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Türkiye’de Askeri Harcamalar ile Dış Borç, Enflasyon ve İşsizlik Arasındaki İlişkinin Çoklu Doğrusal Regresyon Yöntemi ve Var Yöntem ile Analizi

Year 2022, Volume: 23 Issue: 1, 1 - 25, 30.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.53443/anadoluibfd.1006298

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’de askeri harcamalar ile dış borç, enflasyon ve işsizlik arasındaki ilişkiyi analiz etmektir. 1991-2019 dönem aralığını kapsayan ve yıllık veriler ile gerçekleştirilen çalışmada, bağımlı değişken askeri harcamalar, bağımsız değişkenler ise dış borç, enflasyon ve işsizlik olarak modele dahil edilmiştir. Çalışmada Çoklu Doğrusal Regresyon analizi ile VAR yöntem ve Granger nedensellik analizleri uygulanmıştır. Çoklu Doğrusal Regresyon analizi sonucunda; Türkiye’de askeri harcamalar ile dış borç arasında pozitif ve anlamlı bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir. VAR yöntem ve Granger nedensellik analizi sonucunda ise enflasyon oranının askeri harcamalar üzerinde anlamlı ve etkili olduğu, enflasyon oranı değişkeninden askeri harcamalar değişkenine doğru işleyen bir Granger nedensellik ilişkisi bulunmuştur.

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References

  • Abbas, S. & Wizarat, S. (2018). Military Expenditure and External Dept in South Asia: A Panel Data Analysis, Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, 24(3), pp.1-7.
  • Ahmed, A.D. (2012). Dept Burden, Military Spending and Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Dynamic Panel Data Analysis, Defence and Peace Economics, 23:5, 485-506, DOI: 10.180/10242694.2011.627163.
  • Aiyedogbon, J.O. & Ohwofasa, B. O. (2014). Impact of Military Expenditure on Inflation in Nigeria 1980-2012, Review of Arts and Humanities, Vol.3, No.2, pp. 01-17.
  • Asiloğulları, M. (2020). Türkiye’de Savunma Harcamalarının Enflasyon Üzerindeki Etkisi (1960-2017), Savunma Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt 19/1, Sayı 37, ISSN (Basılı):1303-6831, ISSN (Online): 2148-1776, ss.125-157.
  • Aydemir, A.F., Özdemir, D., Kabadayı, B. & Emsen, Ö.S. (2016). G20 Ülkelerinde İşsizlik ve Askeri Harcamalar Arasındaki İlişkiler, 7th International Conference of Eurasian Economies, 29-31 August, Kopasvar-Hungary, pp. 437-444.
  • Azam, M. & Feng, Y. (2015). Does Military Expenditure Increase External Dept? Evidence from Asia, Defence and Peace Economics, pp.1-18, DOI: 10.180/10242694.2015.1072371.
  • Barış, S. (2018). Are Defence Expenditures The Reasons of Foreign Depts in Turkey? Theoretical and Applied Economics, Volume XXV(2018), Spring, No.2(615), pp.205-220.
  • Benoit, E. (1978). Growth and Defense in Developing Countries, Economic Development and Cultural Change, The University of Chicago Press Journals, Vol.26, No.2, pp.271-280.
  • Bölükbaş, M. (2018). Kamu Büyüklüğü İşsizliğin ve Genç İşsizliğin Nedeni midir? Türkiye Örneği, Aydın İktisat Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 3, Sayı 2, ss.1-17.
  • Brooks, C. (2008). Introductory Econometrics for Finance, Second Edition, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0 521 79018 2 (hardback), ISBN 0 521 79367 X (paperback).
  • Gujarati D. N. (2004). Basic Econometrics. Student Solutions Manual for use with Basic Econometrics, McGraw-Hill, Fourth Edition, ISBN:0072427922, NewYork.
  • Gujarati, D. N. ve Porter, D. C. (2009). Basic Econometrics, The McGraw-Hill Companies , Inc., Fifth Edition, ISBN 978-0-07-337577-9, MHID 0-07-337577-2, NewYork.
  • Günana, T. (2004). The Relationship Between Defense Spending and Inflation: An Emprical Analysis for Turkey, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, The Department of Management Bilkent University.
  • Güriş, S., Akay, E. ve Güriş, B. (2017). EViews İle Temel Ekonometri, Üçüncü Basım, ISBN 978-975-353-480-2, DER Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Hung-Pin, L., Wong, T. L. & Yang, C. L. (2016). Further Causality Evidence on Arms Race, Inflation and Economic Growth, Economic Computation and Economic Cybernetics Studies and Research, Issue 2/2016, Vol.50, pp. 123-137.
  • İpek, E. (2014). Savunma Harcamalarının Seçilmiş Makroekonomik Değişkenler Üzerine Etkisi: ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı, Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt 14, Sayı 3, ss.113-126.
  • İpek, E. & Esener, S.Ç. (2014). Borçlanmayı Savunmak: Dış Borcun Bir Belirleyicisi Olarak Savunma Harcamaları, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 9(3), 69-74.
  • Jarque, C. M. ve Bera, A. K. (1980). Efficient Tests for Normality, Homoscedasticity and Serial Independence of Regression Residuals, North-Holland Publishing Company, Economics Letters 6(1980), 255-259.
  • Karagol, E. (2005). Defence Expenditures and External Dept in Turkey, Defence and Peace Economics, 16:2, 117-125, DOI: 10.180/10242690500070045.
  • Karagöz, K. (2018). Impact of Defence Expenditures on External Dept: An Econometric Analysis for Turkey and Turkic Republics, Theoretical and Applied Economics, Volume XXV(2018), No.1(614), Spring, pp.183-192.
  • Karakurt, B., Şentürk, S.H. & Şahingöz, B. (2020). Türkiye’de Savunma Harcmalar, Silah İthalatı ve Dış Borçlar Arasındaki İlişkinin Analizi: ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı, International Journal of Public Finance, Vol.5, No.2, pp.273-294, E-ISSN:2548-0499, DOI:10.30927/1jpf.824125.
  • Keyifli, N.& Akdede, S.H. (2020). Politik Kutuplaşma ve Devletin Ekonomik Boyutu, Sosyoekonomi, Vol.28(44), ss.319-335.
  • Khan, L., Arif, I. & Wagar, S. (2020). The Impact of Military Expenditure on External Dept: The Case of 35 Arms Importing Countries, Defence and Peace Economics, DOI: 10.180/10242694.2020.1723239.
  • Kinsella, D. (1990). Defence Spending and Economic Performance in The United States: A Causal Analysis, Defence Economics, 1:4, pp. 295-309, DOI: 10.180/10430719008404669.
  • Kitagawa, G. (2010). Introduction to Time Series Modeling, CRC Press, Taylor&Francis Group, ISBN:978-1-58488-921-2, USA.
  • Lütkepohl, H. ve Kratzig, M. (2004). Applied Time Series Econometrics, Cambridge University Press, ISBN-13: 978-0-511-21739-5 eBook, ISBN-10: 0-511-21739-0 eBook, NewYork.
  • Malizard, J. (2014). Defense Spending and Unemployment in France, Defence and Peace Economics, 25:6, pp.635-642, DOI: 10.1080/10242694.2013.857450.
  • Navarro, M.S.& Cabello, M.V. (2015). The Causal Relationship Between Military Spending and Unemployment in The EU15, Social Science Research Network, http://ssrn.com/abstract=255013.
  • Qiong, L.& Junhua, H. (2015). Military Expenditure and Unemployment in China, Procedia Economics and Finance, 30(2015), 498504.
  • Sarı, R. (2003). Kamu Harcamalarının Dünyada ve Türkiye’deki Gelişimi ve Türkiye’de Ulusal Gelir ile İlişkisi, İktisat, İşletme ve Finans, 18(209), ss.25-38.
  • Sarıkovanlık, V., Koy, A., Akkaya, M., Yıldırım, H. ve Kantar, L. (2019). Finans Biliminde Ekonometri Uygulamaları, Birinci Baskı, ISBN 978-975-02-5331-7, Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • Shahbaz, M., Shabbir, M.S. & Butt, M.S. (2016). Does Military Spending Explode External Dept in Pakistan? Defence and Peace Economics, pp.1-24, DOI: 10.180/10242694.2012.724878.
  • Starr, H., Hoole, F.W. & Freeman, J.R. (1984). The Relationship Between Defense Spending and Inflation, Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol.28, No.1, pp.103-122.
  • Stine, R. A. (1995). Graphical Interpretation of Variance Inflation Factors, The American Statistician, Vol.49, No.1 (Feb., 1995), pp. 53-56, Published by: American Statistical Association, Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2684812. Erişim Tarihi:08.04.2020.
  • Stock, J. H. ve Watson, M. W. (2008). Introduction to Econometrics, Pearson Addison Wesley, ISBN 0-321442539.
  • Tang, J.H., Lai, C.C. & Lin, E.S. (2009). Military Expenditure and Unemployment Rates: Granger Causality Tests Using Global Panel Data, Defence and Peace Economics, 20:4, pp. 253-267. DOI: 10.1080/10242690903105257.
  • Topal, M.H. (2018). Türkiye’de Askeri Harcama ve İşsizlik İlişkisi: Çoklu Yapısal Kırılmalar Altında Eşbütünleşme Analizi ve Zamanla Değişen Nedensellik, International Congress on Political, Economic and Social Studies (ICPESS), 28-30, June 2018, 139-158.
  • Üçler, G. (2017). Türkiye’de Savunma Harcamalarının İşsizlik Üzerine Etkisi:1980-2014 Dönemi İçin Ekonometrik Bir Analiz, Journal of Yaşar University, 12/46, 161-170.
  • Xu, Y., Su, C.W. & Tao, R. (2018). Is Defense Spending Inflationary? Time-frequency Evidence from China, Defence and Peace Economics, DOI: 10.180/10242694.2018.1457197, pp. 1-15.
  • Zhong, M., Chang, T., Tang, D.P.&Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2015). The Causal Nexus Between Military Spending and Unemployment in The G7: A Bootstrop Panel Causality Test, Defence and Peace Economics, DOI: 10.1080/10242694.2014.994835, pp.1-14.

Analysis of the Relationship Between Military Expenditures and External Dept, Inflation and Unemployment in Turkey by Multiple Linear Regression Method and VAR Method

Year 2022, Volume: 23 Issue: 1, 1 - 25, 30.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.53443/anadoluibfd.1006298

Abstract

The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between military expenditures and foreign dept, inflation and unemployment in Turkey. In this study, which covers the period of 1991-2019 and is carried out with annual data, the dependent variable is military expenditures, and the independent variables are included in the model as external dept, inflation and unemployment. In the study, Multiple Linear Regression analysis, VAR method and Granger Causality analysis were applied. As a result of Multiple Linear Regression analysis; It has been determined that there is a positive and statistically significant relationship between military expenditures and foreign dept in Turkey. As a result of VAR method and Granger causality analysis; It has been determined that the inflation rate is significant and effective on military expenditures, and there is a one-way Granger causality relationship running from the inflation rate variable to the military expenditures variable.

References

  • Abbas, S. & Wizarat, S. (2018). Military Expenditure and External Dept in South Asia: A Panel Data Analysis, Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, 24(3), pp.1-7.
  • Ahmed, A.D. (2012). Dept Burden, Military Spending and Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Dynamic Panel Data Analysis, Defence and Peace Economics, 23:5, 485-506, DOI: 10.180/10242694.2011.627163.
  • Aiyedogbon, J.O. & Ohwofasa, B. O. (2014). Impact of Military Expenditure on Inflation in Nigeria 1980-2012, Review of Arts and Humanities, Vol.3, No.2, pp. 01-17.
  • Asiloğulları, M. (2020). Türkiye’de Savunma Harcamalarının Enflasyon Üzerindeki Etkisi (1960-2017), Savunma Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt 19/1, Sayı 37, ISSN (Basılı):1303-6831, ISSN (Online): 2148-1776, ss.125-157.
  • Aydemir, A.F., Özdemir, D., Kabadayı, B. & Emsen, Ö.S. (2016). G20 Ülkelerinde İşsizlik ve Askeri Harcamalar Arasındaki İlişkiler, 7th International Conference of Eurasian Economies, 29-31 August, Kopasvar-Hungary, pp. 437-444.
  • Azam, M. & Feng, Y. (2015). Does Military Expenditure Increase External Dept? Evidence from Asia, Defence and Peace Economics, pp.1-18, DOI: 10.180/10242694.2015.1072371.
  • Barış, S. (2018). Are Defence Expenditures The Reasons of Foreign Depts in Turkey? Theoretical and Applied Economics, Volume XXV(2018), Spring, No.2(615), pp.205-220.
  • Benoit, E. (1978). Growth and Defense in Developing Countries, Economic Development and Cultural Change, The University of Chicago Press Journals, Vol.26, No.2, pp.271-280.
  • Bölükbaş, M. (2018). Kamu Büyüklüğü İşsizliğin ve Genç İşsizliğin Nedeni midir? Türkiye Örneği, Aydın İktisat Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 3, Sayı 2, ss.1-17.
  • Brooks, C. (2008). Introductory Econometrics for Finance, Second Edition, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0 521 79018 2 (hardback), ISBN 0 521 79367 X (paperback).
  • Gujarati D. N. (2004). Basic Econometrics. Student Solutions Manual for use with Basic Econometrics, McGraw-Hill, Fourth Edition, ISBN:0072427922, NewYork.
  • Gujarati, D. N. ve Porter, D. C. (2009). Basic Econometrics, The McGraw-Hill Companies , Inc., Fifth Edition, ISBN 978-0-07-337577-9, MHID 0-07-337577-2, NewYork.
  • Günana, T. (2004). The Relationship Between Defense Spending and Inflation: An Emprical Analysis for Turkey, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, The Department of Management Bilkent University.
  • Güriş, S., Akay, E. ve Güriş, B. (2017). EViews İle Temel Ekonometri, Üçüncü Basım, ISBN 978-975-353-480-2, DER Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Hung-Pin, L., Wong, T. L. & Yang, C. L. (2016). Further Causality Evidence on Arms Race, Inflation and Economic Growth, Economic Computation and Economic Cybernetics Studies and Research, Issue 2/2016, Vol.50, pp. 123-137.
  • İpek, E. (2014). Savunma Harcamalarının Seçilmiş Makroekonomik Değişkenler Üzerine Etkisi: ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı, Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt 14, Sayı 3, ss.113-126.
  • İpek, E. & Esener, S.Ç. (2014). Borçlanmayı Savunmak: Dış Borcun Bir Belirleyicisi Olarak Savunma Harcamaları, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 9(3), 69-74.
  • Jarque, C. M. ve Bera, A. K. (1980). Efficient Tests for Normality, Homoscedasticity and Serial Independence of Regression Residuals, North-Holland Publishing Company, Economics Letters 6(1980), 255-259.
  • Karagol, E. (2005). Defence Expenditures and External Dept in Turkey, Defence and Peace Economics, 16:2, 117-125, DOI: 10.180/10242690500070045.
  • Karagöz, K. (2018). Impact of Defence Expenditures on External Dept: An Econometric Analysis for Turkey and Turkic Republics, Theoretical and Applied Economics, Volume XXV(2018), No.1(614), Spring, pp.183-192.
  • Karakurt, B., Şentürk, S.H. & Şahingöz, B. (2020). Türkiye’de Savunma Harcmalar, Silah İthalatı ve Dış Borçlar Arasındaki İlişkinin Analizi: ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı, International Journal of Public Finance, Vol.5, No.2, pp.273-294, E-ISSN:2548-0499, DOI:10.30927/1jpf.824125.
  • Keyifli, N.& Akdede, S.H. (2020). Politik Kutuplaşma ve Devletin Ekonomik Boyutu, Sosyoekonomi, Vol.28(44), ss.319-335.
  • Khan, L., Arif, I. & Wagar, S. (2020). The Impact of Military Expenditure on External Dept: The Case of 35 Arms Importing Countries, Defence and Peace Economics, DOI: 10.180/10242694.2020.1723239.
  • Kinsella, D. (1990). Defence Spending and Economic Performance in The United States: A Causal Analysis, Defence Economics, 1:4, pp. 295-309, DOI: 10.180/10430719008404669.
  • Kitagawa, G. (2010). Introduction to Time Series Modeling, CRC Press, Taylor&Francis Group, ISBN:978-1-58488-921-2, USA.
  • Lütkepohl, H. ve Kratzig, M. (2004). Applied Time Series Econometrics, Cambridge University Press, ISBN-13: 978-0-511-21739-5 eBook, ISBN-10: 0-511-21739-0 eBook, NewYork.
  • Malizard, J. (2014). Defense Spending and Unemployment in France, Defence and Peace Economics, 25:6, pp.635-642, DOI: 10.1080/10242694.2013.857450.
  • Navarro, M.S.& Cabello, M.V. (2015). The Causal Relationship Between Military Spending and Unemployment in The EU15, Social Science Research Network, http://ssrn.com/abstract=255013.
  • Qiong, L.& Junhua, H. (2015). Military Expenditure and Unemployment in China, Procedia Economics and Finance, 30(2015), 498504.
  • Sarı, R. (2003). Kamu Harcamalarının Dünyada ve Türkiye’deki Gelişimi ve Türkiye’de Ulusal Gelir ile İlişkisi, İktisat, İşletme ve Finans, 18(209), ss.25-38.
  • Sarıkovanlık, V., Koy, A., Akkaya, M., Yıldırım, H. ve Kantar, L. (2019). Finans Biliminde Ekonometri Uygulamaları, Birinci Baskı, ISBN 978-975-02-5331-7, Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • Shahbaz, M., Shabbir, M.S. & Butt, M.S. (2016). Does Military Spending Explode External Dept in Pakistan? Defence and Peace Economics, pp.1-24, DOI: 10.180/10242694.2012.724878.
  • Starr, H., Hoole, F.W. & Freeman, J.R. (1984). The Relationship Between Defense Spending and Inflation, Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol.28, No.1, pp.103-122.
  • Stine, R. A. (1995). Graphical Interpretation of Variance Inflation Factors, The American Statistician, Vol.49, No.1 (Feb., 1995), pp. 53-56, Published by: American Statistical Association, Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2684812. Erişim Tarihi:08.04.2020.
  • Stock, J. H. ve Watson, M. W. (2008). Introduction to Econometrics, Pearson Addison Wesley, ISBN 0-321442539.
  • Tang, J.H., Lai, C.C. & Lin, E.S. (2009). Military Expenditure and Unemployment Rates: Granger Causality Tests Using Global Panel Data, Defence and Peace Economics, 20:4, pp. 253-267. DOI: 10.1080/10242690903105257.
  • Topal, M.H. (2018). Türkiye’de Askeri Harcama ve İşsizlik İlişkisi: Çoklu Yapısal Kırılmalar Altında Eşbütünleşme Analizi ve Zamanla Değişen Nedensellik, International Congress on Political, Economic and Social Studies (ICPESS), 28-30, June 2018, 139-158.
  • Üçler, G. (2017). Türkiye’de Savunma Harcamalarının İşsizlik Üzerine Etkisi:1980-2014 Dönemi İçin Ekonometrik Bir Analiz, Journal of Yaşar University, 12/46, 161-170.
  • Xu, Y., Su, C.W. & Tao, R. (2018). Is Defense Spending Inflationary? Time-frequency Evidence from China, Defence and Peace Economics, DOI: 10.180/10242694.2018.1457197, pp. 1-15.
  • Zhong, M., Chang, T., Tang, D.P.&Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2015). The Causal Nexus Between Military Spending and Unemployment in The G7: A Bootstrop Panel Causality Test, Defence and Peace Economics, DOI: 10.1080/10242694.2014.994835, pp.1-14.
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Finance
Journal Section Araştırma Makalesileri
Authors

Deniz İşler 0000-0001-8569-4547

Publication Date March 30, 2022
Submission Date October 8, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 23 Issue: 1

Cite

APA İşler, D. (2022). Türkiye’de Askeri Harcamalar ile Dış Borç, Enflasyon ve İşsizlik Arasındaki İlişkinin Çoklu Doğrusal Regresyon Yöntemi ve Var Yöntem ile Analizi. Anadolu Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(1), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.53443/anadoluibfd.1006298


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