Relationship of Childhood Experiences, Grit and Entrepreneurship Intention: A Research on Health Management Students

Year 2020, , 1089 - 1106, 31.12.2020

Mehmet Ali Taş , Necla Yılmaz

https://doi.org/10.32709/akusosbil.778696

Cited By: 2

Abstract

Entrepreneurship intention is affected by both the personality traits and the environmental contexts in which it grows due to its characteristic structure. From this point of view, the relationship between entrepreneurship intention, grit and childhood experiences that students acquired as a result of their parents' attitudes and behaviors were tried to be revealed in this study. For this purpose, a research was carried out on the 4th grade students of the health management department studying at the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences of Süleyman Demirel and Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy Universities. A total of 226 people collected data using the survey method. This data set was analyzed with AMOS 23 and SPSS 22 package programs. According to the findings, childhood experiences affect the grit negatively. However, it has determined that it has no significant effect on entrepreneurship intention. In addition, it has been revealed that grit has a significant and positive effect on entrepreneurial intention. Important findings were also obtained in terms of the dimensions of the scales. Submissive, threatening and worthless memories exposed in childhood are also reflected in the lives of individuals in adulthood. In this context, negative memories sometimes undermine the entrepreneurial intention and grit in reaching goals, while sometimes they can support the emergence of feelings such as breaking the chains of obedience, freedom and self-control. In addition, it is seen that grit by insisting on long-term effort can feed entrepreneurial intention.

Keywords

Childhood experiences, grit, entrepreneurship intention, health management

Çocukluk Deneyimleri, Azim ve Girişimcilik Niyeti İlişkisi: Sağlık Yönetimi Öğrencileri Üzerinde Bir İnceleme

Abstract

Girişimcilik niyeti, karakteristik yapısı gereği hem kişilik özelliklerinden hem de içinde yaşanılan çevresel bağlamlardan etkilenmektedir. Buradan hareketle bu çalışmanın amacı; Sağlık Yönetimi öğrencilerinin çocukluk dönemlerinde, ebeveynlerinin olumsuz tutum ve davranışları neticesinde edindikleri deneyimlerin, girişimcilik niyetinin ve azmin ilişkisini incelemektir. Bu amaca yönelik olarak, Süleyman Demirel ve Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitelerinin İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültelerinde öğrenim gören Sağlık Yönetimi Bölümü 4. Sınıf öğrencileri üzerinde bir araştırma yürütülmüştür. Toplamda 226 kişiden anket tekniği kullanılarak veri toplanmıştır. Bu veriler AMOS 23 ve SPSS 22 paket programları kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre çocukluk deneyimleri azmi olumsuz etkilemekte ancak girişimcilik niyetini anlamlı bir şekilde etkilemediği saptanmıştır. İlaveten azmin, girişimcilik niyetini anlamlı ve olumlu etkilediği ortaya çıkmıştır. Ölçeklerin boyutları bağlamında da önemli bulgular elde edilmiştir. Çocukluk dönemlerinde maruz kalınan boyun eğdirici, tehdit edici ve değersizlik içeren anılar, bireylerin yetişkinlik dönemlerindeki hayatlarına da yansımaktadır. Bu bağlamda olumsuz anılar bazı durumlarda girişimcilik niyetini ve hedeflere ulaşma noktasında azimle gayret etmeyi baltalarken, bazen de itaat zincirlerini kırma, özgürlük ve öz kontrol gibi duyguların ortaya çıkmasını destekleyebilmektedir. Bunun yanında ayrıca uzun vadede gayrette ısrar etmek suretiyle azim göstermenin girişimcilik niyetini besleyebildiği görülmektedir.

Keywords

Çocukluk deneyimleri, azim, girişimcilik niyeti, sağlık yönetimi

References

• Ajzen, I. (2002). Residual effects of past on later behavior: Habituation and reasoned action perspectives. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6(2), 107-122.
• Akın, A., Uysal, R. ve Nihan, Ç. (2013). Çocukluk deneyimleri ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanması. Sakarya Üniversitesi, Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 21(4), 1541-1550.
• Aldrich, H. ve Cliff, J. (2003). The pervasive effects of family on entrepreneurship: toward a family embeddedness perspective. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(5), 573-596.
• Arco-Tirado, J. L., Bojica, A., Fernández-Martín, F. ve Hoyle, R. H. (2019). Grit as predictor of entrepreneurship and self-employment in Spain. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 389-389.
• Aytaç, Ö. ve İlhan, S. (2007). Girişimcilik ve girişimci kültür: sosyolojik bir perspektif. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 18, 101-120.
• Black, K. R. (2014). Grit in college students: Associations with achievement and parental influences. Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. DOI:https://doi.org /10.33915/etd.5218.
• Braun Santos, D., Mendes‐Da‐Silva, W., Flores, E. ve Norvilitis, J. M. (2016). Predictors of credit card use and perceived financial well‐being in female college students: a B razil‐U nited S tates comparative study. International journal of consumer studies, 40(2), 133-142.
• Bullough, A., Renko, M. ve Myatt, T. (2014). Danger zone entrepreneurs: the importance of resilience and self–efficacy for entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 38(3), 473-499.
• Butz, N. T., Hanson, S., Schultz, P. L. ve Warzynski, M. M. (2018). Beyond the Big Five: does grit influence the entrepreneurial intent of university students in the US?. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 8(1), 1-16.
• Cardon, M. S. ve Kirk, C. P. (2015). Entrepreneurial passion as mediator of the self–efficacy to persistence relationship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 39(5), 1027-1050.
• Carr, J. C. ve Sequeira, J. M. (2007). Prior family business exposure as intergenerational influence and entrepreneurial intent: A theory of planned behavior approach. Journal Of Business Research, 60(10), 1090-1098.
• Chaudhary, R. (2017). Demographic factors, personality and entrepreneurial inclination. Education + Training, 59(2), 171-187.
• Collins, O. F. ve Moore, D. G. (1964). The enterprising man, East Lansing: Michigan State University.
• Cox, C. ve Jennings, R. (1995). The foundations of success: the development and characteristics of British entrepreneurs and intrapreneurs. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 16(7), 4-9.
• Çelik, İ. ve Sarıçam, H. (2018). The relationships between academic locus of control, positive thinking skills and grit in high school students. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 6(3), 582-585.
• Drennan, J., Kennedy, J. ve Renfrow, P. (2005). Impact of childhood experiences on the development of entrepreneurial intentions. The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 6(4), 231-238.
• Duckworth, A. L., Peterson, C., Matthews, M. D. ve Kelly, D. R. (2007). Grit: Perseverance and passion for long-term goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(6), 1087-1101.
• Farrukh, M., Khan, A. A., Khan, M. S., Ramzani, S. R. ve Soladoye, B. S. A. (2017). Entrepreneurial intentions: the role of family factors, personality traits and self-efficacy. World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 13(4), 303-317
• Geldhof, G. J., Weiner, M., Agans, J. P., Mueller, M. K. ve Lerner, R. M. (2014). Understanding entrepreneurial intent in late adolescence: The role of intentional self-regulation and innovation. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43(1), 81-91.
• Gilbert, P., Cheung, M. S. P., Grandfield, T., Campey, F. ve Irons, C. (2003). Recall of threat and submissiveness in childhood: Development of a new scale and its relationship with depression, social comparison and shame. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy: An International Journal of Theory & Practice, 10(2), 108-115.
• Gouveia, J. P., Xavier, A. ve Cunha, M. (2016). Assessing early memories of threat and subordination: Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Early Life Experiences Scale for adolescents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(1), 54-64.
• Gürbüz, S. (2019). AMOS ile yapısal eşitlik modellemesi temel ilkeler ve uygulamalı analizler. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
• Gürbüz, S. ve Şahin F. (2015), Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemler., Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
• Hill, P. L., Burrow, A. L. ve Bronk, K. C. (2016). Persevering with positivity and purpose: An examination of purpose commitment and positive affect as predictors of grit. Journal of Happiness Studies, 17(1), 257-269.
• Hodge, B., Wright, B. ve Bennett, P. (2018). The role of grit in determining engagement and academic outcomes for university students. Research in Higher Education, 59(4), 448-460.
• Hong, R. Y. (2007). Worry and rumination: Differential associations with anxious and depressive symptoms and coping behavior. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(2), 277-290.
• Irons, C. ve Gilbert, P. (2005). Evolved mechanisms in adolescent anxiety and depression symptoms: The role of the attachment and social rank systems. Journal of adolescence, 28(3), 325-341.
• Irons, C., Gilbert, P., Baldwin, M. W., Baccus, J. R. ve Palmer, M. (2006). Parental recall, attachment relating and self‐attacking/self‐reassurance: Their relationship with depression. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 45(3), 297-308.
• Jagannathan, R., Camasso, M. J., Das, B., Tosun, J. ve Iyengar, S. (2017). Family, society and the individual: Determinants of entrepreneurial attitudes among youth in Chennai, South India. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 7(14), 1-22.
• Jayawarna, D., Jones, O. ve Macpherson, A. (2014). Entrepreneurial potential: The role of human and cultural capitals. International Small Business Journal, 32(8), 918-943.
• Karimi, S. (2020). The role of entrepreneurial passion in the formation of students’ entrepreneurial intentions. Applied Economics, 52(3), 331-344.
• Klein, H. J., Wesson, M. J., Hollenbeck, J. R. ve Alge, B. J. (1999). Goal commitment and the goal-setting process: conceptual clarification and empirical synthesis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(6), 885.
• Kümbül, G, B. (2008). Sosyal girişimciliği etkileyen faktörlerin analizi (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, İzmir.
• Leffel, A. ve Darling, J. (2009). Entrepreneurial versus organizational employment preferences: a comparative study of European and American respondents. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 12, 79-92.
• Ma, C., Ma, Y. ve Lan, X. (2020). The moderating role of social identity and grit in the association between parental control and school adjustment in chinese middle school students. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1-13.
• Matos, M., Pinto‐Gouveia, J. ve Costa, V. (2013). Understanding the importance of attachment in shame traumatic memory relation to depression: The impact of emotion regulation processes. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 20(2), 149-165.
• McDowell, D. J. ve Parke, R. D. (2005). Parental control and affect as predictors of children's display rule use and social competence with peers. Social Development, 14(3), 440-457.
• Michelle, L. (2017). 8 early childhood experiences that continue to affect you even in adulthood. Learning Mind: https://www.learning-mind.com/earlychildhood-experiences/ (Erişim Tarihi: 12.05.2020)
• Mueller, B. A., Wolfe, M. T. ve Syed, I. (2017). Passion and grit: An exploration of the pathways leading to venture success. Journal of Business Venturing, 32(3), 260-279.
• Naktiyok, A. ve Timuroğlu, M. K. (2009). Öğrencilerin motivasyonel değerlerinin girişimcilik niyetleri üzerine etkisi ve bir uygulama. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 23(3), 85-103.
• Nikolaus, C. J., Schierer, M., Ellison, B., Eicher-Miller, H. A., Gundersen, C. ve Nickols-Richardson, S. M. (2019). Grit is associated with food security among US parents and adolescents. American Journal of Health Behavior, 43(1), 207-218.
• Obschonka, M., Hakkarainen, K., Lonka, K. ve Salmela-Aro, K. (2017). Entrepreneurship as a twenty-first century skill: entrepreneurial alertness and intention in the transition to adulthood. Small Business Economics, 48(3), 487-501.
• Ohe, S. ve Ohe, T. (1996). Three key experiences of Japanese entrepreneurs during their elementary and secondary school years. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, Wellesley, MA.
• Önay, I., Ayas, S., Uğurlu, Ö. Y. ve Önay, M. B. (2017). Psikolojik sermaye ile girişimcilik niyeti ilişkisi. Gazi İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 3(3), 55-66.
• Öngen, D. E. (2006). The relationships between self-criticism, submissive behavior and depression among Turkish adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 41(5), 793-800.
• Pierro, A., Kruglanski, A. W. ve Higgins, E. T. (2006). Progress takes work: Effects of the locomotion dimension on job involvement, effort investment, and task performance in organizations. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36(7), 1723-1743.
• Rachmawan, A., Lizar, A. A. ve Mangundjaya, W. L. (2015). The role of parent's influence and self-efficacy on entrepreneurial intention. The Journal of Developing Areas, 49(3), 417-430.
• Richter, A., Gilbert, P. ve McEwan, K. (2009). Development of an early memories of warmth and safeness scale and its relationship to psychopathology. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 82(2), 171-184.
• Sarıçam, H., Çelik, İ. ve Oğuz, A. (2016). Kısa azim (sebat) ölçeğinin türkçeye uyarlanması- geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Uluslararası Türkçe Edebiyat Kültür Eğitim Dergisi, 5(2), 927-935.
• Schoon, I. ve Duckworth, K. (2012). Who becomes an entrepreneur? early life experiences as predictors of entrepreneurship. Developmental Psychology, 48(6), 1719-1726.
• Sezer, C. (2013). Kariyer olarak girişimcilik ve girişimcilik niyetini etkileyen faktörlerin içerik analizi ile belirlenmesi. Manas Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2(2), 49-60.
• Sezer, Ö. Ü. T., Uyanık, G., Karabulut, A. G. ve Sazlı, E. K. (2019). 5-6 yaşında çocuğu olan annelerin çocukluk deneyimleri ve öznel mutluluk düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Kalem Eğitim ve İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(1), 177-193.
• Sharda, P. (2019). Relationship study of GRIT and entrepreneurship. Science, Technology and Development. 8(12), 696-719.
• Sharma, L. (2014). Impact of family capital & social capital on youth entrepreneurship–a study of Uttarakhand state, India. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 1(4), 1-18.
• Shek, D. T. (2007). Perceived parental control based on indigenous Chinese parental control concepts in adolescents in Hong Kong. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 35(2), 123-137.
• Sığrı, Ü., ve Tığlı, M. (2006). Hofstede'nin" belirsizlikten kaçınma" kültürel boyutunun yönetsel-örgütsel süreçlerde ve pazarlama açısından tüketici davranışlarına etkisi. Marmara Üüniveristesi, İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, 21(1), 327-342.
• Şahin, S. (2018). Psikolojik danışman adaylarının çocukluk deneyimleri algısının belirlenmesi. Academic Review of Humanities and Social Sciences, 1(1), 62-70.
• Şeşen H. ve Basım H. N. (2012). Demografik faktörler ve kişiliğin girişimcilik niyetine etkisi: spor bilimleri alanında öğrenim gören üniversite öğrencileri üzerine bir araştırma. Ege Akademik Bakış, 12 (Özel Sayı). 21-28.
• Taner, A. E. (2019). Beliren yetişkinlerin kendini sevme ile öz-yeterlik özelliklerinin çocukluk deneyimleri ve bazı değişkenlere göre incelenmesi (Yüksek lisans tezi). Maltepe Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
• Tarhini, A., Teo, T. ve Tarhini, T. (2016). A cross-cultural validity of the E-learning Acceptance Measure (ElAM) in Lebanon and England: A confirmatory factor analysis. Education and Information Technologies, 21(5), 1269-1282.
• TÜİK (2020), https://data.tuik.gov.tr/tr/main-category-sub-categories-sub-components2/. (Erişim tarihi: 19.10.2020).
• Vela, J. C., Lu, M. T. P., Lenz, A. S. ve Hinojosa, K. (2015). Positive psychology and familial factors as predictors of Latina/o students’ psychological grit. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 37(3), 287-303.
• Webb, M., Heisler, D., Call, S., Chickering, S. A. ve Colburn, T. A. (2007). Shame, guilt, symptoms of depression, and reported history of psychological maltreatment. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31(11-12), 1143-1153.
• Williams, L. R., Degnan, K. A., Perez-Edgar, K. E., Henderson, H. A., Rubin, K. H., Pine, D. S., Steinberg, L. ve Fox, N. A. (2009). Impact of behavioral inhibition and parenting style on internalizing and externalizing problems from early childhood through adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37(8), 1063-1075.
• Wolfe, M. T. ve Patel, P. C. (2016). Grit and self-employment: a multi-country study. Small Business Economics, 47(4), 853-874.
• Yener, S. (2018). Sosyolojik kuramlar çerçevesinde aile ve girişimcilik ilişkisi. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(6), 869-878.