The Effect Of Consistency Properties Of Clays On Their Geotechnical Behavior İn The Erenler (Afyonkarahisar)
Year 2024,
Volume: 24 Issue: 06, 1482 - 1490
Sami Serkan İşoğlu
,
Ahmet Yıldız
,
Mahmut Mutlutürk
Abstract
The methods used to determine the engineering properties of clayey soils are generally Atterberg limits, sieve analysis, and triaxial compressive strength tests. The aim of this study is to investigate the type of clay minerals and their relationships with other parameters while determining the engineering properties of clayey soils. For this purpose, after defining the physical properties of the samples taken under field conditions, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyzes were performed. Mechanical properties were determined with the help of triaxial compressive strength test. The studied samples with similar water contents were divided into two groups as low plasticity and high plasticity in triaxial compressive strength tests. In order to perform the triaxial compressive strength test for mechanical testing, samples with similar water contents were divided into two groups: low plasticity and high plasticity. As a result of the experiments, it was understood that the dominant clay minerals were chlorite and illite. In triaxial compressive strength tests of samples containing chlorite and illite minerals, as the stress increased, the amount of deformation increased and remained constant thereafter. While the average cohesion amount of high plasticity clays is 14, it is 17 for low plasticity clays. The results obtained clearly demonstrate the importance of the relationship between clay type and water content in settlements located in active tectonism or in places where important engineering structures will be built.
Project Number
20.FEN.BiL.08
References
- Akgün, H., Türkmenoğlu, G. A., Kelam, A. A., Yousefi-Bavil, K., Öner, G., Koçkar, K. M., 2018. Assessment of the effect of mineralogy ın the geotechnical parameters of clayey soils: A case study for the Orta County, Çankırı, Turkey. Applied Clay Science, 164, 44-53.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2017.08.029
- Al-Zoubi, M. S., 2008. Swell characteristics of natural and treated compacted clays. Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 13, 18.
- American Society for Testing and Materials D427-04, 2004. Standard Test Method for Shrinkage Factors of Soils by the Mercury Method. ASTM International.
- Birrell, K. S., 1952. Physical Properties of New Zeland Volcanic Ash Soils. Conference on Shear Testing of Soils, Melbourne, Australia, 30-34.
- Bo, W. M., Arulrajah, A., Sukmak, P., Horpibulsuk, S., 2015. Mineralogy and geotechnical properties of Singapore marine clay at Changi. Soils and Foundation, 55, 600-613.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2015.04.011
- Brindley, C, M., Brown, G., 1980. Crystal Structure of Clay Minerals and Their X–Ray Identification. Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 5, 518.
https://doi.org/10.1180/mono-5
- Casagrande, A., 1948. Classification and identification of soils: transactions. American Society of Civil Engineering, 113, 901–930.
https://doi.org/10.1061/TACEAT.0006109
- Egli, M., Mirabella, A., Fitze, P., 2001. Clay Mineral Formation In Soils Of Two Different Chronosequences In The Swiss Alps. Geoderma, 104, 145-175.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7061(01)00079-9
- Genç, D., 2011. Zemin Mekaniği ve Temeller. TMMOB Mühendisleri Odası, Yayın No: 100.
- Goldberg, I., and Klein, A., 1953. Some Effects of Treating Expansive Clays with Calcium Hydroxide. American Society of the Testing Materials Special Publications 142, 53-67.
https://doi.org/10.1520/STP46254S
- Gücek, S., Zorluer, İ., 2019, Afyonkarahisar Uydukent Bölgesinin Zemin Mühendislik Özellikleri Haritalarının Üretilmesi ve Bölgenin Zemin Büyütmesinin Belirlenmesi. International Symposium on Innovations in Civil Engineering and Technology, Afyonkarahisar, 614-622.
- Gylland, A., Long, M., Emdal, A., Sandven, R., 2013. Characterisation and engineering properties of Tiller Clay. Engineering Geology, 164, 86-100.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2013.06.008
- Hendrichs, S. B., Nelson, R. A., and Alezander, L. T., 1940. Hydration Mechanism of the Clay Mineral Montmorillonite Saturated with Various Ions. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 62, 1457-1464.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01863a037
- Holtz, R. D., Kovacs, W. D., Sheahan, T. C., 2011. An Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering, 2nd edition. Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 853.
- Hubert, F., Caner, L., Meunier, A., Lanson, B., 2009. Advances in characterization of soil clay mineralogy using X-ray diffraction: from decomposition to profile fitting. European Journal of Soil Science, 60 (6), 1093–1105.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2009.01194.x
- Malizia, P. J., Shakoor, A., 2018. Effect of water content and density on strength and deformation behavior of clay soils. Engineering Geology. 244, 125-131.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.07.028
- Mielenz, R. C., King, M. E., 1952. Physical-Chemical Properties and Engineering Performance of Clays. Clay and Clay Minerals, 1, 196-254.
https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1952.0010122
- Mitchell J K, Soga K, 2005. Fundamentals of Soil Behavior, 3rd edition. John Wiley and Sons, 577.
- Öcal, H., Turhan, N. ve Göktaş, F. 2011, 1:100.000 ölçekli Türkiye jeoloji haritaları Afyon K-25 paftası ve raporu. Maden Tetkik Arama (MTA) Genel Müdürlüğü Jeoloji Etütleri Dairesi Yayını, 159, 33, Ankara.
- Özkaymak Ç, Sözbilir H, 2020, Structural Evidence For Extensional Domain-Type Geothermal Play in Western Anatolia: A Case Study From Afyon-Akşehir Graben. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Journal of Science and Engineering, 20(4), 693-702.
https://doi.org/10.35414/akufemubid.704433
- Peck, R. B., Ireland, H. O., Fry, T. S., 1951. Studies of Soil Characteristics: The Earth Flows of St. Thuribe. Quebec University of Illinois Department of Civil Engineering, Soil Mechanics, 1, 1-9.
- Saka A H, 1997. Mineralojik Analizler X-Işınları Toz Kırınım Yöntemlerinin Temel Prensipleri ve Laboratuvar Şartlarının Standardizasyonu.
- Samuels S G, 1950. The Effect of Base Exchange on the Engineering Properties of Soils. Building Research Station, Britain, Note C176.
- Schmitz M R, Schroeder C, Charlier R, 2004. Chemo-mechanical interactions in clay: a correlation between clay mineralogy and Atterberg limits. Applied Clay Science, 26, 351-358.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2003.12.015
- Skempton A W, 1953. Soil Mechanics in Relation to Geology, Yorkshire Geological Society of A. Brown & Sons. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society, 29, 33-62.
https://doi.org/10.1144/pygs.29.1.33
- Tripathy B, Raha S, 2019. Formation of Soil. Thematics Journal of Geography. 8.
https://doi.org/10.26643/tjg.v8i8.8140
- Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, 1900-1, 2006a. İnşaat Mühendisliğinde Zemin Laboratuvar Deneyleri Bölüm 2: Mekanik Özelliklerin Tayini. Türk Standartları Enstitüsü.
- Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, 1900-2, 2006b. İnşaat Mühendisliğinde Zemin Laboratuvar Deneyleri Bölüm 1: Fiziksel Özelliklerin Tayini. Türk Standartları Enstitüsü.
- Yitagesu, A. F., Werff, V. D. H., Meer, V. D. F., Hecker, C., 2012. On the relationship between plasticity and spectral characteristics of swelling soils: The 3-5 μm wavelength region. Applied Clay Science, 69, 67-78.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2012.08.007
- Xu, Y., Wu, S., Williams, J. D., Serati, M., 2018. Determination of peak and ultimate shear strength parameters of compacted clay. Engineering Geology,243, 160-167.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.07.001
- Yıldız, A., 2000. Bentonitlerin Teknolojik Özelliklerini Belirleme Yöntemiyle Kullanım Alanlarının Tespiti, 61.
- White, W. A., 1955. ’Water Sorption Properties of Homoionic Clay Minerals, Clays and Clay Minerals, 3, 186-204.
https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1954.0030116
- Winterkorn, H. F., 1950. Engineering Properties of Clay Soils. Winterkorn Road Research Institute. 71 (4), 326.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-195104000-00014
Erenler (Afyonkarahisar) Bölgesinde Yer Alan Killerin Kıvam Özelliklerinin Jeoteknik Davranışlarına Etkisi
Year 2024,
Volume: 24 Issue: 06, 1482 - 1490
Sami Serkan İşoğlu
,
Ahmet Yıldız
,
Mahmut Mutlutürk
Abstract
Killi zeminlerin mühendislik özelliklerini tespit etmek amacıyla kullanılan yöntemler genellikle kıvam limitleri, elek analizi, üç eksenli sıkışma dayanımı deneyleridir. Yapılan bu çalışmada killi zeminlerin mühendislik özelliklerini belirlerken kil minerallerinin türünü ve bunların diğer parametrelerle ilişkilerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda arazi koşullarında alınan numunelerin fiziksel özellikleri tanımlandıktan sonra X-ışınları kırınımı (XRD) analizleri yapılmıştır. Mekanik özellikler üç eksenli basınç dayanımı deneyi yardımıyla belirlenmiştir. Üç eksenli basınç dayanımı deneylerinde benzer su içeriklerine sahip numuneler düşük plastisiteli ve yüksek plastisiteli olarak iki gruba ayrılmıştır. Her iki grubun da üç eksenli basınç dayanımı deneyi sonucunda gerilme-deformasyon grafikleri oluşturulmuştur. Deneyler sonucunda hâkim kil minerallerinin klorit ve illit olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Klorit ve illit minerallerini içeren örneklerin üç eksenli basınç dayanımı deneylerinde gerilme arttıkça deformasyon miktarlarının artmış ve sonrasında sabit kalmıştır. Yüksek plastisiteli killerin ortalama kohezyon miktarı 14 iken, düşük plastisiteli killerin 17’dir. Elde edilen sonuçlar aktif tektonizma içinde yer alan yerleşim yerleri veya önemli mühendislik yapılarının yapılacağı yerlerde bulunması kil türü ile su içeriği arasındaki ilişkinin önemini net bir şekilde ortaya koymaktadır.
Supporting Institution
Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinatörlüğü
Project Number
20.FEN.BiL.08
References
- Akgün, H., Türkmenoğlu, G. A., Kelam, A. A., Yousefi-Bavil, K., Öner, G., Koçkar, K. M., 2018. Assessment of the effect of mineralogy ın the geotechnical parameters of clayey soils: A case study for the Orta County, Çankırı, Turkey. Applied Clay Science, 164, 44-53.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2017.08.029
- Al-Zoubi, M. S., 2008. Swell characteristics of natural and treated compacted clays. Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 13, 18.
- American Society for Testing and Materials D427-04, 2004. Standard Test Method for Shrinkage Factors of Soils by the Mercury Method. ASTM International.
- Birrell, K. S., 1952. Physical Properties of New Zeland Volcanic Ash Soils. Conference on Shear Testing of Soils, Melbourne, Australia, 30-34.
- Bo, W. M., Arulrajah, A., Sukmak, P., Horpibulsuk, S., 2015. Mineralogy and geotechnical properties of Singapore marine clay at Changi. Soils and Foundation, 55, 600-613.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2015.04.011
- Brindley, C, M., Brown, G., 1980. Crystal Structure of Clay Minerals and Their X–Ray Identification. Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 5, 518.
https://doi.org/10.1180/mono-5
- Casagrande, A., 1948. Classification and identification of soils: transactions. American Society of Civil Engineering, 113, 901–930.
https://doi.org/10.1061/TACEAT.0006109
- Egli, M., Mirabella, A., Fitze, P., 2001. Clay Mineral Formation In Soils Of Two Different Chronosequences In The Swiss Alps. Geoderma, 104, 145-175.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7061(01)00079-9
- Genç, D., 2011. Zemin Mekaniği ve Temeller. TMMOB Mühendisleri Odası, Yayın No: 100.
- Goldberg, I., and Klein, A., 1953. Some Effects of Treating Expansive Clays with Calcium Hydroxide. American Society of the Testing Materials Special Publications 142, 53-67.
https://doi.org/10.1520/STP46254S
- Gücek, S., Zorluer, İ., 2019, Afyonkarahisar Uydukent Bölgesinin Zemin Mühendislik Özellikleri Haritalarının Üretilmesi ve Bölgenin Zemin Büyütmesinin Belirlenmesi. International Symposium on Innovations in Civil Engineering and Technology, Afyonkarahisar, 614-622.
- Gylland, A., Long, M., Emdal, A., Sandven, R., 2013. Characterisation and engineering properties of Tiller Clay. Engineering Geology, 164, 86-100.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2013.06.008
- Hendrichs, S. B., Nelson, R. A., and Alezander, L. T., 1940. Hydration Mechanism of the Clay Mineral Montmorillonite Saturated with Various Ions. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 62, 1457-1464.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01863a037
- Holtz, R. D., Kovacs, W. D., Sheahan, T. C., 2011. An Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering, 2nd edition. Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 853.
- Hubert, F., Caner, L., Meunier, A., Lanson, B., 2009. Advances in characterization of soil clay mineralogy using X-ray diffraction: from decomposition to profile fitting. European Journal of Soil Science, 60 (6), 1093–1105.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2009.01194.x
- Malizia, P. J., Shakoor, A., 2018. Effect of water content and density on strength and deformation behavior of clay soils. Engineering Geology. 244, 125-131.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.07.028
- Mielenz, R. C., King, M. E., 1952. Physical-Chemical Properties and Engineering Performance of Clays. Clay and Clay Minerals, 1, 196-254.
https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1952.0010122
- Mitchell J K, Soga K, 2005. Fundamentals of Soil Behavior, 3rd edition. John Wiley and Sons, 577.
- Öcal, H., Turhan, N. ve Göktaş, F. 2011, 1:100.000 ölçekli Türkiye jeoloji haritaları Afyon K-25 paftası ve raporu. Maden Tetkik Arama (MTA) Genel Müdürlüğü Jeoloji Etütleri Dairesi Yayını, 159, 33, Ankara.
- Özkaymak Ç, Sözbilir H, 2020, Structural Evidence For Extensional Domain-Type Geothermal Play in Western Anatolia: A Case Study From Afyon-Akşehir Graben. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Journal of Science and Engineering, 20(4), 693-702.
https://doi.org/10.35414/akufemubid.704433
- Peck, R. B., Ireland, H. O., Fry, T. S., 1951. Studies of Soil Characteristics: The Earth Flows of St. Thuribe. Quebec University of Illinois Department of Civil Engineering, Soil Mechanics, 1, 1-9.
- Saka A H, 1997. Mineralojik Analizler X-Işınları Toz Kırınım Yöntemlerinin Temel Prensipleri ve Laboratuvar Şartlarının Standardizasyonu.
- Samuels S G, 1950. The Effect of Base Exchange on the Engineering Properties of Soils. Building Research Station, Britain, Note C176.
- Schmitz M R, Schroeder C, Charlier R, 2004. Chemo-mechanical interactions in clay: a correlation between clay mineralogy and Atterberg limits. Applied Clay Science, 26, 351-358.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2003.12.015
- Skempton A W, 1953. Soil Mechanics in Relation to Geology, Yorkshire Geological Society of A. Brown & Sons. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society, 29, 33-62.
https://doi.org/10.1144/pygs.29.1.33
- Tripathy B, Raha S, 2019. Formation of Soil. Thematics Journal of Geography. 8.
https://doi.org/10.26643/tjg.v8i8.8140
- Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, 1900-1, 2006a. İnşaat Mühendisliğinde Zemin Laboratuvar Deneyleri Bölüm 2: Mekanik Özelliklerin Tayini. Türk Standartları Enstitüsü.
- Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, 1900-2, 2006b. İnşaat Mühendisliğinde Zemin Laboratuvar Deneyleri Bölüm 1: Fiziksel Özelliklerin Tayini. Türk Standartları Enstitüsü.
- Yitagesu, A. F., Werff, V. D. H., Meer, V. D. F., Hecker, C., 2012. On the relationship between plasticity and spectral characteristics of swelling soils: The 3-5 μm wavelength region. Applied Clay Science, 69, 67-78.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2012.08.007
- Xu, Y., Wu, S., Williams, J. D., Serati, M., 2018. Determination of peak and ultimate shear strength parameters of compacted clay. Engineering Geology,243, 160-167.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.07.001
- Yıldız, A., 2000. Bentonitlerin Teknolojik Özelliklerini Belirleme Yöntemiyle Kullanım Alanlarının Tespiti, 61.
- White, W. A., 1955. ’Water Sorption Properties of Homoionic Clay Minerals, Clays and Clay Minerals, 3, 186-204.
https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1954.0030116
- Winterkorn, H. F., 1950. Engineering Properties of Clay Soils. Winterkorn Road Research Institute. 71 (4), 326.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-195104000-00014