Tenofovir Disoproxsil Fumarate in the Treatment of AIDS
Year 2015,
Volume: 24 Issue: 1, 119 - 134, 17.11.2014
Kübra Kurt
Lale Dönbak
,
Ahmet Kayraldız
Abstract
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is an antiviral drug used against HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) and hepatitis B (HBV) viruses in adults. It is an acyclic nucleoside phosphonate diester analogue of adenosine monophosphate. Tenofovir is a nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor and it shows activity by preventing enzymes (reverse transcriptase of HIV, DNA polymerase of hepatitis B) required for viruses in reproducing themselves. Following the oral administration, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is rapidly absorbed and converted to tenofovir. It reaches a maximum concentration within two hours. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate has an intracellular half-life of approximately 17 hours and it is eliminated by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion. Due to low rate of genotypic resistance and high antiviral activity, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate has become a preferred drug for both monotherapy and combinationed therapy.
References
- Badur S. AIDS: Nereden nereye geldik? Ankem Dergisi. 2007;21:1-6.
- Punar M., Uzel S., Cemil EH. HIV infeksiyonu: 44 vakanın analizi. Klimik Dergisi. 2000;13:94-7.
- Açıoğlu S., Ünal S. Cinsel Yolla Bulaşan Hastalıkların Epidemiyolojisi. Ankara, Bilim Tıp Yayınevi, 2001.
- Taşdelen-Fışgın N, Tanyel E, Sarıkaya-Genç H, Tülek N. HIV/AIDS olgularının değerlendirilmesi. Klimik Dergisi. 2009;22:18-20.
- Hammer SM, Eron JJ Jr., Reiss P, Schooley RT, Thompson MA, Walmsley S et al. Antiretroviral treatment of adult HIV infection: 2008 recommendations of the International AIDS Society-USA panel. JAMA. 2008;300:555-70.
- Çetinkaya Y, Ünal S., HIV Enfeksiyonunda Antiretroviral Tedavi’nin Güncel Bilgiler Işığında HIV/AIDS. Ankara, Bilimsel Tıp Yayınevi, 1998.
- De Clercq, E. Anti-HIV drugs: 25 compounds approved within 25 years after the discovery of HIV. Int J Antimicrob Agent, 2009;33:307-20.
- Elmi Ş. HIV/AIDS, HBV, HCV, sifiliz ve genital herpes’in toplumda ve riskli davranış modeli gösteren seks işçilerinde karşılaştırılması (Tıpta uzmanlık tezi). İstanbul, Sağlık Bakanlığı Haseki Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Enfeksion Hastalıkları ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji Kliniği, 2007.
- Sulukan EE, Küçükoğlu K, Gül Hİ. AIDS ve tedavisinde kullanılan ilaçlar. Ankara Eczacılık Fakültesi Dergisi. 2009;38:47-78.
- Özbal Y. HIV-1 infeksiyon Patogenezi. Erciyes Tıp Dergisi. 2007;29:228-34.
- Ustaçelebi Ş. İnsan İmmün Yetmezlik Virüsleri HIV-1 ve HIV-2. Ankara, Güneş Kitabevi. 1999.
- Rubbert A, Behrens G, Ostrowski M. Pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection. HIV Medicine. 2006;61-86.
- Özbal Y. HIV-1 infeksiyon patogenezi. Erciyes Tıp Dergisi. 2007;29:228-34.
- Kaya S, Yılmaz G, Erensoy Ş, Arslan M, Koksal İ. HIV/AIDS’li 36 olgunun retrospektif analizi. Klimik Dergisi. 2011;24:11-6.
- Tümer A, Ünal S. HIV/AIDS epidemiyolojisi ve korunma. Sürekli Tıp Eğitim Dergisi. 2001;10:446-9.
- Taşdelen-Fışgın N, Tanyel E, Sarıkaya-Genç H, Tülek N. HIV/AIDS olgularının değerlendirilmesi. Klimik Dergisi. 2009;22:18-20.
- İnan A. HIV infeksiyonu ve tedavisi ile ilişkili metabolik sorunlar. HIV/AIDS Dergisi. 2006;9:104-9.
- Furman PA, Fyfe JA, St Clair MH, Weinhold K, Rideout JL, Freeman GA et al. Phosphorylation of 3'- azido-3'-deoxythymidine and selective interaction of the 5'-triphosphate with human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1986;83:8333-83.
- Mitsuya H, Weinhold KJ, Furman PA, St Clair MH, Lehrman SN, Gallo RC et al. 3'-Azido-3'- deoxythymidine: an antiviral agent that inhibits the infectivity and cytopathic effect of human T- lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1985;82:7096-7100.
- Balzarini J, Holy A, Jindrich J, Naesens L, Snoeck R, Schols D et al. Differential antiherpesvirus and antiretrovirus effects of the (S) and (R) enantiomers of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates: potent and selective in vitro and in vivo antiretrovirus activities of (R)-9-(2-phosphonomethoxypropyl)- 2,6-diaminopurine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1993;37:332-8.
- Pauwels R, Andries K, Desmyter J, Schols D, Kukla MJ, Breslin HJ et al. Potent and selective inhibition of HIV-1 replication in vitro by a novel series of TIBO derivatives Nature. 1990;343:470-4.
- De Clercq E. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs): past, present, and future. Chem Biodivers. 2004;1:44-64.
- Madruga JV, Cahn P, Grinsztejn B, Haubrich R, Lalezari J, Mills A et al. Efficacy and safety of TMC125 (etravirine) in treatment-experienced HIV-1-infected patient in DUET-1: 24-week results from a randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Lancet. 2007;370:29-38.
- Lazzarin A, Campbell T, Clotet B, Johnson M, Katlama C, Moll A et al. Efficacy and safety of TMC125 (etravirine) in treatment-experienced HIV-1-infected patients in DUET-2: 24-week results from a randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Lancet. 2007;370:39-48.
- Matthews T, Salgo M, Greenberg M, Chung J, DeMasi R, Bolognesi D. Enfuvirtide: the first therapy to inhibit the entry of HIV-1 into host CD4 lymphocytes. Drug Discov. 2004;3:215-25.
- Westby M, van der Ryst E. CCR5 antagonists: host-targeted antivirals for the treatment of HIV infection. Antivir Chem Chemother. 2005;16:339-54.
- Perros M. CCR5 antagonists for the treatment of HIV infection and AIDS. Adv Antiviral Drug Des. 2007;5:185-212.
- Grinsztejn B, Nguyen BY, Katlama C, Gatell JM, Lazzarin A, Vittecoq D et al. Safety and efficacy of the HIV-1 integrase inhibitor raltegravir (MK-0518) in treatment-experienced patients with multidrug-resistant virus: a phase II randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2007;369:1261-9.
- Steigbigel RT, Cooper DA, Kumar PN, Eron JE, Schechter M, Markowitz M et al. Raltegravir with optimized background therapy for resistant HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:339-54.
- Cooper DA, Steigbigel RT, Gatell JM, Rockstroh JK, Katlama C, Yeni P et al. Subgroup and resistance analyses of raltegravir for resistant HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:355-65.
- Hammer SM, Eron JJ Jr., Reiss P, Schooley RT, Thompson MA, Walmsley S et al. Antiretroviral treatment of adult HIV infection: 2008 recommendations of the International AIDS Society-USA panel. JAMA. 2008;300:555-70.
- Örmen B, Türker N. Antiretroviral ilaçların yan etkileri. İnfeksiyon Dergisi. 2006;20:219-26.
- Buggisch P, Erhardt A, Huppe D, Stein K, Trojan J, Sarrazin C et al. Long-term efficacy of tenofovir monotherapy for hepatitis B virus-monoinfected patients after failure of nucleoside/nucleotide analogues. Hepatology. 2010;51:73-80.
- Kuzu F, Müderrisoğlu C, Ceylan B, Fincancı M, Eren G, Soysal F. Adefovir ve tenofovir kullanan kronik hepatit B’li olgularda tedaviye yanıtı belirleyen değişkenlerin incelenmesi. İstanbul Tıp Dergisi. 2011;12:11-8.
- Demirtürk N, Demirdal T. Yüksek genetik bariyerli antivirallerle tedavi edilen kronik hepatit B hastalarında gözlenen yan etkiler. Yeni Tıp Dergisi. 2011;28:146-9.
- Hazra R, Balis FM, Tullio AN, DeCarlo E, Worrell C.J, Steinberg SM et al. Single-dose and steady- state pharmacokinetics of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in human immunodeficiency virus- infected children. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004;48:124-9.
- Gallant JE, Deresinski S. Tenofovir disoproksil fumarate. Reviews of antı-infective agents. California Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37:944-50.
- Gilead Sciences. Tenofovir Disoproksil Fumarat Viread Package Insert. Foster City, CA: Gilead Sciences, 2003.
- Barditch-Crovo PS, Deeks G, Collier A, Safrin S, Coakley DF, Miller Met al.. Phase I/II trial of the pharmacokinetics, safety, and antiretroviral activity of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001;45:2733-9.
- Antoniou T, Park-Wyllie LY, Tseng AL. Tenofovir: a nucleotide analog for the management of human immünodeficiency virus infection. Pharmacotherapy. 2003;23:29-43.
- Buchacz K, Brooks JT, Tong T, Moorman AC, Baker RK, Holmberg SD et al. Evaluation of hypophosphataemia in tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)-exposed and TDF-unexposed HIV- infected out-patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. HIV Med. 2006;7:451-6.
- Marcellin P, Heathcote EJ, Buti M, Gane E, de Man RA, Krastev Z et al. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate versus adefovir dipivoxil for chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:2442-55.
- Demir NA, Körgelier S, Demir LS, Sümer Ş, Dikici N, Özçimen S et al. Naif kronik hepatit B hastalarının bir yıllık 245 mg/gün tenofovir disoproksil fumarat tedavi sonuçlarının değerlendirilmesi. Nobel Medicus. 2013;9:57-62.
- Kavaklı B, Sargın M, Gümüş M. Diabetes mellitus’un akut metabolik komplikasyonları-III: laktik asidoz. Kartal Eğitim ve Araştırma Klinikleri. 1998; IX:718-9.
- Hall AM. Update on tenofovir toxicity in the kidney. Pediatra Nephrol. 2013;28:1011-23.
- Woodward CLN, Hall AM, William IG, Madge S, Copas A, Nair D et al. Tenofovir-associated renal and bone toxicity. HIV Med. 2009;10:482-7.
- Balık İ, Yüksel Ö. Kronik hepatit B tedavisinde kullanıma yeni giren ve girecek olan antiviraller. Hatam Dergisi. 2011;10:117-22.
- Blanchard JN, Wohlfeiler M, Canas A, King K, Lonergan T. Pancreatitis treated with didanosine and tenofovir disoproksil fumarate. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37:57-62.
- Nu’nez M, Puoti M, Camino N, Soriano V. Treatment of chronic hepatitis B in the human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient: present and future. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37:1678-85.
- Murphy MD, O’Hearn M, Chous S. Fatal lactic acidosis and acute renal failure after addition of tenofovir to an antiretroviral regimen containing didanosine. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36:1082-5.
- Correspondence Address / Yazışma Adresi
AİDS Tedavisinde Tenofovir Disoproksil Fumarat
Year 2015,
Volume: 24 Issue: 1, 119 - 134, 17.11.2014
Kübra Kurt
Lale Dönbak
,
Ahmet Kayraldız
Abstract
Tenofovir disoproksil fumarat, yetişkinlerde HIV (İnsan İmmün Yetmezlik Virüsü) ve hepatit B (HBV) virüslerine karşı kullanılan antiviral bir ilaçtır. Adenozin monofosfatın asiklik nükleosid fosfonat diester analoğudur. Tenofovir bir nükleotid revers transkriptaz inhibitörüdür ve virüslerin kendilerini yeniden üretmesi için esas olan enzimlerin (hepatit B’de DNA polimeraz, HIV’de revers transkriptaz) normal çalışmasını engelleyerek aktivite gösterir. Tenofovir disoproksil fumarat alımını takiben hızla emilerek tenofovire dönüştürülür ve iki saat içinde maksimum konsantrasyona ulaşır. Tenofovir disoproksil fumaratın hücre içi yarı ömrü yaklaşık olarak 17 saat olup glomerüler filtrasyon ve aktif tübüler sekresyon kombinasyonu ile elimine edilir. Tenofovir, düşük genotipik direnç oranı ve yüksek antiviral etkinliği ile monoterapi ve kombine ilaç tedavileri için tercih edilen bir ilaç haline gelmiştir.
References
- Badur S. AIDS: Nereden nereye geldik? Ankem Dergisi. 2007;21:1-6.
- Punar M., Uzel S., Cemil EH. HIV infeksiyonu: 44 vakanın analizi. Klimik Dergisi. 2000;13:94-7.
- Açıoğlu S., Ünal S. Cinsel Yolla Bulaşan Hastalıkların Epidemiyolojisi. Ankara, Bilim Tıp Yayınevi, 2001.
- Taşdelen-Fışgın N, Tanyel E, Sarıkaya-Genç H, Tülek N. HIV/AIDS olgularının değerlendirilmesi. Klimik Dergisi. 2009;22:18-20.
- Hammer SM, Eron JJ Jr., Reiss P, Schooley RT, Thompson MA, Walmsley S et al. Antiretroviral treatment of adult HIV infection: 2008 recommendations of the International AIDS Society-USA panel. JAMA. 2008;300:555-70.
- Çetinkaya Y, Ünal S., HIV Enfeksiyonunda Antiretroviral Tedavi’nin Güncel Bilgiler Işığında HIV/AIDS. Ankara, Bilimsel Tıp Yayınevi, 1998.
- De Clercq, E. Anti-HIV drugs: 25 compounds approved within 25 years after the discovery of HIV. Int J Antimicrob Agent, 2009;33:307-20.
- Elmi Ş. HIV/AIDS, HBV, HCV, sifiliz ve genital herpes’in toplumda ve riskli davranış modeli gösteren seks işçilerinde karşılaştırılması (Tıpta uzmanlık tezi). İstanbul, Sağlık Bakanlığı Haseki Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Enfeksion Hastalıkları ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji Kliniği, 2007.
- Sulukan EE, Küçükoğlu K, Gül Hİ. AIDS ve tedavisinde kullanılan ilaçlar. Ankara Eczacılık Fakültesi Dergisi. 2009;38:47-78.
- Özbal Y. HIV-1 infeksiyon Patogenezi. Erciyes Tıp Dergisi. 2007;29:228-34.
- Ustaçelebi Ş. İnsan İmmün Yetmezlik Virüsleri HIV-1 ve HIV-2. Ankara, Güneş Kitabevi. 1999.
- Rubbert A, Behrens G, Ostrowski M. Pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection. HIV Medicine. 2006;61-86.
- Özbal Y. HIV-1 infeksiyon patogenezi. Erciyes Tıp Dergisi. 2007;29:228-34.
- Kaya S, Yılmaz G, Erensoy Ş, Arslan M, Koksal İ. HIV/AIDS’li 36 olgunun retrospektif analizi. Klimik Dergisi. 2011;24:11-6.
- Tümer A, Ünal S. HIV/AIDS epidemiyolojisi ve korunma. Sürekli Tıp Eğitim Dergisi. 2001;10:446-9.
- Taşdelen-Fışgın N, Tanyel E, Sarıkaya-Genç H, Tülek N. HIV/AIDS olgularının değerlendirilmesi. Klimik Dergisi. 2009;22:18-20.
- İnan A. HIV infeksiyonu ve tedavisi ile ilişkili metabolik sorunlar. HIV/AIDS Dergisi. 2006;9:104-9.
- Furman PA, Fyfe JA, St Clair MH, Weinhold K, Rideout JL, Freeman GA et al. Phosphorylation of 3'- azido-3'-deoxythymidine and selective interaction of the 5'-triphosphate with human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1986;83:8333-83.
- Mitsuya H, Weinhold KJ, Furman PA, St Clair MH, Lehrman SN, Gallo RC et al. 3'-Azido-3'- deoxythymidine: an antiviral agent that inhibits the infectivity and cytopathic effect of human T- lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1985;82:7096-7100.
- Balzarini J, Holy A, Jindrich J, Naesens L, Snoeck R, Schols D et al. Differential antiherpesvirus and antiretrovirus effects of the (S) and (R) enantiomers of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates: potent and selective in vitro and in vivo antiretrovirus activities of (R)-9-(2-phosphonomethoxypropyl)- 2,6-diaminopurine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1993;37:332-8.
- Pauwels R, Andries K, Desmyter J, Schols D, Kukla MJ, Breslin HJ et al. Potent and selective inhibition of HIV-1 replication in vitro by a novel series of TIBO derivatives Nature. 1990;343:470-4.
- De Clercq E. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs): past, present, and future. Chem Biodivers. 2004;1:44-64.
- Madruga JV, Cahn P, Grinsztejn B, Haubrich R, Lalezari J, Mills A et al. Efficacy and safety of TMC125 (etravirine) in treatment-experienced HIV-1-infected patient in DUET-1: 24-week results from a randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Lancet. 2007;370:29-38.
- Lazzarin A, Campbell T, Clotet B, Johnson M, Katlama C, Moll A et al. Efficacy and safety of TMC125 (etravirine) in treatment-experienced HIV-1-infected patients in DUET-2: 24-week results from a randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Lancet. 2007;370:39-48.
- Matthews T, Salgo M, Greenberg M, Chung J, DeMasi R, Bolognesi D. Enfuvirtide: the first therapy to inhibit the entry of HIV-1 into host CD4 lymphocytes. Drug Discov. 2004;3:215-25.
- Westby M, van der Ryst E. CCR5 antagonists: host-targeted antivirals for the treatment of HIV infection. Antivir Chem Chemother. 2005;16:339-54.
- Perros M. CCR5 antagonists for the treatment of HIV infection and AIDS. Adv Antiviral Drug Des. 2007;5:185-212.
- Grinsztejn B, Nguyen BY, Katlama C, Gatell JM, Lazzarin A, Vittecoq D et al. Safety and efficacy of the HIV-1 integrase inhibitor raltegravir (MK-0518) in treatment-experienced patients with multidrug-resistant virus: a phase II randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2007;369:1261-9.
- Steigbigel RT, Cooper DA, Kumar PN, Eron JE, Schechter M, Markowitz M et al. Raltegravir with optimized background therapy for resistant HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:339-54.
- Cooper DA, Steigbigel RT, Gatell JM, Rockstroh JK, Katlama C, Yeni P et al. Subgroup and resistance analyses of raltegravir for resistant HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:355-65.
- Hammer SM, Eron JJ Jr., Reiss P, Schooley RT, Thompson MA, Walmsley S et al. Antiretroviral treatment of adult HIV infection: 2008 recommendations of the International AIDS Society-USA panel. JAMA. 2008;300:555-70.
- Örmen B, Türker N. Antiretroviral ilaçların yan etkileri. İnfeksiyon Dergisi. 2006;20:219-26.
- Buggisch P, Erhardt A, Huppe D, Stein K, Trojan J, Sarrazin C et al. Long-term efficacy of tenofovir monotherapy for hepatitis B virus-monoinfected patients after failure of nucleoside/nucleotide analogues. Hepatology. 2010;51:73-80.
- Kuzu F, Müderrisoğlu C, Ceylan B, Fincancı M, Eren G, Soysal F. Adefovir ve tenofovir kullanan kronik hepatit B’li olgularda tedaviye yanıtı belirleyen değişkenlerin incelenmesi. İstanbul Tıp Dergisi. 2011;12:11-8.
- Demirtürk N, Demirdal T. Yüksek genetik bariyerli antivirallerle tedavi edilen kronik hepatit B hastalarında gözlenen yan etkiler. Yeni Tıp Dergisi. 2011;28:146-9.
- Hazra R, Balis FM, Tullio AN, DeCarlo E, Worrell C.J, Steinberg SM et al. Single-dose and steady- state pharmacokinetics of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in human immunodeficiency virus- infected children. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004;48:124-9.
- Gallant JE, Deresinski S. Tenofovir disoproksil fumarate. Reviews of antı-infective agents. California Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37:944-50.
- Gilead Sciences. Tenofovir Disoproksil Fumarat Viread Package Insert. Foster City, CA: Gilead Sciences, 2003.
- Barditch-Crovo PS, Deeks G, Collier A, Safrin S, Coakley DF, Miller Met al.. Phase I/II trial of the pharmacokinetics, safety, and antiretroviral activity of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001;45:2733-9.
- Antoniou T, Park-Wyllie LY, Tseng AL. Tenofovir: a nucleotide analog for the management of human immünodeficiency virus infection. Pharmacotherapy. 2003;23:29-43.
- Buchacz K, Brooks JT, Tong T, Moorman AC, Baker RK, Holmberg SD et al. Evaluation of hypophosphataemia in tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)-exposed and TDF-unexposed HIV- infected out-patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. HIV Med. 2006;7:451-6.
- Marcellin P, Heathcote EJ, Buti M, Gane E, de Man RA, Krastev Z et al. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate versus adefovir dipivoxil for chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:2442-55.
- Demir NA, Körgelier S, Demir LS, Sümer Ş, Dikici N, Özçimen S et al. Naif kronik hepatit B hastalarının bir yıllık 245 mg/gün tenofovir disoproksil fumarat tedavi sonuçlarının değerlendirilmesi. Nobel Medicus. 2013;9:57-62.
- Kavaklı B, Sargın M, Gümüş M. Diabetes mellitus’un akut metabolik komplikasyonları-III: laktik asidoz. Kartal Eğitim ve Araştırma Klinikleri. 1998; IX:718-9.
- Hall AM. Update on tenofovir toxicity in the kidney. Pediatra Nephrol. 2013;28:1011-23.
- Woodward CLN, Hall AM, William IG, Madge S, Copas A, Nair D et al. Tenofovir-associated renal and bone toxicity. HIV Med. 2009;10:482-7.
- Balık İ, Yüksel Ö. Kronik hepatit B tedavisinde kullanıma yeni giren ve girecek olan antiviraller. Hatam Dergisi. 2011;10:117-22.
- Blanchard JN, Wohlfeiler M, Canas A, King K, Lonergan T. Pancreatitis treated with didanosine and tenofovir disoproksil fumarate. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37:57-62.
- Nu’nez M, Puoti M, Camino N, Soriano V. Treatment of chronic hepatitis B in the human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient: present and future. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37:1678-85.
- Murphy MD, O’Hearn M, Chous S. Fatal lactic acidosis and acute renal failure after addition of tenofovir to an antiretroviral regimen containing didanosine. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36:1082-5.
- Correspondence Address / Yazışma Adresi