkek dominantli veya üstünlüğünde) bir toplumun hem doğaya hem de kadına nasıl davrandığını ve toplum standartlarının her ikisine de nasıl adaletsiz bir şekilde hâkim olduğunu göstermektedir. Her iki yazar da kadınların ve doğanın (hayvanlar da dâhil) çevrenin ekofeminizm çalışmaları ve uygulaması için hayati öneme sahip olduğunu savunur; kadınlar toplumsal cinsiyet sorunlarını ancak doğa ile çözebilir. Bu eser, her iki kitaptaki kadın karakterleri, hayatlarında karşılaştıkları sefalet örneğinin arkasında yatan nedenleri anlayarak tasvir ediyor. Sonuç olarak, kadınlar eril toplumundan kaçmaya ve doğayla dolu (erkeklerden yoksun) bir ütopya yaratmaya çalışırlar. Bazı kadınlar erkeklerle yaşamaya devam etseler de her zaman ayrılığı tercih etmektedirler. Son olarak bu akademik çalışma Gearhart'ın ütopyasının nasıl The Cleft'in distopyasının sonucu ve kurtuluşu olduğunu ortaya çıkarıyor.

Ethical Statement

I will act with utmost integrity and pursue my work in an honest and ethical manner. I will take responsibility for my actions and consider the effects on this journal. I accept that all the words written in the text penned by me and not published in anywhere else.

Project Number

1

References

  • Adams, C. J. (1991). Ecofeminism and the Eating of Animals. HYPATIA: A Journal Of Feminist Philosophy, 6(1), 125-145. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3810037
  • Aditya, S.K. (2016). Role of Women in Environmental Conservation. International Journal of Political Science and Development, 4(4), 140-145.
  • Alloun, E. (2015), Ecofeminism and Animal Advocacy in Australia: Productive Encounters for an İntegrative Ethics and Politics. Animal Studies Journal, 4(1), 148-173.
  • Bekoff, M. & Meaney, C. A. (2013). Encyclopedia of Animal Rights and Animal Welfare. Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Bierbach, D., Jung, C. T., Hornung, S., Streit, B., Plath, M. (2013). Homosexual behaviour increases male attractiveness to females. Biology Letters 9 (1). DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2012.1038
  • Butler, J. (1990). Gender Trouble Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. Routledge.
  • Buzard, J. (1993). The Beaten Track: European Tourism, Literature, and the Ways to Cul-ture, 1800-1918. Oxford University Press.
  • d’Eaubonne, F. (1974). Le féminisme ou la mort. Femmes en Mouvement.
  • Dew, N. (2020). River, Resistance and Women’s Resilience In Indonesian, Malaysian And Vietnamese Fictions. LiNGUA Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa dan Sastra 15(1) :1-10. DOI :10.18860/ling. v15i1.7487
  • Diderot, D. (1999). Thoughts on the Interpretation of Nature. Clinamen.
  • Fortnam, M. & Brown, K. & Crona, B. & Daw, T. M. & Gançalves, D. & Hicks, C. & Revmatas, M. & Sandbrook, C. & Schulte- Herbruggen, B. (2019). The Gendered Nature of Ecosystem Services. Ecological Economics, 1 (159), 312-325.
  • Friends of the Earth, C40 Cities. (2018). Why Women Will Save the Earth. Bloomsbury Academic.
  • Heller, C. (1993). For the love of nature: Ecology and the cult of the romantic. In Greta-Gaard (Ed.), Ecofeminism: Women, Animals, Nature. Temple University Press. Gearhart, S.M. (1979). The Wanderground: Stories of The Hill Women. Persephone Press.
  • Gaard, G. (ed.) (1993). Ecofeminism: Women, Animals, Nature. Temple University Press.
  • Gaard, Greta, and Lori Gruen. 1993. "Ecofeminism: Toward Global Justice and Planetary Health." Society and Nature 2 (1): 1-35.
  • Gaard, Greta (1996). Women, Animals, and Ecofeminist Critique. Environmental Ethics 18 (4):439-441.
  • Glazebrook, T. (2002). Karen Warren's ecofeminism. Ethics and the Environment 7 (2):12-26.
  • Griffin, S. (1978). Woman and Nature: The Roaring Inside Her. Harper & Row,Publishers.
  • Gendusa, E. (2014). Doris Lessing’s fiction : Literature as commitment. Altre Modernità, 1 (1), 136. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307809238
  • Hermann, H. R. (2017). Dominance and Aggression in Humans and Other Animals: the Great Game of Life. Elsevier Inc.
  • Hughes, J. (1995). Larousse Desk Reference Encyclopedia. Larousse.
  • King, G. (1989). Doris Lessing. Edward Arnold.
  • Lessing, D. (2007). The Cleft. Harper Collins Publishers.
  • Mellor, M. (1997). Feminism and Ecology. NYU Press.
  • Merchant, C. (1995). The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology, and the Scientific Revolution. HarperOne; Reprint edition.
  • O’Loughlin, E. (1993). Questioning Sour Grapes: Ecofeminism and the United Farm Workers. Grape Boycott. In Gaard 1993.
  • Rapping, E. A. (1975). Unfree Women: Feminism in Doris Lessing’s Novels. Women’s Studies, 3(1), 29-44. https://doi.org/10.1080/00497878.1975.9978371
  • Rashleigh, B., Purucker, T., Prieto, L., Suarez, L. (2009). Fish Habitat and Biodiversity Ecosystem Services: A Regional Modeling Approach. Conference: 94th ESA Annual Conven-tion 2009. Albuquerque, New Mexico.
  • Roberts, L. (1980). [Review of The Wanderground, by S. M. Gearhart]. Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies, 5 (1), 74–75. https://doi.org/10.2307/3346312
  • Roach, C. (1991). Loving Your Mother: On the Woman-Nature Relation. Hypatia 6 (1):46 - 59.
  • Ruether, R. R. (1975). New Woman, New Earth: Sexist Ideologies and Human Liberation. Seabury Press.
  • Ruether, R. R. (1996). Womanguides: Readings Toward a Feminist Theology. Beacon Press (MA).
  • Pandian, T. J., & Koteeswaran, R. (1999). Lability of Sex Differentiation in Fish. Current Science, 76(4), 580–583. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24100762
  • Scherff, J. (1991). The Mother Earth Handbook: What You Need to Know and Do - At Home, in Your Community, and Through Your Church - To Help Heal Our Planet Now. Cross-road Publishing Company.
  • Stroud, A. (2012). Good Guys with Guns: Hegemonic Masculinity and Concealed Handguns. Gender & Society, 26 (2), 216-238. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243211434612
  • Shiva, V. (1989). The violence of the Green Revolution: Ecological Degradation and Political Conflict in Punjab. Dehra Dun: Research Foundation for Science and Ecology: Exclusively distributed by Natraj Publishers.
  • Vacoch, D.A. (2021). Transecology: Transgender Perspectives on Environment and Natu-re. Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Warren, K. J. (1997). Taking Empirical Data Seriously. In Karen Warren (ed.), Ecofemi-nism: Women, Culture, Nature. Indiana Univ Pr. pp. 3
  • Warren, K. J. (1996). Ecological Feminist Philosophies. Indiana University Press.
  • Warren, K. J. (2000). Ecofeminist Philosophy: A Western Perspective on What It is and Why It Matters. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
  • Warren, K. J. (2002). Response to my Critics. Ethics and the Environment, 7(2), 39-59.http://www.jstor.org/stable/40339036
There are 41 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects British and Irish Language, Literature and Culture, Latin American Language, Literature and Culture, World Languages, Literature and Culture (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Zainab Jabbar 0000-0002-9171-8979

Project Number 1
Early Pub Date May 18, 2024
Publication Date May 31, 2024
Submission Date November 11, 2023
Acceptance Date March 27, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 12 Issue: 33

Cite

APA Jabbar, Z. (2024). "Delving İnto The Dichotomy Of Mother Earth and Fatherland in ’The Wanderground’ and ’The Cleft”. AKRA Kültür Sanat Ve Edebiyat Dergisi, 12(33), 145-177. https://doi.org/10.31126/akrajournal.1389525

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