RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEM AND DEMOCRACY IN LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES - DIFFERENT WINES IN THE SAME GLASS
Year 2022,
Volume: 23 Issue: 3, 324 - 345, 30.09.2022
Yaşar Pınar Özmen
,
Furkan Yaman
Abstract
The negative effect of presidential systems on democracy has been the subject of discussion for a long time. In Latin American countries it is common for presidents to usurp some of the legislative and judicial powers and to use their powers in a way that prevents them from functioning properly. The aim of this is to reveal what kind of effect the presidential system applied in Latin America has on democracy levels through four countries -El Salvador, Uruguay, Mexico and Brazil-. In the study, the data of The Economist magazine and the Polity project were used for the evaluation of democracy and political system, and the crises related to the political system in the countries were examined. Political-institutional crises are generally discussed in the study and it is concluded that the proposition that the presidential system is one of the main problems for Latin American democracy is not consistent enough.
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LATİN AMERİKA ÜLKELERİNDE BAŞKANLIK SİSTEMİ VE DEMOKRASİ İLİŞKİSİ – AYNI KADEHTE FARKLI ŞARAPLAR
Year 2022,
Volume: 23 Issue: 3, 324 - 345, 30.09.2022
Yaşar Pınar Özmen
,
Furkan Yaman
Abstract
Latin Amerika ülkeleri örneği üzerinden başkanlık sistemlerinin demokrasi üzerinde olumsuz etkisi uzun süre tartışma konusu olmuştur. Sistemsel krizlerin çok sık yaşandığı Latin Amerika ülkelerinde, başkanların yasama ve yargının yetkilerinin bir kısmını gasp etmesi ve bu erklerin düzgün çalışmasını engelleyecek şekilde yetkilerini kullanması yaygın olarak gözlenmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı Latin Amerika’da uygulanan başkanlık sisteminin demokrasi düzeylerine ne tür bir etkide bulunduğunu ortaya çıkarmaktır. Latin Amerika ve Karayipler bölgesinden dört ülke -El Salvador, Uruguay, Meksika ve Brezilya- seçilerek başkanlık sistemlerinin işleyişi ve demokrasi göstergeleri karşılaştırılmıştır. Siyasal sistemi işlenmez kılan birçok etken olmasına rağmen çalışmada genel olarak siyasal kurumsal nedenlerden çıkan krizler ele alınmış ve başkanlık sisteminin Latin Amerika demokrasisi için başlıca sorunlardan biri olduğu önermesinin yeterince tutarlı olmadığı sonucuna varılmıştır.
References
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- Altman, D. (2001). The politics of coalition formation and survival in multiparty presidential regimes. Party Politics, 6(3), 259–283.
- Azpuru, D. (2010). The salience of ideology: fifteen years of presidential elections in El Salvador. Latin American Politics and Society, 52(2), 103-138.
- Álvarez, M. E., & Marsteintredet, L. (2010). Presidential and democratic breakdowns in Latin America: Similar causes, different outcomes. M. Llanos, & L. Marsteintredet (Editörler), Presidential Breakdowns in Latin America içinde (s. 33-52). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Aydoğdu, Y. (2014). Kolejyal yürütme uygulamaları: 1960 Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti ve Uruguay örneği. Uyuşmazlık Mahkemesi Dergisi, (4), 93-113
- Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes. (t.y.). https://www.cervantesvirtual.com/: https://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/doctrina-del-libertador--0/html/ff6f5f94-82b1-11df-acc7-002185ce6064_29.html (Erişim Tarihi: 2 Temmuz 2022).
- Brazil de Fato. (7 Temmuz 2022). Lula podría ganar en primera vuelta si las elecciones fueran hoy, según encuestas. Brazil de Fato.
- https://www.brasildefato.com.br/2022/07/07/lula-podria-ganar-en-primera-vuelta-si-las-elecciones-fueran-hoy-segun-encuestas (Erişim tarihi: 20 Temmuz 2022).
- Campbell, D. F. (2008). The basic concept for the democracy ranking of the quality of democracy. Wien: Social Science Open Access Repository (SSOAR).
- Cruz, J. M. (1998). Elecciones y pensamiento social: opinión pública en los comicios 97. H. D. Hirezi (Editör), Las elecciones de 1997: Un Paseo más en la transición içinde (s. 79-158). San Salvador: FLASCO.
- Dahl, R. A. (1971) Polyarchy: participation and opposition. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
- Dahl, R. A. (2010). Demokrasi üzerine. (Çev: B. Kadıoğlu). Ankara: Phoenix. (Eserin orijinali 1998’de yayımlandı).
- Election Guide (2011). Election guide-democracy assistance and election news. https://www.electionguide.org/elections/id/1293/ (Erişim tarihi: 17 Temmuz 2022).
- Espindola, R. (2002). Political parties and democratization in the Southern Cone of Latin America. Democratization, 9(3), 109–130.
- Freedom House. (2022). Freedom in the world: Comparative and historical data files https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world (Erişim tarihi: 04.07.2022).
- Hellinger, D. C. (2015). Comparative politics. New York: Routledge.
- Idea. (2021a). Institute for democracy and electoral assistance. https://www.idea.int/data-tools/country-view/273/40 (Erişim tarihi: 12 Temmuz 2022).
- Idea. (2021b). Institute for democracy and electoral assistance. https://www.idea.int/data-tools/country-view/296/40 (Erişim tarihi: 12 Temmuz 2022).
- Latin News. (15 Şubat 2022). Mexico Lopez Obrador's Son Sparks More Corruption. Latin News. https://www.latinnews.com/component/k2/item/91700.html?period=2022&archive=3&Itemid=6&cat_id=827503:mexico-lopez-obrador-s-son-sparks-more-corruption-concerns#loginlogout_form (Erişim tarihi: 16 Temmuz 2022).
- Linz, J. J. (1994). Presidential or parliamentary democracy: does it make a difference? J. J. Linz, & A. Valenzuela (Editörler), The Failure of Presidential Democracy içinde (s. 3-87). Baltimore: MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Lipset, S. M., & Rokkan, S. (1967). Cleavage structures, party systems, and voter alignments. Free Press, 1-64.
- Llanos, M., & Marsteintredet, L. (2010). Presidential breakdowns in Latin America. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Made, T. A. (2010). A brief history of Brazil. New York: Union College.
- Mainwaring, S. (1990). Presidentialism in Latin America. Latin American Research Review, 25(1), 157-179.
- Mill, J.S. (1843) A system of logic, London: Longman.
- O’Neil, P. H., Fields, K., & Share, D. (2018). Cases in Comperative Politics. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
- Özmen, Y. P. (2019). hükümet sistemlerinin sosyoekonomik göstergelere göre karşılaştırılması: Latin Amerika, Asya ve Doğu Avrupa Ülkeleri. Ankara: İmaj.
- Perfil. (26 Haziran 2022). El presidente de Ecuador se enfrenta a la oposición en un juicio político. Perfil. https://www.perfil.com/noticias/bloomberg/bc-presidente-ecuador-se-enfrenta-a-oposicion-en-juicio-politico.phtml (Erişim tarihi: 12 Temmuz 2022).
- Polity5 (2018). Polity5: Regime authority characteristics and transitions datasets (Polity5d Polity-Case Format, 1800-2018). Vienna: Center for Systemic Peace.
- Polity5 (2022). Polity5. Center for systemic peace-integrated network for societal conflict research: INSCR. https://www.systemicpeace.org/polityproject.html (Erişim tarihi:3 Temmuz 2022).
- Przeworski, A. (2009). The mechanics of regime instability in Latin America. Journal of Politics in Latin America, 1(1), 5-36.
- Reuters (13 Kasım 2019). Brazil's Bolsonaro to quit divided PSL party, found new one. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-politics-idUSKBN1XM2NV (Erişim tarihi: 1 Temmuz 2022).
- Szwarcberg, M. (2014). Political parties and rallies in Latin America. Party Politics, 20(3), 456-466.
- The Economist (2021). Democracy Index 2020: In sickness and in health?: The Economist Intelligence Unit (The EIU).
- The Economist (2022). Democracy Index 2021: The China challenge. The Economist Intelligence Unit (The EIU).
- The Economist (9 Şubat 2022). A new low for global democracy. The Economist. https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2022/02/09/a-new-low-for-global-democracy (Erişim tarihi: 1 Temmuz 2022).
- Todd, W. (1969). Analytical Solipsism. The Hague: Springer Netherland.
- UN News. (2022, Nisan 5). El Salvador: Response to the rise in gang killings ‘cruel and inhuman’. UK News. https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/04/1115562 (Erişim tarihi: 17 Temmuz 2022).
- Vanhanen, T. (2018). FSD1289 measures of democracy 1810-2018 Version 8.0 (2019-06-17). Finnish Social Science Data Archive.
https://services.fsd.tuni.fi/catalogue/FSD1289?tab=download&lang=en&study_language=en, https://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:fsd:T-FSD1289 (Erişim tarihi: 4 Temmuz 2022).
- Wood, E. J. (2012). Challenges to Political Democracy. F. Hagopian, & S. P. Mainwaring (Editörler), The Third Wave of Democratization in Latin America içinde (s. 179-201), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.