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Birleşik Krallık'ta Yatak Odası Vergisi Uygulaması Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

Year 2022, Volume: 23 Issue: 1, 54 - 73, 30.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.53443/anadoluibfd.1029567

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Birleşik Krallık’ta uygulanan yatak odası vergisini ve yarattığı toplumsal sonuçları, konuya ilişkin temel tartışmaları ele alarak değerlendirmektir. Yatak odası vergisi, esasen konut yardımlarında meydana gelen bir kesintiyi ifade etmekte, kamuoyunda ise vergi olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Dolayısıyla, çalışma öncelikle Birleşik Krallık’ta konut yardımlarının tarihsel seyrini, devletin müdahalesinin aldığı farklı biçimleri dikkate alarak başlamıştır. Devletin konut sektörüne müdahale biçimindeki değişim konut sektörünün piyasalaşmasını sağlarken, bu müdahale 1980 ve 2007/2008 krizi sonrasında farklı biçimler almıştır. Devletin konut arzından çekilip, konut yardımlarına yönelmesi konut sektörünün özel sektör lehine gelişmesine neden olmuştur. 2007/2008 krizi sonrasında konut yardımlarında önemli kısıntılara gidilmiş, bu süreç de konut sektöründe farklı piyasa alanlarının yaratılmasına vesile olmuştur. Yatak odası vergisi ile devlet sosyal konutlarda, engelli, hasta, genç, çocuk, yetişkin, öğrenci, evli, boşanmış, kimin hangi odada ne şartlarda kalma hakkına sahip olabileceğini tariflemiş, geliştirdiği refah devleti karşıtı söylem ile de yatak odası vergisini yoksulluğu cezalandırmanın bir aracı olarak kullanmıştır. Yatak odası vergisi yoksulluk, açlık, mental sorunlar ve intiharlara varan trajik toplumsal sonuçları tetiklemiştir, devletin yarattığı refah harcaması karşıtı söylem sosyal konut kiracılarını suçluluk ve utanç gibi duygulara sürüklemiştir. Sonuç olarak yazı yatak odası vergisini inceleyerek devletin kamu maliyesinin araçlarını kullanarak toplumsal hayat üzerinde yarattığı derin ve çok boyutlu etkiyi vurgulamaya çalışmıştır.

References

  • Butteworth J. ve Burton J. (2013). Equality, Human Rights and the Public Service Spending Cuts: Do UK Welfare Cuts Violate the Equal Right to Social Security?https://www.equalrightstrust.org/ertdocumentbank/Jonathan%20Butterworth%20and%20Jamie%20Burton%20ERR11.pdf.
  • Carr, P. H. ve Cowan D. (2014). The Social Tenant, the Law and the UK’s Politics of Austerity, Oñati Socio-Legal Series, 5(1), s. 73–89. https://www.opo.iisj.net/index.php/osls/article/view/372.
  • Cooper V. ve Paton K. (2021). Accumulation by repossession: the political economy of evictions under austerity, Urban Geography, 42(5), s.583-602.
  • England.shelter.og (2021). The story of social housing, https://england.shelter.org.uk/support_us/campaigns/story_of_social_housing. Gov.uk ( 2021a). Eligibility, https://www.gov.uk/housing-benefit
  • Gov.uk ( 2021b).What you'll get, https://www.gov.uk/housing-benefit/what-youll-get
  • Gov.uk (2021c). Live tables on dwelling stock, https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/live-tables-on-dwelling-stock-including-vacants.
  • Greenstein, A., Burman E., Kalambouka A. ve Sapin K. (2016). Construction and deconstruction of ‘family’ by the ‘bedroom tax’, Br. Politics, 11,s. 508–525.
  • Guardian (2014). Woman worried about bedroom tax killed herself, coroner finds, https://www.theguardian.com/society/2014/aug/12/stephanie-bottrill-worried-bedroom-tax-committed-suicide-coroner.
  • Hickman, P. P., Kemp A., Reeve K. ve & Wilson I. (2017). The impact of the direct payment of housing benefit: evidence from Great Britain, Housing Studies, 32(8), s.1105-1126. Meers, J. (2017). The bedroom tax in the Supreme Court: implications of the judgment, Journal of Poverty and Social Justice, 25(2), s.181–87.
  • Moffatt, S, Lawson S., Patterson R., Holding E., Dennison A., Sowden S. ve Brown J. (2015). Impact of the Bedroom Tax in Walker: qualitative interview study and assessment of the Your Homes Newcastle pilot intervention, https://www.newcastle.gov.uk/sites/default/files/impact_of_the_bedroom_tax_in_walker.pdf.
  • National Housing Federation (2021). The history of housing associations, https://www.housing.org.uk/about-housing-associations/the-history-of-housing-associations/.
  • Priemus H. ve Kemp P.A. (2004). The present and future of income‐related housing support: debates in Britain and the Netherlands, Housing Studies, 19(4), s. 653-668.
  • Stephens M. (2005). An Assessment of the British Housing Benefit System, European Journal of Housing Policy, 5(2),s. 111-129.
  • Türk, İ. (2015).Kamu Maliyesi, Turhan Yayınevi: Ankara.
  • Unison (2013). Housing benefit changes and the “bedroom tax”, https://www.unison.org.uk/content/uploads/2013/07/Briefings-and-CircularsUNISON-welfare-reform-4-bedroom-tax2.pdf.
  • Wood J.W. (2018). The integrating role of private home ownership and mortgage credit in British neoliberalism, Housing Studies, 33 (7), 993-1013.

A Study of the Bedroom Tax in the United Kingdom

Year 2022, Volume: 23 Issue: 1, 54 - 73, 30.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.53443/anadoluibfd.1029567

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to assess the UK's bedroom tax and its social consequences by addressing the major debates on the subject. The bedroom tax is a deduction from housing benefits that is frequently referred to as a tax. As a result, the study focused on the historical development of housing benefits in the United Kingdom, taking into account the various forms of government intervention. The shift in government intervention in the housing sector resulted in the marketization of the sector, this intervention took on new forms following the 1980 and 2007/2008 crises. Withdrawal of the state from housing supply and reliance on housing aids resulted in a development of the housing sector that favored the private sector. Following the 2007/2008 financial crisis, significant cuts were made to housing benefits, resulting in the emergence of distinct market segments in the housing sector. The bedroom tax defined who has the right to stay in which room and under what conditions for the disabled, sick, young, child, adult, student, married, and divorced. The bedroom tax has resulted in tragic social consequences such as poverty, hunger, mental health problems, and suicides. The anti-welfare spending discourse has instilled guilt and shame in social housing tenants. In conclusion, by examining the bedroom tax, the article attempted to demonstrate the state's profound and multifaceted impact on social life through the lens of public finance.

References

  • Butteworth J. ve Burton J. (2013). Equality, Human Rights and the Public Service Spending Cuts: Do UK Welfare Cuts Violate the Equal Right to Social Security?https://www.equalrightstrust.org/ertdocumentbank/Jonathan%20Butterworth%20and%20Jamie%20Burton%20ERR11.pdf.
  • Carr, P. H. ve Cowan D. (2014). The Social Tenant, the Law and the UK’s Politics of Austerity, Oñati Socio-Legal Series, 5(1), s. 73–89. https://www.opo.iisj.net/index.php/osls/article/view/372.
  • Cooper V. ve Paton K. (2021). Accumulation by repossession: the political economy of evictions under austerity, Urban Geography, 42(5), s.583-602.
  • England.shelter.og (2021). The story of social housing, https://england.shelter.org.uk/support_us/campaigns/story_of_social_housing. Gov.uk ( 2021a). Eligibility, https://www.gov.uk/housing-benefit
  • Gov.uk ( 2021b).What you'll get, https://www.gov.uk/housing-benefit/what-youll-get
  • Gov.uk (2021c). Live tables on dwelling stock, https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/live-tables-on-dwelling-stock-including-vacants.
  • Greenstein, A., Burman E., Kalambouka A. ve Sapin K. (2016). Construction and deconstruction of ‘family’ by the ‘bedroom tax’, Br. Politics, 11,s. 508–525.
  • Guardian (2014). Woman worried about bedroom tax killed herself, coroner finds, https://www.theguardian.com/society/2014/aug/12/stephanie-bottrill-worried-bedroom-tax-committed-suicide-coroner.
  • Hickman, P. P., Kemp A., Reeve K. ve & Wilson I. (2017). The impact of the direct payment of housing benefit: evidence from Great Britain, Housing Studies, 32(8), s.1105-1126. Meers, J. (2017). The bedroom tax in the Supreme Court: implications of the judgment, Journal of Poverty and Social Justice, 25(2), s.181–87.
  • Moffatt, S, Lawson S., Patterson R., Holding E., Dennison A., Sowden S. ve Brown J. (2015). Impact of the Bedroom Tax in Walker: qualitative interview study and assessment of the Your Homes Newcastle pilot intervention, https://www.newcastle.gov.uk/sites/default/files/impact_of_the_bedroom_tax_in_walker.pdf.
  • National Housing Federation (2021). The history of housing associations, https://www.housing.org.uk/about-housing-associations/the-history-of-housing-associations/.
  • Priemus H. ve Kemp P.A. (2004). The present and future of income‐related housing support: debates in Britain and the Netherlands, Housing Studies, 19(4), s. 653-668.
  • Stephens M. (2005). An Assessment of the British Housing Benefit System, European Journal of Housing Policy, 5(2),s. 111-129.
  • Türk, İ. (2015).Kamu Maliyesi, Turhan Yayınevi: Ankara.
  • Unison (2013). Housing benefit changes and the “bedroom tax”, https://www.unison.org.uk/content/uploads/2013/07/Briefings-and-CircularsUNISON-welfare-reform-4-bedroom-tax2.pdf.
  • Wood J.W. (2018). The integrating role of private home ownership and mortgage credit in British neoliberalism, Housing Studies, 33 (7), 993-1013.
There are 16 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Araştırma Makalesileri
Authors

Zeynep Ağdemir 0000-0001-8569-2672

Publication Date March 30, 2022
Submission Date November 28, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 23 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Ağdemir, Z. (2022). Birleşik Krallık’ta Yatak Odası Vergisi Uygulaması Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Anadolu Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(1), 54-73. https://doi.org/10.53443/anadoluibfd.1029567


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