Bilimin Doğası Bileşenlerinin Fen Bilimleri Ders Kitaplarında Temsil Edilme Durumu

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 196 - 229, 07.12.2020

Ümit Duruk , Abuzer Akgün

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı öğretim programları reformu sonrasında kullanılmakta olan ortaokul fen bilimleri ders kitaplarının bilimin doğası bileşenlerini temsil etme düzeyinin belirlenmesidir. Bu amaçla 3 fen bilimleri ders kitabı doküman analizi yöntemiyle incelenmiştir. Analizler sırasında toplam 14 bilimin doğası bileşeni temel analiz birimi olarak kabul edilmiştir. Kitapların analizinde her bir bileşen -3 ila +3 aralığında puanlandırılmıştır. Bu puanlamada doğrudan olma, doğru olma ve eksiksiz olma özelliklerinin varlığına dikkat edilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, en yüksek puanın +42 olduğu analizde her bir kitaba ait birikimli puanın +6 ila +8 arasında değiştiği tespit edilmiştir. Her üç sınıf düzeyinde kitapların kanıta dayalı olma, çıkarımlara dayalı olma, bilimsel yasaların doğası ve şans eseri keşifler bileşenlerinde dolaylı mesajlar taşıdığı; teori kökenli olma, bilimsel teorilerin yapısı, sosyokültürel etkiye dayalı olma, bilim ve teknoloji farklılığı ve bilim/sözdebilim ayrımı bileşenleri yönünden ise herhangi bir aktarım yapmadığı görülmüştür. Son olarak, bileşenlerin temsilinin konu alanlarına göre farklılaştığı ve sınıf düzeyi arttıkça kitapların temsil girişimlerinin de artış gösterdiği anlaşılmıştır. Bununla birlikte, bu temsillerin hiçbiri güncel fen eğitimi reform belgelerinde ele alınan bilimin doğası ölçütlerinin karşılanmasını sağlayabilecek doğrudan temsil becerisine sahip değildir. Elde edilen bulgulardan hareketle, bazı bileşenler adına daha fazla temsil girişiminde bulunulmuş olmasına karşın, ortaokul fen bilimleri ders kitaplarının bilimin doğası bileşenlerinin doğrudan temsili konusunda yetersiz oldukları sonucuna varılmıştır. Bu yetersizliğin aşılması adına, kitapların giriş kısımlarına bileşenleri tanıtmak üzere konu içeriğinden bağımsız bölümlerin konulması, kitap yazarlarının bileşenlerin doğrudan temsilinin önemi konusunda bilgilendirilmeleri veya bu konuda öğretim almalarının sağlanması önerilebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

bilimin doğası, ders kitabı analizi

Kaynakça

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