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Girişimciliğin Finansmanında Initial Coin Offering (ICO) Yöntemi ve Alternatif Finansman Yöntemleriyle Karşılaştırılması

Year 2020, Volume: 21 Issue: 3, 63 - 84, 30.09.2020

Abstract

Günümüz ekonomilerinin kalkınmasında en önemli etken istikrarlı ve güçlü ekonomik büyümedir. Ekonomik büyümenin temelini oluşturan yatırımların sürdürülebilmesi, girişimcilerin ihtiyaç duyduğu finansmana kolay erişilebilmesi ve düşük maliyetli olmasıyla doğru orantılıdır. Ancak gelenekselleşmiş finansman yöntemleri iş kurmak isteyen yeni girişimcilerin yanı sıra küçük ve orta ölçekli işletmelerin (KOBİ) finansman ihtiyacının karşılanmasında genellikle yeterli olamamaktadır. Dijitalleşmeyle birlikte küresel ölçekte yaşanan değişim süreci hayatın pek çok alanını etkilediği gibi finans sektörünü de etkileyerek yeni nesil finansman yöntemlerinin ortaya çıkmasına ön ayak olmuştur. Özellikle kripto paralar ve blockchain teknolojisiyle birlikte yaygınlaşan eşler arası (peer to peer- P2P) ağlar, yatırımcı ve girişimcileri dijital ortamlarda buluşturarak alternatif finansman yöntemlerinin gelişmesine katkı sunmuştur. Bu bağlamda son yıllarda popülerleşen Initial Coin Offering (ICO) yöntemi karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmada alternatif finansman yöntemleri ve ICO etraflıca ele alınarak incelenmiş, yöntemlerin avantajlı/dezavantajlı yönleri karşılaştırılarak gelecekte girişimcilerin finansman sorunlarını çözecek nitelikte katkı sağlayıp sağlayamayacağı tartışılmıştır.

References

  • Agrawal, A., Catalini, C. ve Goldfarb, A. (2013). Some simple economics of crowdfunding, Innovation Policy and the Economy, NBER Working Paper No. 19133 www.nber.org/papers/w19133.
  • Arnold, L., Brennecke, M., Camus, P., Fridgen, G., Guggenberger, T., Radszuwill, S., Rieger, A., Schweizer, A. ve Urbach, N. (2018). Blockchain and Initial Coin Offerings: Blockchain’s Implications for Crowdfunding. In Business Transformation through Blockchain. Edited by Horst Treiblmaier and Roman Beck. Basingstoke and Cham: Palgrave, pp. 233–72. Bağış, B. (2019). Yeni Dönemin Finansman Araçları, Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Toplum Araştırmaları Vakfı (SETA), Sayı:294, ss.18-20.
  • Bahga, A., ve Madisetti, V. K. (2016). “Blockchain Platform for Industrial Internet of Things,” Journal of Software Engineering and Applications (9), pp. 533–546.
  • Boreiko, D. ve Sahdev, N. (2018). To ICO or not to ICO – Empirical analysis of Initial Coin Offerings and Token Sales, Innovation Finance & Accouting ejournal, pp.10-12, DOI:10.2139/SSRN.3209180.
  • Catalini, Christian and Joshua S. Gans (2018), Initial Coin Offerings and the Value of Crypto Tokens, MIT Sloan Research Paper No. 5347-18; Rotman School of Management Working Paper No. 3137213, http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3137213
  • Chanson, M., Risius, M. ve Wortmann, F. (2018). Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs): An Introduction to the Novel Funding Mechanism Based on Blockchain Technology, Twenty-fourth Americas Conference on Information Systems, New Orleans, pp.3-5. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326345056
  • Chod, J. ve Lyandres, E. (2019). A Theory of ICOs: Diversi_cation, Agency, and Information Asymmetry, Management Science forthcoming, http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3159528
  • Christidis, K., and Devetsikiotis, M. 2016. Blockchains and Smart Contracts for the Internet of Things. IEEE Access 4:2292–2303, https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7467408.
  • Dannberg, T. (2017). Advantages and disadvantages with crowdfunding -and who are the users?, Halmstad University, pp.3-10. Corpus ID:169879686.
  • Dursun, İ. (2016). Küçük ve Ortaboy Ölçekli İşletmelerin Finansmana Erişim Sorunu ve Nedenleri, Maliye Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2016, Yıl:2, Cilt:2, Sayı:1, ss.3-6.
  • Ekici, O., Sırma, İ. ve Aytürk, Y. (2019). Alternatif Finansman Yöntemi Olarak Kitle Fonlaması ve Yenilikçilik İlişkisi, BDDK Bankacılık ve Finansal Piyasalar, cilt.13, ss.215-230.
  • Ernst&Young, (2017). EY Research: Initial Coin Offerings, https://www.ey.com/Publication/ File/ey-research-initial-coin-offerings-icos.pdf.
  • Fisch, C. (2019). Initial coin offerings (ICOs) to finance new ventures, Journal of Business Venturing Volume:34, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2018.09.007.
  • Gabison, G.A. (2015). Understanding Crowdfunding and its Regulations: How can Crowdfunding help ICT Innovation?, European Commission Joint Research Centre Institute for Prospective Technological Studies, Report EUR 26992 EN, pp. 6-13, https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC92482/lbna26992enn.pdf
  • Global Alternative Finance Market Benchmarking The Report (2020). Alternative Finance Benchmarking Reports, https://www.jbs.cam.ac.uk/faculty-research/centres/alternative-finance/publications/.
  • Haas, P., Blohm, I., Peters, C., ve Leimeister, J. M. 2015. “Modularization of Crowdfunding Services: Designing Disruptive Innovations in the Banking Industry,” in Proceedings of the 36th International Conference on Information Systems, D. Leidner and J. Ross (eds.), Fort Worth, TX, USA, pp. 1–12.
  • Kaal, W.A. ve Dell’Erba, M. (2018). Initial Coin Offerings: Emerging Practices, Risk Factors, And Red Flags, Innovation & Organizational Behavior eJournal, pp. 10-20. DOI:10.2139/SSRN.3067615.
  • Karadağ, M.M. (2015). Sistemik Risk, Sistemik Açıdan Önemli Finansal Kuruluşlar ve Küresel Finansal Kriz, Finansal Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi, Cilt 7, Sayı 13, Temmuz 2015, ISSN 1309-1123, ss. 293-319. DOI: 10.14784/jfrs.86533
  • Miami Crypto Exchange (MCEX), (2018). Secure Token Offering: Making Cryptocurrency Compliant, https://neironix.io/documents/whitepaper/4660/MCEX_WhitePaper.pdf.
  • Nowacki, Caroline ve Monk, Ashby (2017), Sovereıgn Wealth Funds And Prıvate Equıty, Cdc International Capital, ss.1-3, https://cdcicapital.fr/wp-content/uploads/2017/7.pdf, E.T.: 30.04.2018.
  • OECD (2019), Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs) for SME Financing, www.oecd.org/finance/initial-coin-offerings-for-sme-financing.html.
  • Öner, E., Okan, P., Gökten, S. ve Aypek, N. (2008). Mikrofinans Sistemi ve Ticari Bankaların Mikrofinans Sistemi İçindeki Yeri. Sosyoekonomi, 2(Temmuz-Aralık), 55–74.
  • Özdemir, C. (2020). Yeni Finansman Yöntemi Kitle Fonlaması: Paya Dayalı Modelde Kalite Sinyalleri ve Diğer Başarı Faktörleri, Başkent Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, ss.15-20.
  • Petrov, I. (2015). The Rise Of Crowdfunding As An Alternative Source Of Financing, 95-97. http://dspace.tneu.edu.ua/handle/316497/16990.
  • Robinson, R.A. (2017) The New Digital Wild West: Regulating The Explosion Of Inital Coin Offerings, Tennessee Law Review, Volume:85, Issue:4, pp.50-59. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3087541.
  • Sancha-Navarro, J.M., Sanchis-Pedregosa, C. ve Oliver-Alfonso, M.D. (2018). Relationship Between Crowdfunding And Microfinance: A Theoretical Approach, Finance, Markets and Valuation Vol: 4, Num: 2, 63–72, DOI: 10.46503/POYR6349.
  • Schweizer, A., Schlatt, V., Urbach, N. ve Fridgen, G. (2017). Unchaining Social Businesses – Blockchain as the Basic Technology of a Crowdlending Platform, 38th International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS), Seoul, South Korea, Corpus ID:29455454.
  • Sorensen, I. E. (2015) Go crowdfund yourself: some unintended consequences of crowdfunding for documentary film and industry in the U.K.. Institute for Networked Cultures: Amsterdam, pp. 268-280. http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/105152/.
  • Soyak, M. (2010). Kadın Girişimciliği ve Mikrofinans: Türkiye Deneyimi, Muğla Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi (İLKE), Bahar 2010, Sayı 24, ss.130-135. Stacher, D. (2018). Regulation of Initial Coin Offering (ICO) An International Comparison with Focus on Switzerland, Universität Basel, Master’s Thesis, 15-25.
  • Uygurtürk, H. ve Soylu, N. (2016). Girişim Sermayesi Yatırım Ortaklıklarının Likidite ve Karlılık Performanslarının COPRAS Yöntemi ile Analizi, Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Yıl 9, Sayı 2, Aralık 2016, ss. 637-650.
  • Valanciene, L. ve Jegeleviciute, S. (2013). Valuatıon Of Crowdfunding: Benefits And Drawbacks, Economics And Management: 2013. 18 (1), pp. 35-48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.em.18.1.3713.
  • Vural, A. (2019). Girişimciler İçin Yeni Nesil Bir Finansman Modeli “Kitle Fonlaması- Crowdfundıng”: Dünya ve Türkiye Uygulamaları Üzerine Bir İnceleme ve Model Önerisi, Başkent Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, ss.40-50.
  • Yavuz, M. (2019). Ekonomide Dijital Dönüşüm: Blockchain Teknolojisi ve Uygulama Alanları Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Finans Ekonomi ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi (FESA), 4 (1), 15-29. DOI: 10.29106/fesa.498053.
  • Zetzsche, D.A., Buckley, R.P., Arner, D.W., Föhr, L. (2018) The Ico Gold Rush: It’s A Scam, It’s A Bubble, It’s A Super Challenge For Regulators, University of New South Wales Law Research Series, Paper number 2017-011, pp.10-15. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3072298.

INITIAL COIN OFFERING (ICO) METHOD IN THE FINANCING OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND COMPARISON WITH ALTERNATIVE FINANCING METHODS

Year 2020, Volume: 21 Issue: 3, 63 - 84, 30.09.2020

Abstract

The most important factor in the development of today's economies is stable and strong economic growth. The sustainability of the investments that form the basis of economic growth is directly proportional to the easy accessibility of the financing that entrepreneurs need and its low cost. However, traditional financing methods are generally not sufficient to meet the financing needs of small and medium sized entrepreneurs (SMEs) as well as new entrepreneurs who want to start a business. The process of change experienced on a global scale with digitalization has affected many areas of life as well as the finance sector, leading to the emergence of new generation financing methods. Peer-to-peer (P2P) networks, which have become widespread especially with cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology, have contributed to the development of alternative financing methods by bringing investors and entrepreneurs together in digital environments. In this context, the Initial Coin Offering (ICO) method has become popular in recent years. In this study, alternative financing methods and ICO were examined in detail, and by comparing the advantageous / disadvantageous aspects of the methods, it was discussed whether entrepreneurs could contribute in the future to solve their financing problems.

References

  • Agrawal, A., Catalini, C. ve Goldfarb, A. (2013). Some simple economics of crowdfunding, Innovation Policy and the Economy, NBER Working Paper No. 19133 www.nber.org/papers/w19133.
  • Arnold, L., Brennecke, M., Camus, P., Fridgen, G., Guggenberger, T., Radszuwill, S., Rieger, A., Schweizer, A. ve Urbach, N. (2018). Blockchain and Initial Coin Offerings: Blockchain’s Implications for Crowdfunding. In Business Transformation through Blockchain. Edited by Horst Treiblmaier and Roman Beck. Basingstoke and Cham: Palgrave, pp. 233–72. Bağış, B. (2019). Yeni Dönemin Finansman Araçları, Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Toplum Araştırmaları Vakfı (SETA), Sayı:294, ss.18-20.
  • Bahga, A., ve Madisetti, V. K. (2016). “Blockchain Platform for Industrial Internet of Things,” Journal of Software Engineering and Applications (9), pp. 533–546.
  • Boreiko, D. ve Sahdev, N. (2018). To ICO or not to ICO – Empirical analysis of Initial Coin Offerings and Token Sales, Innovation Finance & Accouting ejournal, pp.10-12, DOI:10.2139/SSRN.3209180.
  • Catalini, Christian and Joshua S. Gans (2018), Initial Coin Offerings and the Value of Crypto Tokens, MIT Sloan Research Paper No. 5347-18; Rotman School of Management Working Paper No. 3137213, http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3137213
  • Chanson, M., Risius, M. ve Wortmann, F. (2018). Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs): An Introduction to the Novel Funding Mechanism Based on Blockchain Technology, Twenty-fourth Americas Conference on Information Systems, New Orleans, pp.3-5. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326345056
  • Chod, J. ve Lyandres, E. (2019). A Theory of ICOs: Diversi_cation, Agency, and Information Asymmetry, Management Science forthcoming, http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3159528
  • Christidis, K., and Devetsikiotis, M. 2016. Blockchains and Smart Contracts for the Internet of Things. IEEE Access 4:2292–2303, https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7467408.
  • Dannberg, T. (2017). Advantages and disadvantages with crowdfunding -and who are the users?, Halmstad University, pp.3-10. Corpus ID:169879686.
  • Dursun, İ. (2016). Küçük ve Ortaboy Ölçekli İşletmelerin Finansmana Erişim Sorunu ve Nedenleri, Maliye Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2016, Yıl:2, Cilt:2, Sayı:1, ss.3-6.
  • Ekici, O., Sırma, İ. ve Aytürk, Y. (2019). Alternatif Finansman Yöntemi Olarak Kitle Fonlaması ve Yenilikçilik İlişkisi, BDDK Bankacılık ve Finansal Piyasalar, cilt.13, ss.215-230.
  • Ernst&Young, (2017). EY Research: Initial Coin Offerings, https://www.ey.com/Publication/ File/ey-research-initial-coin-offerings-icos.pdf.
  • Fisch, C. (2019). Initial coin offerings (ICOs) to finance new ventures, Journal of Business Venturing Volume:34, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2018.09.007.
  • Gabison, G.A. (2015). Understanding Crowdfunding and its Regulations: How can Crowdfunding help ICT Innovation?, European Commission Joint Research Centre Institute for Prospective Technological Studies, Report EUR 26992 EN, pp. 6-13, https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC92482/lbna26992enn.pdf
  • Global Alternative Finance Market Benchmarking The Report (2020). Alternative Finance Benchmarking Reports, https://www.jbs.cam.ac.uk/faculty-research/centres/alternative-finance/publications/.
  • Haas, P., Blohm, I., Peters, C., ve Leimeister, J. M. 2015. “Modularization of Crowdfunding Services: Designing Disruptive Innovations in the Banking Industry,” in Proceedings of the 36th International Conference on Information Systems, D. Leidner and J. Ross (eds.), Fort Worth, TX, USA, pp. 1–12.
  • Kaal, W.A. ve Dell’Erba, M. (2018). Initial Coin Offerings: Emerging Practices, Risk Factors, And Red Flags, Innovation & Organizational Behavior eJournal, pp. 10-20. DOI:10.2139/SSRN.3067615.
  • Karadağ, M.M. (2015). Sistemik Risk, Sistemik Açıdan Önemli Finansal Kuruluşlar ve Küresel Finansal Kriz, Finansal Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi, Cilt 7, Sayı 13, Temmuz 2015, ISSN 1309-1123, ss. 293-319. DOI: 10.14784/jfrs.86533
  • Miami Crypto Exchange (MCEX), (2018). Secure Token Offering: Making Cryptocurrency Compliant, https://neironix.io/documents/whitepaper/4660/MCEX_WhitePaper.pdf.
  • Nowacki, Caroline ve Monk, Ashby (2017), Sovereıgn Wealth Funds And Prıvate Equıty, Cdc International Capital, ss.1-3, https://cdcicapital.fr/wp-content/uploads/2017/7.pdf, E.T.: 30.04.2018.
  • OECD (2019), Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs) for SME Financing, www.oecd.org/finance/initial-coin-offerings-for-sme-financing.html.
  • Öner, E., Okan, P., Gökten, S. ve Aypek, N. (2008). Mikrofinans Sistemi ve Ticari Bankaların Mikrofinans Sistemi İçindeki Yeri. Sosyoekonomi, 2(Temmuz-Aralık), 55–74.
  • Özdemir, C. (2020). Yeni Finansman Yöntemi Kitle Fonlaması: Paya Dayalı Modelde Kalite Sinyalleri ve Diğer Başarı Faktörleri, Başkent Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, ss.15-20.
  • Petrov, I. (2015). The Rise Of Crowdfunding As An Alternative Source Of Financing, 95-97. http://dspace.tneu.edu.ua/handle/316497/16990.
  • Robinson, R.A. (2017) The New Digital Wild West: Regulating The Explosion Of Inital Coin Offerings, Tennessee Law Review, Volume:85, Issue:4, pp.50-59. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3087541.
  • Sancha-Navarro, J.M., Sanchis-Pedregosa, C. ve Oliver-Alfonso, M.D. (2018). Relationship Between Crowdfunding And Microfinance: A Theoretical Approach, Finance, Markets and Valuation Vol: 4, Num: 2, 63–72, DOI: 10.46503/POYR6349.
  • Schweizer, A., Schlatt, V., Urbach, N. ve Fridgen, G. (2017). Unchaining Social Businesses – Blockchain as the Basic Technology of a Crowdlending Platform, 38th International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS), Seoul, South Korea, Corpus ID:29455454.
  • Sorensen, I. E. (2015) Go crowdfund yourself: some unintended consequences of crowdfunding for documentary film and industry in the U.K.. Institute for Networked Cultures: Amsterdam, pp. 268-280. http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/105152/.
  • Soyak, M. (2010). Kadın Girişimciliği ve Mikrofinans: Türkiye Deneyimi, Muğla Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi (İLKE), Bahar 2010, Sayı 24, ss.130-135. Stacher, D. (2018). Regulation of Initial Coin Offering (ICO) An International Comparison with Focus on Switzerland, Universität Basel, Master’s Thesis, 15-25.
  • Uygurtürk, H. ve Soylu, N. (2016). Girişim Sermayesi Yatırım Ortaklıklarının Likidite ve Karlılık Performanslarının COPRAS Yöntemi ile Analizi, Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Yıl 9, Sayı 2, Aralık 2016, ss. 637-650.
  • Valanciene, L. ve Jegeleviciute, S. (2013). Valuatıon Of Crowdfunding: Benefits And Drawbacks, Economics And Management: 2013. 18 (1), pp. 35-48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.em.18.1.3713.
  • Vural, A. (2019). Girişimciler İçin Yeni Nesil Bir Finansman Modeli “Kitle Fonlaması- Crowdfundıng”: Dünya ve Türkiye Uygulamaları Üzerine Bir İnceleme ve Model Önerisi, Başkent Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, ss.40-50.
  • Yavuz, M. (2019). Ekonomide Dijital Dönüşüm: Blockchain Teknolojisi ve Uygulama Alanları Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Finans Ekonomi ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi (FESA), 4 (1), 15-29. DOI: 10.29106/fesa.498053.
  • Zetzsche, D.A., Buckley, R.P., Arner, D.W., Föhr, L. (2018) The Ico Gold Rush: It’s A Scam, It’s A Bubble, It’s A Super Challenge For Regulators, University of New South Wales Law Research Series, Paper number 2017-011, pp.10-15. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3072298.
There are 34 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Finance, Business Administration
Journal Section Araştırma Makalesileri
Authors

Melih Sefa Yavuz 0000-0003-1085-5304

Mehmetcan Suyadal 0000-0002-8235-7462

Publication Date September 30, 2020
Submission Date September 16, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 21 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Yavuz, M. S., & Suyadal, M. (2020). Girişimciliğin Finansmanında Initial Coin Offering (ICO) Yöntemi ve Alternatif Finansman Yöntemleriyle Karşılaştırılması. Anadolu Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(3), 63-84.


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