Mikrobiyota, prebiyotik ve probiyotikler

Year 2019, Volume: 1 Issue: 3, 68 - 71, 01.07.2019

Eylem Karatay

https://doi.org/10.38053/agtd.529392

Cited By: 6

Abstract

İnsan gastrointestinal sisteminde
bulunan bakterilerin çeşitli hastalıkların patogenezinde ve tedavisinde rol
aldığı son yıllarda ortaya çıkmış. Vücudumuzda
yaşayan mikroorganizmaların tamamına mikrobiyota, insanlarla kommensal olarak
yaşayan mikroorganizların taşıdıkları genoma mikrobiyom adı verilmektedir.
İnsan vücudunun
sağlıklı bir yaşam sürdürebilmesi için sağlıklı bir gastrointestinal sisteme
sahip olması gerekmektedir. Bunun sağlanması da intestinal mikroflora ile
olmaktadır. Bağırsağın yararlı mikroflorasını güçlendirmek için probiyotik,
prebiyotik ve sinbiyotikler gibi gıda katkı maddeleri kullanılmaktadır.Mikrobiyotaki
bakteriler belirli bir oranda yararlı ve zararlı bakterileri içerir. Yararlı
/zararlı bakteri oranı azaldığında “mikrobiyal disbiyozis” adını verdiğimiz
patolojik bir süreç başlar. Mikrobiyal disbiyozis süreci
ile  gastrointestinal hastalılardan
enflamatuvar bağırsak hastalığı, kolon - gastrik kanser çölyak hastalığı ile
ilişkilendirilirken ,extraintestinal hastalılardan da alerji ,obezite,
Parkinson hastalığı,  diyabet ve
kardiyovasküler hastalıklar gibi birçok hastalık da  ilişkilidir. Mikrobiyota
manipülasyona dayanan müdahaleler, sindirim sistemi içinde ve dışında birçok
kronik durum için kullanımı giderek 
yaygınlaşmakta ve gelecek için umut vercidir.

Keywords

Mikrobiyota, prebiyotik, probiyotik

Microbiota, probiotic and prebiotics

Abstract

It has
emerged in recent years that bacteria in the human gastrointestinal tract have
been involved in the pathogenesis and treatment of various diseases.

Microbiota includes all special species while
microbiome includes genes of microorganisms which live commensally with human.The
human body must have a healthy gastrointestinal system to maintain a healthy
life. This is achieved by intestinal microflora. Food additives such as
probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics are used to strengthen the beneficial
microflora of the intestine. Microbial dysbiosis, described as the decrease of
useful bacteria and the increase of harmful bacteria, has been associated with
colon –gastric cancer, celiac disease and many extraintestinal diseases such as
allergy, obesity, Parkinson disease, Diabetes Mellitus and cardiovascular
diseases. Differences in intestinal microbiota
composition are detected in many cases like diabetes, allergy, autism, obesity,
gastric cancer, hypertension and autoimmune diseases. Healthy diet
recommendations, including prebiotic and probiotic foods and the use of
probiotic agents, look promising for future treatment of gastrointestinal ve
extraintestinal diseases. Interventions based on
microbiota manipulation are becoming increasingly widespread for many chronic
conditions and are promising for the future.

Keywords

Microbiota, prebiotic, probiotic

References

• 1.Belkaid Y, Hand TW. Role of the microbiota in immunity and inflammation. Cell 2014;157:121-41.
• 2. Tuğ A, Hancı İH, Balseven A. İnsan genom projesi: Umut mu, kabus mu?. Sürekli Tıp Eğitimi Dergisi .2002; 11: 56-57.
• 3. Whitman WB, Coleman DC, Wiebe WJ. Prokaryotes: the unseen majority. Proc Natl Acad Sci .1998; 95: 6578-6583.
• 4. Chow J, Lee SM, Shen Y, Khosravi A, Mazmanian SK. Host bacterial symbiosis in health and disease. Adv Immunol. 2010; 107: 243-274.
• 5. Dominguez-Bello MG, Costello EK, Contreras M, et al. Delivery mode shapes the acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota cross multiple body habitats in newborns. Proc Natl Acad Sci. . 2010; 107: 11971-11975.
• 6. Wall R, Ross RP, Ryan CA, et al. Role of gut microbiota in early infant development. Clin Med Pediatr. 2009; 3: 45-54.
• 7. Yatsunenko T, Rey FE, Manary MJ, et al. Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography. Nature .2012; 486: 222-227.
• 8. Penders J, Thijs C, Vink C, et al. Factors influencing the composition of the intestinal microbiota in early infancy. Pediatrics .2006; 118: 511-521.
• 9. Mariat D, Firmesse O, Levenez F, et al. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio of the human microbiota changes with age. BMC Microbiol .2009; 9: 123.
• 10. Claesson MJ, Cusack S, O'Sullivan O, et al. Composition, variability, and temporal stability of the intestinal microbiota of the elderly. Proc Natl Acad Sci . 2011; 108: 4586-4591.
• 11. Ley RE, Hamady M, Lozupone C, et al. Evolution of mammals and their gut microbes. Science .2008; 320: 1647-1651.
• 12. Muegge BD, Kuczynski J, Knights D, et al. Diet drives convergence in gut microbiome functions across mammalian phylogeny and within humans. Science 2011; 332: 970-974.
• 13. Dethlefsen L, Huse S, Sogin ML, Relman DA. The pervasive effects of an antibiotic on the human gut microbiota, as revealed by deep 16S rRNA sequencing. Plos Biol .2008; 6: 280.
• 14. Jernberg C, Löfmark S, Edlund C, Jansson JK. Long-term ecological impacts of antibiotic administration on the human intestinal microbiota. ISME J. 2007; 1: 56-66.
• 15. Sullivan A, Edlund C, Nord CE. Effect of antimicrobial agents on the ecological balance of human microflora. Lancet Infect Dis. 2001; 1: 101-114.
• 16. Sommer, MO, Dantas G, Church GM. Functional characterization of the antibiotic resistance resistance reservoir in the human microflora. Science. 2009 Aug 28;325(5944):1128-1131
• 17.Yıldırım AE, Altun R. Obezite ve mikrobiyota. Güncel Gastroenterol Derg .2014; 18: 106-111
• 18.Iacono A, Raso GM, Canani RB, Calignano A, Meli R. Probiotics as an emerging therapeutic strategy to treat NAFLD: focus on molecular and biochemical mechanisms. J Nutr Biochem .2011; 22: 699-711.
• 19.Vrieze A, Holleman F, Zoetendal EG, de Vos WM, Hoekstra JB, Nieuwdorp M. The environment within: how gut microbiota may influence metabolism and body composition. Diabetologia .2010; 53: 606-613
• 20.Björkstén B, Sepp E, Julge K, Voor T, Mikelsaar M. Allergy development and the intestinal microflora during the first year of life. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 108: 516-520
• 21.Finegold SM, Molitoris D, Song Y, et al. Gastrointestinal microflora studies in late-onset autism. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35: 6-16.
• 22.Rastall, R, Gibson GR, Gill HS et al. Modulation of the microbial ecology of the human colon by probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics to enchence human health: An overview of enabling science and potential applications. FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 2005; (52): 145-152.
• 23.Zubillaga M, Weill R, Postaire E, Goldman C, Car R, Boccio J. Effects of probiotics and functional foods and their use in different diseases. Nutr. Res. 2001; (21): 569-578.
• 24.Ouwehand AC, Kirjavainen PV, Shortt C, Salminen S. Probiotics: mechanisms and established effects. Int. Dairy J. 1999;(9), 43-52.
• 25.Heyman M, Menard S. Probiotic microorganisms how they affect intestinal patophysiology. Cell Mol. Life Sci.2002; (59): 1151.
• 26.Isolauri E. Probiotics for infectious diarrhoea. Gut 2003;52(3):436-7.
• 27.Madsen K. Probiotics and the immune response. J Clin Gastroenterol 2006;40(3):232-4.
• 28.Kuisma J, Mentula S, Jarvinen H, Kahri A, Saxelin M, Farkkila M. Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG on ieal pouch inflammation and microbial flora. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2003;(17): 509-515.
• 29. Kopp-Hoolihan L. Prophylactic and therapeutic uses of probiotics: a review. J Am Diet Assoc. 2001;101(2):229-41
• 30.Saggioro A. Probiotics in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. J Clin Gastroenterol 2004;38(6):104-6.
• 31. Seki E, Schnabl B. Role of innate immunity and the microbiota in liver fibrosis: crosstalk between the liver and gut. J Physiol. 2012; 590: 447-458.
• 32. Borody TJ, Campbell J. Fecal microbiota transplantation: techniques, applications, and issues. Gastroenterol Clin North Am .2012; 41: 781-80