Supporting neurodevelopment of premature infant in neonatal intensive care unit: Creating healing environment
Year 2024,
Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 192 - 208, 31.05.2024
Güzide Üğücü
,
Ayda Çelebioğlu
,
Gözde Gökçe İşbir
Abstract
Fetal life and infancy are times of accelerated neurodevelopment. It is crucial to promote the neurodevelopment of a premature infant who has abruptly lost intrauterine neurotrophic support as a result of preterm birth. Intensive care units are specialized facilities that support the adaptation of the premature infant to extrauterine life. In these units, creating a healing environment that supports neurodevelopment is essential for premature infants to have similar developmental chances as their term peers. The goal of this review is to provide information to nurses, midwives and other health professionals on how to create a healing environment to support the neurodevelopment of premature infants in the neonatal intensive care unit.
References
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- 2. Sheridan, M., & Nelson, C. A. (2009). Neurobiology of fetal and infant development. Handbook of infant
mental health, 3, 40-58.
- 3. Yiğit, R., & Üğücü, G. (2020). Çocukluk dönemlerinde büyüme ve gelişme. Güncellenmiş 2. Baskı.
Çukurova Nobel Tıp Kitabevi: Antalya.
- 4. Yiğit, R., & Üğücü, G. (2019). Yüksek riskli yenidoğan ve bakımının tarihsel gelişimi: Dünya ve Türkiye.
Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 3(3), 200-211.
- 5. Lammertink, F., Vinkers, C. H., Tataranno, M. L., & Benders, M. J. (2021). Premature birth and developmental
programming: mechanisms of resilience and vulnerability. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 531571.
- 6. Phillips, R. M. (2015). Seven core measures of neuroprotective family-centered developmental care:
Creating an infrastructure for implementation. Newborn and Infant Nursing Reviews, 15(3), 87-90.
- 7. Altimier, L., & Phillips, R. M. (2013). The neonatal integrative developmental care model: Seven
neuroprotective core measures for family-centered developmental care. Newborn and Infant Nursing
Reviews, 13(1), 9-22.
- 8. Coughlin, M. E. (2021). Transformative nursing in the NICU: Trauma-informed, age-appropriate care.
Springer Publishing Company.
- 9. Fuller, K., DeWolfe, T., & Coughlin, M. (2022). Trauma Informed Developmentally Supportive Care.
Developmental Observer, 15(1), 20-22.
- 10. Als, H. (1982). Toward a synactive theory of development: Promise for the assessment and support of
infant individuality. Infant mental health journal, 3(4), 229-243.
- 11. Cong, X., Wu, J., Vittner, D., Xu, W., Hussain, N., Galvin, S., et al. (2017). The impact of cumulative pain/stress
on neurobehavioral development of preterm infants in the NICU. Early human development, 108, 9-16.
- 12. NICU Brain Sensitive Care Committee. (2015). Neonatal Neuro-protective Best Practice Guidelines.
Swedish Medical Center. https://cdn-
links.lww.com/permalink/mcn/a/mcn_43_2_2017_12_18_lockeridge_0040_sdc01.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 14 Mart
2023)
- 13. McGrath, J. M., Cone, S., & Samra, H. A. (2011). Neuroprotection in the preterm infant: further
understanding of the short-and long-term implications for brain development. Newborn and Infant Nursing
Reviews, 11(3), 109-112.
- 14. Pickler, R. H., McGrath, J. M., Reyna, M. B. A., McCain, N., Lewis, M. M., Cone, M. S., et al. (2010). A model of
neurodevelopmental risk and protection for preterm infants. The Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing,
24(4), 356.
- 15. Rauh, V. A., Nurcombe, B., Achenbach, T., & Howell, C. (1990). The Mother-Infant Transaction Program. The
content and implications of an intervention for the mothers of low-birthweight infants. Clinics in
Perinatology, 17(1), 31-45.
- 16. Melnyk, B. M., Alpert-Gillis, L., Feinstein, N. F., Crean, H. F., Johnson, J., Fairbanks, E., et al. (2004). Creating
opportunities for parent empowerment: program effects on the mental health/coping outcomes of critically
ill young children and their mothers. Pediatrics, 113(6), e597-e607.
- 17. Koldewijn, K., Wolf, M. J., van Wassenaer, A., Meijssen, D., van Sonderen, L., van Baar, A., et al. (2009). The
infant behavioral assessment and intervention program for very low birth weight infants at 6 months
corrected age. The Journal of Pediatrics, 154(1), 33-38.
- 18. Gibbins, S., Hoath, S. B., Coughlin, M., Gibbins, A., & Franck, L. (2008). The universe of developmental care:
a new conceptual model for application in the neonatal intensive care unit. Advances in Neonatal Care,
8(3), 141-147.
- 19. Westrup, B. (2007). Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program (NIDCAP)—
family-centered developmentally supportive care. Early Human Development, 83(7), 443-449.
- 20. World Health Organization (WHO). (2022). WHO recommendations for care of the preterm or low-birth-
weight infant. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/363697/9789240058262-eng.pdf (Erişim
Tarihi: 17 Mart 2023)
- 21. Kangaroo Foundation, Charpark, N. & Lefèvre-Cholay, H. (2008). Kangaroo mother care method training
manual. http://fundacioncanguro.co/PFMMC/en/docs/KMCMM/2.%20THE%20KANGAROO%20POSITION.pdf
(Erişim Tarihi: 24 Mart 2023)
- 22. Moberg, K. U., Handlin, L., & Petersson, M. (2020). Neuroendocrine mechanisms involved in the
physiological effects caused by skin-to-skin contact–With a particular focus on the oxytocinergic system.
Infant Behavior and Development, 61, 101482.
- 23. Forde, D., Deming, D. D., Tan, J. C., Phillips, R. M., Fry-Bowers, E. K., Barger, M. K., et al. (2020). Oxidative stress
biomarker decreased in preterm neonates treated with kangaroo mother care. Biological Research for
Nursing, 22(2), 188-196.
- 24. Cristóbal Cañadas, D., Bonillo Perales, A., Galera Martínez, R., Casado-Belmonte, M. D. P., & Parrón
Carreño, T. (2022). Effects of kangaroo mother care in the NICU on the physiological stress parameters of
premature infants: a meta-analysis of RCTs. International Journal of Environmental Research And Public
Health, 19(1), 583.
- 25. European Standards of Care for Newborn Health (ESCNH). (2022). Care Procedures. https://newborn-
health-standards.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/2022_09_01_TEG_Care-procedures_all.pdf (Erişim
Tarihi: 14 Mart 2023)
- 26. European Standards of Care for Newborn Health (ESCNH). (2022). NICU design. https://newborn-health-
standards.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/2022_09_01_TEG_NICU-design_all.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 17 Mart
2023)
- 27. Yapıcıoğlu-Yıldızdaş, H., Barutçu, A., Gülcü, Ü., Ferda, Ö. Z. L. Ü., & Leventeli, M. (2021). Effect of supportive
positioning on COMFORT scale scores in preterm newborns. Duzce Medical Journal, 23(1), 20-24.
- 28. Skelton, H., Psaila, K., Schmied, V., & Foster, J. (2022). Systematic Review of the Effects of Positioning on
Nonautonomic Outcomes in Preterm Infants. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing, 9-20.
- 29. Lan, H. Y., Yang, L., Lin, C. H., Hsieh, K. H., Chang, Y. C., & Yin, T. (2021). Breastmilk as a Multisensory
Intervention for Relieving Pain during Newborn Screening Procedures: A Randomized Control Trial.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(24), 13023.
- 30. Lang, C. (2018). Bağlanma: Doğum öncesi ve sonrası dönemde bağlanmanın güçlendirilmesi. [Bonding:
Bindung fördern in der Geburtshilfe]. Çeviri: Üzel, N., & Özbalcı, S. Elsevier, Urban & FischerVerlag.
- 31. Keller, T., Körber, F., Oberthuer, A., Schafmeyer, L., Mehler, K., Kuhr, K., & Kribs, A. (2019). Intranasal breast
milk for premature infants with severe intraventricular hemorrhage—an observation. European Journal of
Pediatrics, 178(2), 199-206.
- 32. Altimier, L. B. (2015). Neuroprotective core measure 1: the healing NICU environment. Newborn and Infant
Nursing Reviews, 15(3), 91-96.
- 33. Almadhoob, A., & Ohlsson, A. (2020). Sound reduction management in the neonatal intensive care unit
for preterm or very low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (1).
- 34. Morag, I., & Ohlsson, A. (2016). Cycled light in the intensive care unit for preterm and low birth weight
infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 8.
- 35. İncekar, M. Ç., & Balci, S. (2017). Yenidoğan yoğun bakım ünitelerinde gürültü. Hemşirelikte Eğitim ve
Araştırma Dergisi, 14(2), 150-154.
- 36. İncekar, M. Ç., & Gözen, D. (2021). Yenidoğan Yoğun Bakım Ünitelerinde Gürültünün Azaltılmasında Kanıt
Temelli Uygulamalar. Journal of Health and Sport Sciences, 4(1), 1-6.
- 37. Turan T., Erdoğan Ç. (2018). Yenidoğan yoğun bakım ünitesindeki prematüre bebeğin gelişiminin
desteklenmesi. G.O.P. Taksim E.A.H. JAREN, 4(2):127-132.
- 38. Kucukoglu, S., Aytekin, A., Celebioglu, A., Celebi, A., Caner, I., & Maden, R. (2016). Effect of white noise in
relieving vaccination pain in premature infants. Pain Management Nursing, 17(6), 392-400.
- 39. Ghazali, R., & Abbas, M. Y. (2012). Paediatric community: healing environment conducive enough?.
Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 42, 42-54.
- 40. Wigert, H., Berg, M., & Hellström, A. L. (2010). Parental presence when their child is in neonatal intensive
care. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 24(1), 139-146.40.
- 41. Üğücü, G., & Yiğit, R. (2021). Yenidoğan yoğun bakım ünitelerinde yeni bir çağın başlangıcı: Aile entegre
bakım. Haliç Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(2), 123-135.
- 42. Zhang, X., Spear, E., Hsu, H. L., Gennings, C., & Stroustrup, A. (2022). NICU-based stress response and
preterm infant neurobehavior: exploring the critical windows for exposure. Pediatric research, 92(5), 1470–
1478.
- 43. Nazzari, S., Grumi, S., Ciotti, S., Merusi, I., Provenzi, L., & Gagliardi, L. (2022). Determinants of emotional
distress in neonatal healthcare professionals: An exploratory analysis. Frontiers in Public Health, 3493.
- 44. Gökçe İsbir, G., İnci, F., Kömürcü Akik, B., Abreu, W., & Thomson, G. (2022). Birth-related PTSD symptoms
and related factors following preterm childbirth in Turkey. Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.), 1–12.
Advance online publication.
- 45. Zhang, X., Kurtz, M., Lee, S. Y., & Liu, H. (2021). Early Intervention for Preterm Infants and Their Mothers: A
Systematic Review. The Journal of perinatal & neonatal nursing, 35(4), E69–E82.
- 46. Bernardo, J., Rent, S., Arias-Shah, A., Hoge, M. K., & Shaw, R. J. (2021). Parental Stress and Mental Health
Symptoms in the NICU: Recognition and Interventions. NeoReviews, 22(8), e496–e505.
- 47. Caporali, C., Pisoni, C., Gasparini, L., Ballante, E., Zecca, M., Orcesi, S., & Provenzi, L. (2020). A global
perspective on parental stress in the neonatal intensive care unit: a meta-analytic study. Journal of
perinatology: official journal of the California Perinatal Association, 40(12), 1739–1752.
- 48. Sabnis, A., Fojo, S., Nayak, S. S., Lopez, E., Tarn, D. M., & Zeltzer, L. (2019). Reducing parental trauma and
stress in neonatal intensive care: systematic review and meta-analysis of hospital interventions. Journal of
perinatology: official journal of the California Perinatal Association, 39(3), 375–386.
- 49. Maleki, M., Mardani, A., Harding, C., Basirinezhad, M. H., & Vaismoradi, M. (2022). Nurses' strategies to
provide emotional and practical support to the mothers of preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care
unit: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Women's health (London, England), 18, 17455057221104674.
- 50. Ash, J., Williams, M. E. (2016). Policies and systems support for infant mental health in the care of fragile
infants and their families. Newborn and Infant Nursing Reviews, 16(4), 316-321.
- 51. Hall, S., & Hynan, M. (2015). Interdisciplinary recommendations for the psychosocial support of NICU
parents. Journal of Perinatology, 35, S29–S36.
- 52. Sanders, M. R., & Hall, S. L. (2018). Trauma-informed care in the newborn intensive care unit: promoting
safety, security and connectedness. Journal of Perinatology, 38(1), 3-10.
Yenidoğan yoğun bakım ünitesindeki prematüre bebeğin nörogelişiminin desteklenmesi: İyileştirici çevrenin oluşturulması
Year 2024,
Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 192 - 208, 31.05.2024
Güzide Üğücü
,
Ayda Çelebioğlu
,
Gözde Gökçe İşbir
Abstract
Fetal yaşam ve bebeklik, nörogelişimin hızlı olduğu dönemlerdir. Preterm eylem sonucu intrauterin nörotrofik desteğin ani kaybı nedeniyle prematüre bebeğin ekstrauterin yaşamda nörogelişiminin desteklenmesi önemlidir. Yoğun bakım üniteleri, prematüre bebeğin ekstrauterin yaşama uyumunu destekleyen özelleşmiş birimlerdir. Bu birimlerde; nörogelişimi destekleyen iyileştirici çevrenin oluşturulması, prematüre bebeğin term akranları ile benzer gelişimsel şansı yakalaması için vazgeçilmezdir. Bu derlemenin amacı; yenidoğan yoğun bakım ünitesindeki prematüre bebeğin nörogelişimini desteklemede iyileştirici çevrenin nasıl oluşturulabileceği konusunda hemşire, ebe ve diğer sağlık profesyonellerine bilgi sağlamaktır.
Supporting Institution
Herhangi bir mali destek alınmamıştır.
References
- 1. Eagleman, D. (2020). Livewired: The inside story of the ever-changing brain. Canongate Books.
- 2. Sheridan, M., & Nelson, C. A. (2009). Neurobiology of fetal and infant development. Handbook of infant
mental health, 3, 40-58.
- 3. Yiğit, R., & Üğücü, G. (2020). Çocukluk dönemlerinde büyüme ve gelişme. Güncellenmiş 2. Baskı.
Çukurova Nobel Tıp Kitabevi: Antalya.
- 4. Yiğit, R., & Üğücü, G. (2019). Yüksek riskli yenidoğan ve bakımının tarihsel gelişimi: Dünya ve Türkiye.
Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 3(3), 200-211.
- 5. Lammertink, F., Vinkers, C. H., Tataranno, M. L., & Benders, M. J. (2021). Premature birth and developmental
programming: mechanisms of resilience and vulnerability. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 531571.
- 6. Phillips, R. M. (2015). Seven core measures of neuroprotective family-centered developmental care:
Creating an infrastructure for implementation. Newborn and Infant Nursing Reviews, 15(3), 87-90.
- 7. Altimier, L., & Phillips, R. M. (2013). The neonatal integrative developmental care model: Seven
neuroprotective core measures for family-centered developmental care. Newborn and Infant Nursing
Reviews, 13(1), 9-22.
- 8. Coughlin, M. E. (2021). Transformative nursing in the NICU: Trauma-informed, age-appropriate care.
Springer Publishing Company.
- 9. Fuller, K., DeWolfe, T., & Coughlin, M. (2022). Trauma Informed Developmentally Supportive Care.
Developmental Observer, 15(1), 20-22.
- 10. Als, H. (1982). Toward a synactive theory of development: Promise for the assessment and support of
infant individuality. Infant mental health journal, 3(4), 229-243.
- 11. Cong, X., Wu, J., Vittner, D., Xu, W., Hussain, N., Galvin, S., et al. (2017). The impact of cumulative pain/stress
on neurobehavioral development of preterm infants in the NICU. Early human development, 108, 9-16.
- 12. NICU Brain Sensitive Care Committee. (2015). Neonatal Neuro-protective Best Practice Guidelines.
Swedish Medical Center. https://cdn-
links.lww.com/permalink/mcn/a/mcn_43_2_2017_12_18_lockeridge_0040_sdc01.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 14 Mart
2023)
- 13. McGrath, J. M., Cone, S., & Samra, H. A. (2011). Neuroprotection in the preterm infant: further
understanding of the short-and long-term implications for brain development. Newborn and Infant Nursing
Reviews, 11(3), 109-112.
- 14. Pickler, R. H., McGrath, J. M., Reyna, M. B. A., McCain, N., Lewis, M. M., Cone, M. S., et al. (2010). A model of
neurodevelopmental risk and protection for preterm infants. The Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing,
24(4), 356.
- 15. Rauh, V. A., Nurcombe, B., Achenbach, T., & Howell, C. (1990). The Mother-Infant Transaction Program. The
content and implications of an intervention for the mothers of low-birthweight infants. Clinics in
Perinatology, 17(1), 31-45.
- 16. Melnyk, B. M., Alpert-Gillis, L., Feinstein, N. F., Crean, H. F., Johnson, J., Fairbanks, E., et al. (2004). Creating
opportunities for parent empowerment: program effects on the mental health/coping outcomes of critically
ill young children and their mothers. Pediatrics, 113(6), e597-e607.
- 17. Koldewijn, K., Wolf, M. J., van Wassenaer, A., Meijssen, D., van Sonderen, L., van Baar, A., et al. (2009). The
infant behavioral assessment and intervention program for very low birth weight infants at 6 months
corrected age. The Journal of Pediatrics, 154(1), 33-38.
- 18. Gibbins, S., Hoath, S. B., Coughlin, M., Gibbins, A., & Franck, L. (2008). The universe of developmental care:
a new conceptual model for application in the neonatal intensive care unit. Advances in Neonatal Care,
8(3), 141-147.
- 19. Westrup, B. (2007). Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program (NIDCAP)—
family-centered developmentally supportive care. Early Human Development, 83(7), 443-449.
- 20. World Health Organization (WHO). (2022). WHO recommendations for care of the preterm or low-birth-
weight infant. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/363697/9789240058262-eng.pdf (Erişim
Tarihi: 17 Mart 2023)
- 21. Kangaroo Foundation, Charpark, N. & Lefèvre-Cholay, H. (2008). Kangaroo mother care method training
manual. http://fundacioncanguro.co/PFMMC/en/docs/KMCMM/2.%20THE%20KANGAROO%20POSITION.pdf
(Erişim Tarihi: 24 Mart 2023)
- 22. Moberg, K. U., Handlin, L., & Petersson, M. (2020). Neuroendocrine mechanisms involved in the
physiological effects caused by skin-to-skin contact–With a particular focus on the oxytocinergic system.
Infant Behavior and Development, 61, 101482.
- 23. Forde, D., Deming, D. D., Tan, J. C., Phillips, R. M., Fry-Bowers, E. K., Barger, M. K., et al. (2020). Oxidative stress
biomarker decreased in preterm neonates treated with kangaroo mother care. Biological Research for
Nursing, 22(2), 188-196.
- 24. Cristóbal Cañadas, D., Bonillo Perales, A., Galera Martínez, R., Casado-Belmonte, M. D. P., & Parrón
Carreño, T. (2022). Effects of kangaroo mother care in the NICU on the physiological stress parameters of
premature infants: a meta-analysis of RCTs. International Journal of Environmental Research And Public
Health, 19(1), 583.
- 25. European Standards of Care for Newborn Health (ESCNH). (2022). Care Procedures. https://newborn-
health-standards.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/2022_09_01_TEG_Care-procedures_all.pdf (Erişim
Tarihi: 14 Mart 2023)
- 26. European Standards of Care for Newborn Health (ESCNH). (2022). NICU design. https://newborn-health-
standards.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/2022_09_01_TEG_NICU-design_all.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 17 Mart
2023)
- 27. Yapıcıoğlu-Yıldızdaş, H., Barutçu, A., Gülcü, Ü., Ferda, Ö. Z. L. Ü., & Leventeli, M. (2021). Effect of supportive
positioning on COMFORT scale scores in preterm newborns. Duzce Medical Journal, 23(1), 20-24.
- 28. Skelton, H., Psaila, K., Schmied, V., & Foster, J. (2022). Systematic Review of the Effects of Positioning on
Nonautonomic Outcomes in Preterm Infants. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing, 9-20.
- 29. Lan, H. Y., Yang, L., Lin, C. H., Hsieh, K. H., Chang, Y. C., & Yin, T. (2021). Breastmilk as a Multisensory
Intervention for Relieving Pain during Newborn Screening Procedures: A Randomized Control Trial.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(24), 13023.
- 30. Lang, C. (2018). Bağlanma: Doğum öncesi ve sonrası dönemde bağlanmanın güçlendirilmesi. [Bonding:
Bindung fördern in der Geburtshilfe]. Çeviri: Üzel, N., & Özbalcı, S. Elsevier, Urban & FischerVerlag.
- 31. Keller, T., Körber, F., Oberthuer, A., Schafmeyer, L., Mehler, K., Kuhr, K., & Kribs, A. (2019). Intranasal breast
milk for premature infants with severe intraventricular hemorrhage—an observation. European Journal of
Pediatrics, 178(2), 199-206.
- 32. Altimier, L. B. (2015). Neuroprotective core measure 1: the healing NICU environment. Newborn and Infant
Nursing Reviews, 15(3), 91-96.
- 33. Almadhoob, A., & Ohlsson, A. (2020). Sound reduction management in the neonatal intensive care unit
for preterm or very low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (1).
- 34. Morag, I., & Ohlsson, A. (2016). Cycled light in the intensive care unit for preterm and low birth weight
infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 8.
- 35. İncekar, M. Ç., & Balci, S. (2017). Yenidoğan yoğun bakım ünitelerinde gürültü. Hemşirelikte Eğitim ve
Araştırma Dergisi, 14(2), 150-154.
- 36. İncekar, M. Ç., & Gözen, D. (2021). Yenidoğan Yoğun Bakım Ünitelerinde Gürültünün Azaltılmasında Kanıt
Temelli Uygulamalar. Journal of Health and Sport Sciences, 4(1), 1-6.
- 37. Turan T., Erdoğan Ç. (2018). Yenidoğan yoğun bakım ünitesindeki prematüre bebeğin gelişiminin
desteklenmesi. G.O.P. Taksim E.A.H. JAREN, 4(2):127-132.
- 38. Kucukoglu, S., Aytekin, A., Celebioglu, A., Celebi, A., Caner, I., & Maden, R. (2016). Effect of white noise in
relieving vaccination pain in premature infants. Pain Management Nursing, 17(6), 392-400.
- 39. Ghazali, R., & Abbas, M. Y. (2012). Paediatric community: healing environment conducive enough?.
Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 42, 42-54.
- 40. Wigert, H., Berg, M., & Hellström, A. L. (2010). Parental presence when their child is in neonatal intensive
care. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 24(1), 139-146.40.
- 41. Üğücü, G., & Yiğit, R. (2021). Yenidoğan yoğun bakım ünitelerinde yeni bir çağın başlangıcı: Aile entegre
bakım. Haliç Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(2), 123-135.
- 42. Zhang, X., Spear, E., Hsu, H. L., Gennings, C., & Stroustrup, A. (2022). NICU-based stress response and
preterm infant neurobehavior: exploring the critical windows for exposure. Pediatric research, 92(5), 1470–
1478.
- 43. Nazzari, S., Grumi, S., Ciotti, S., Merusi, I., Provenzi, L., & Gagliardi, L. (2022). Determinants of emotional
distress in neonatal healthcare professionals: An exploratory analysis. Frontiers in Public Health, 3493.
- 44. Gökçe İsbir, G., İnci, F., Kömürcü Akik, B., Abreu, W., & Thomson, G. (2022). Birth-related PTSD symptoms
and related factors following preterm childbirth in Turkey. Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.), 1–12.
Advance online publication.
- 45. Zhang, X., Kurtz, M., Lee, S. Y., & Liu, H. (2021). Early Intervention for Preterm Infants and Their Mothers: A
Systematic Review. The Journal of perinatal & neonatal nursing, 35(4), E69–E82.
- 46. Bernardo, J., Rent, S., Arias-Shah, A., Hoge, M. K., & Shaw, R. J. (2021). Parental Stress and Mental Health
Symptoms in the NICU: Recognition and Interventions. NeoReviews, 22(8), e496–e505.
- 47. Caporali, C., Pisoni, C., Gasparini, L., Ballante, E., Zecca, M., Orcesi, S., & Provenzi, L. (2020). A global
perspective on parental stress in the neonatal intensive care unit: a meta-analytic study. Journal of
perinatology: official journal of the California Perinatal Association, 40(12), 1739–1752.
- 48. Sabnis, A., Fojo, S., Nayak, S. S., Lopez, E., Tarn, D. M., & Zeltzer, L. (2019). Reducing parental trauma and
stress in neonatal intensive care: systematic review and meta-analysis of hospital interventions. Journal of
perinatology: official journal of the California Perinatal Association, 39(3), 375–386.
- 49. Maleki, M., Mardani, A., Harding, C., Basirinezhad, M. H., & Vaismoradi, M. (2022). Nurses' strategies to
provide emotional and practical support to the mothers of preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care
unit: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Women's health (London, England), 18, 17455057221104674.
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