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Ukraine’s Orange Revolution and Foreign Policy of U.S.

Year 2020, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 513 - 521, 16.03.2020
https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.633228

Abstract

Following the 2004 presidential elections in Ukraine, people took streets in what is to be known as the Orange Revolution. The non-violent series of protests ensured fair and transparent elections and the transition of power from Leonid Kuchma to Viktor Yushchenko. The events that preceded the Orange Revolution and the protests themselves came under the international spotlight, setting an example of a nation that pursues democratic trajectory. This paper looks into the Orange Revolution with a particular emphasis on the U.S.’ relations with Ukraine throughout that period.

References

  • Aarons, B. (1972). Marxist theories of revolution, Australian Left Review, March 1972.
  • Aristotle (350 B.C.E). Politics, Book Five, Retrieved 22 July 2019, from http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/politics.5.five.html
  • Beissinger, M. R. (2011). Mechanism of Maidan: The structure of Contingency in the Making of the Orange Revolution, An International Journal, 16(1).
  • Bunce, V. and S. Wolchik (2006). Favorable Conditions and Electoral Revolutions, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 17, No. 4.
  • Chenoweth, E. and Maria J. Stephan, Why Civil Resistance Works, the Strategic Logic of Nonviolent Conflict, Columbia University Press, New York.
  • Davies, J. C. (1962). Toward a Theory of Revolution, American Sociological Review, Vol.27, No. 1.
  • De Tocqueville, A. (1955), The Old Regime and the French Revolution, New York: Doubleday.
  • Dubovyk, V. (2006), U.S.-Ukraine relations, The Long Road to Strategic Partnership, PONARS Policy Memo No.424, Retrieved 25 July 2019, from http://www.ponarseurasia.org/sites/default/files/policy-memos-pdf/pm_0424.pdf
  • EU-Ukraine Action Plan, European Council, Retrieved 30 July 2019, from https://library.euneighbours.eu//content/eu-ukraine-action-plan-0
  • European Parliament resolution on Ukraine, European Parliment, 2 December 2004, Retrieved 18 July 2019, from http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&reference=P6-TA-2004-0074&language=EN
  • Franklin, J. (2005). Ukraine: Presidential Elections 2004, NORDEM Report 06/2005, Retrieved 22 July 2019, from https://www.jus.uio.no/smr/english/about/programmes/nordem/publications/2005/0605.pdf
  • Fraser, D. (2006). Taking Ukraine Seriously: Western and Russian Responses to the Orange Revolution, Centre for Global Studies.
  • Gromadzki, G. and O. Sushko (2005). Between contentment and disillusionment, EU-Ukraine relations a year after the Orange Revolution, Stefan Batory Foundation, Retrieved 30 July 2019, from http://www.batory.org.pl/doc/ue-ukraine.pdf
  • Hale, H. E. (2006). Regime Cycles: Democracy, Autocracy, and Revolution in Post-Soviet Eurasia, World Politics, Volume 58, Issue 1.
  • Hard, G. P. (2005). Russia and the „Orange Revolution“: Response, Rhetoric, Reality?, The Quarterly Journal, Summer 2005.
  • Hartel, A. et al. (2010). Russian-Ukrainian relations, Russian analytical digest, No. 75, March 2010, Retrieved 28 July 2019, from https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/bitstream/handle/20.500.11850/26204/eth-2207-01.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
  • Hatton, D. (2010). Did the Orange Revolution change Ukraine’s geopolitical position regarding Russia and the west?, POLIS Journal, Vol.3, Winter 2010.
  • Karatnycky, A (2005). Ukraine’s Orange Revolution, Foreign Affairs, V. 84, N.2. (Mar. – Apr., 2005), pp. 35-52.
  • Kempe, I. and I. Solonenko (2005). International Orientation and Foreign Support, in Helmut Kurth and Iris Kempe (eds), Presidential Election and Orange Revolution, Implications for Ukraine's Transition, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Regional Office Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova.
  • Kinross, Lord. (2017). Bir Milletin Doğuşu, 30th Edition, İstanbul: Altın Kitaplar.
  • Kireev, A. (2007). Ukraine. Presidential Election 2004, Electoral Geography 2.0, Retrieved 22 July 2019, from https://www.electoralgeography.com/new/en/countries/u/ukraine/ukraine-presidential-election-2004.html
  • Koranke, D. (2017). A High Stakes Gamble: U.S. Assistance for Ukraine’s Pro-Democracy Movements, Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 71, No.1, The Democracy Issue, (Fall/Winter 2017), pp. 187-194.
  • Kulikov, Y. (2005). EU foreign policy boss opens door to Ukraine, Reuters (22 January 2005), Retrieved 17 July 2019, from https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/eu-foreign-policy-boss-opens-door-to-ukraine.101423
  • Kuzio, T. (2012). Ukraine’s relations with the West since the Orange revolution, European Security, Vol.21, No.3, September 2012.
  • Kuzio, T. (2007). Oligarchs, Tapes and Oranges: ˈKuchmagateˈ to the Orange Revolution, Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, Vol.23, No.1.
  • Kuzio, T. (2005). Russian Policy toward Ukraine during Elections, Demokratizatsiya, The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization.
  • Kuzio, T. (2003). Ukraine’s Relations with the West: Disinterest, Partnership, Disillusionment, European Security, Vol. 12, No.2, Summer 2003. Lane, D. and S.White (ed.) (2010). Rethinking the ˈColoured Revolutionsˈ, Routledge.
  • Lane, D. (2009). ˈColoured Revolutionˈ as a Political Phenomenon, Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, Vol.25, No. 2-3.
  • McFaul, M. (2006). Importing Revolution: Internal and External Factors in Ukraine's 2004 Democratic Breakthrough, Center on Democracy, Development and The Rule of Law (CDDRL) Working Papers Number 59, Retrieved 28 July 2019, from https://fsi-live.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/McFaul_No_59.pdf
  • McFaul, Michael (2007). Ukraine Imports Democracy: External Influences on the Orange Revolution, International Security, Vol.32, No.2 (Fall, 2007), pp. 45-83.
  • Paniotto, V. (2004). Ukraine: Presidential Elections 2004 and Orange Revolution, Kiev Mohyla Academy, Department of Sociology, Retrieved 22 July 2019, from https://www.kiis.com.ua/materials/articles/president%20election%20in%20ukraine%202004.pdf
  • Presidential Election, Ukraine – 31 October 2004, International Election Observation Mission, Retrieved 22 July 2019, from https://www.oscepa.org/documents/election-observation/election-observation-statements/ukraine/statements-25/1487-2004-presidential-first-round/file
  • Salnykova, A. (2004). The Orange Revolution: A Case Study of Democratic Transition in Ukraine, National University Kyiv-Mohyla Academy.
  • Schock, K. (2003). Nonviolent Action and its Misconceptions: Insights for Social Scientists, Political Science and Politics, Vol. 36., No. 4.
  • Sharp, G. (2005). Waging Nonviolent Struggle, 20th Century Practice and 21st Century Potential, Extending Horizons Books, Porter Sargent Publishers, Inc.
  • Sushko, O. (2004). The International Implications of Ukraine’s Orange Revolution, PONARS Policy Memo 356, Program on New Approaches to Russian Security.
  • Tanter, R. and M. Midlarsky (1967). A Theory of Revolution, The Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 11, No. 3.
  • Trenin, D. (2018). To Understand Ukraine, Carnegie Moscow Center (January 10 2019), Retrieved 30 July 2019, from https://carnegie.ru/2018/01/10/to-understand-ukraine-pub-75230
  • UN Security Council Resolution 661, The Situation Between Iraq and Kuwait, Retrieved 25 July 2019, from http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/doc/661
  • U.S. Department of State Archive (2004). Briefing by Secretary of State Colin L. Powell, 24 November 2004, Retrieved 21 July 2019, from https://2001-2009.state.gov/secretary/former/powell/remarks/38738.htm
  • U.S.-Ukraine Business Council (USUBC) (2004), Action Ukraine Report, Year 04, Number 219, Retrieved 20 July 2019, from http://www.usubc.org/AUR/aur4-219.php
  • Wallander, C. (2005). Ukraine's Election: The Role of One International NGO, Retrieved 15 January 2020, from https://csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/legacy_files/files/media/csis/pubs/0503_ukraine_en.pdf
  • Woehrel, S. (2005). Ukraine’s Political Crisis and U.S. Policy Issues, CRS Report for Congress, Retrieved 26 July 2019, from https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32691.pdf
  • Wolczuk, K. (2005). Ukraine After the Orange Revolution, Centre for European Reform, Policy Brief, Retrieved 22 July 2019, from https://www.cer.eu/sites/default/files/publications/attachments/pdf/2011/policybrief_ukraine_feb2005-852.pdf
  • World Bank Institue (2002). Investigating Corruption in Ukraine, A Case Study of Internet Journalist Georgy Gongadze, Retrieved 28 July 2019, from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWBIGOVANTCOR/Resources/gongadze1.pdf
  • 2005: The Year in Review, Canada feels the effects of Orange Revolution (2006). The Ukrainian Weekly, No. 3, Vol. LXXIV.
  • Zürcher, Jan, Erik. (2016). Modernleşen Türkiye’nin Tarihi, 32th Edition, İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Dahl, M. (2014). Violence and Non-Violence in Ukraine, Prio, Retrieved 23 July 2019, from https://www.prio.org/News/Item/?x=1822
  • George W. Bush (2005). Second Inaugural Address, delivered 20 January 2005, Retrieved 27 July 2019, from https://americanrhetoric.com/speeches/gwbushsecondinaugural.htm
  • George W. Bush’s message to Leonid Kuchma, Retrieved 24 July 2019, from http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2001/100111.shtml
  • Lee Myers, S. (2004). Putin Backs Ukrainian Leader, Dismissing Call for New Runoff, New York Times (3 December 2004), Retrieved 28 July 2019, from https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/03/world/europe/putin-backs-ukrainian-leader-dismissing-call-for-new-runoff.html
  • US Suspends Aid to Ukraine Over Allegations of Arms Sales to Iraq (2002). Voa News (30 October 2002), Retrieved 25 July 2019, from https://www.voanews.com/archive/us-suspends-aid-ukraine-over-allegations-arms-sales-iraq-2002-09-24
  • Yushchenko Affirm EU Aspiration, Deutsche Welle (25 January 2005), Retrieved 22 July 2019, from https://www.dw.com/en/yushchenko-affirms-eu-aspirations/a-1469103-0
  • Walsh, N. P. (2004). Victory in sight for the orange revolution, The Guardian, Retrieved 25 July 2019, from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/dec/04/ukraine.nickpatonwalsh
  • Wilson, A. (2006). Ukraine’s Orange Revolution, NGOs and the Role of the West, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Vol. 19, No. 1.

Ukrayna’nın Turuncu Devrimi ve Amerikan Dış Politikası

Year 2020, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 513 - 521, 16.03.2020
https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.633228

Abstract

Following the 2004 presidential elections in Ukraine, people took
streets in what is to be known as the Orange Revolution. The non-violent series
of protests ensured fair and transparent elections and the transition of power
from Leonid Kuchma to Viktor Yushchenko. The events that preceded the Orange
Revolution and the protests themselves came under the international spotlight,
setting an example of a nation that pursues democratic trajectory. This paper
looks into the international reactions to the Revolution with a particular
emphasis on the U.S., the EU’s relations with Ukraine throughout that period. 

References

  • Aarons, B. (1972). Marxist theories of revolution, Australian Left Review, March 1972.
  • Aristotle (350 B.C.E). Politics, Book Five, Retrieved 22 July 2019, from http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/politics.5.five.html
  • Beissinger, M. R. (2011). Mechanism of Maidan: The structure of Contingency in the Making of the Orange Revolution, An International Journal, 16(1).
  • Bunce, V. and S. Wolchik (2006). Favorable Conditions and Electoral Revolutions, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 17, No. 4.
  • Chenoweth, E. and Maria J. Stephan, Why Civil Resistance Works, the Strategic Logic of Nonviolent Conflict, Columbia University Press, New York.
  • Davies, J. C. (1962). Toward a Theory of Revolution, American Sociological Review, Vol.27, No. 1.
  • De Tocqueville, A. (1955), The Old Regime and the French Revolution, New York: Doubleday.
  • Dubovyk, V. (2006), U.S.-Ukraine relations, The Long Road to Strategic Partnership, PONARS Policy Memo No.424, Retrieved 25 July 2019, from http://www.ponarseurasia.org/sites/default/files/policy-memos-pdf/pm_0424.pdf
  • EU-Ukraine Action Plan, European Council, Retrieved 30 July 2019, from https://library.euneighbours.eu//content/eu-ukraine-action-plan-0
  • European Parliament resolution on Ukraine, European Parliment, 2 December 2004, Retrieved 18 July 2019, from http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&reference=P6-TA-2004-0074&language=EN
  • Franklin, J. (2005). Ukraine: Presidential Elections 2004, NORDEM Report 06/2005, Retrieved 22 July 2019, from https://www.jus.uio.no/smr/english/about/programmes/nordem/publications/2005/0605.pdf
  • Fraser, D. (2006). Taking Ukraine Seriously: Western and Russian Responses to the Orange Revolution, Centre for Global Studies.
  • Gromadzki, G. and O. Sushko (2005). Between contentment and disillusionment, EU-Ukraine relations a year after the Orange Revolution, Stefan Batory Foundation, Retrieved 30 July 2019, from http://www.batory.org.pl/doc/ue-ukraine.pdf
  • Hale, H. E. (2006). Regime Cycles: Democracy, Autocracy, and Revolution in Post-Soviet Eurasia, World Politics, Volume 58, Issue 1.
  • Hard, G. P. (2005). Russia and the „Orange Revolution“: Response, Rhetoric, Reality?, The Quarterly Journal, Summer 2005.
  • Hartel, A. et al. (2010). Russian-Ukrainian relations, Russian analytical digest, No. 75, March 2010, Retrieved 28 July 2019, from https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/bitstream/handle/20.500.11850/26204/eth-2207-01.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
  • Hatton, D. (2010). Did the Orange Revolution change Ukraine’s geopolitical position regarding Russia and the west?, POLIS Journal, Vol.3, Winter 2010.
  • Karatnycky, A (2005). Ukraine’s Orange Revolution, Foreign Affairs, V. 84, N.2. (Mar. – Apr., 2005), pp. 35-52.
  • Kempe, I. and I. Solonenko (2005). International Orientation and Foreign Support, in Helmut Kurth and Iris Kempe (eds), Presidential Election and Orange Revolution, Implications for Ukraine's Transition, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Regional Office Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova.
  • Kinross, Lord. (2017). Bir Milletin Doğuşu, 30th Edition, İstanbul: Altın Kitaplar.
  • Kireev, A. (2007). Ukraine. Presidential Election 2004, Electoral Geography 2.0, Retrieved 22 July 2019, from https://www.electoralgeography.com/new/en/countries/u/ukraine/ukraine-presidential-election-2004.html
  • Koranke, D. (2017). A High Stakes Gamble: U.S. Assistance for Ukraine’s Pro-Democracy Movements, Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 71, No.1, The Democracy Issue, (Fall/Winter 2017), pp. 187-194.
  • Kulikov, Y. (2005). EU foreign policy boss opens door to Ukraine, Reuters (22 January 2005), Retrieved 17 July 2019, from https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/eu-foreign-policy-boss-opens-door-to-ukraine.101423
  • Kuzio, T. (2012). Ukraine’s relations with the West since the Orange revolution, European Security, Vol.21, No.3, September 2012.
  • Kuzio, T. (2007). Oligarchs, Tapes and Oranges: ˈKuchmagateˈ to the Orange Revolution, Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, Vol.23, No.1.
  • Kuzio, T. (2005). Russian Policy toward Ukraine during Elections, Demokratizatsiya, The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization.
  • Kuzio, T. (2003). Ukraine’s Relations with the West: Disinterest, Partnership, Disillusionment, European Security, Vol. 12, No.2, Summer 2003. Lane, D. and S.White (ed.) (2010). Rethinking the ˈColoured Revolutionsˈ, Routledge.
  • Lane, D. (2009). ˈColoured Revolutionˈ as a Political Phenomenon, Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, Vol.25, No. 2-3.
  • McFaul, M. (2006). Importing Revolution: Internal and External Factors in Ukraine's 2004 Democratic Breakthrough, Center on Democracy, Development and The Rule of Law (CDDRL) Working Papers Number 59, Retrieved 28 July 2019, from https://fsi-live.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/McFaul_No_59.pdf
  • McFaul, Michael (2007). Ukraine Imports Democracy: External Influences on the Orange Revolution, International Security, Vol.32, No.2 (Fall, 2007), pp. 45-83.
  • Paniotto, V. (2004). Ukraine: Presidential Elections 2004 and Orange Revolution, Kiev Mohyla Academy, Department of Sociology, Retrieved 22 July 2019, from https://www.kiis.com.ua/materials/articles/president%20election%20in%20ukraine%202004.pdf
  • Presidential Election, Ukraine – 31 October 2004, International Election Observation Mission, Retrieved 22 July 2019, from https://www.oscepa.org/documents/election-observation/election-observation-statements/ukraine/statements-25/1487-2004-presidential-first-round/file
  • Salnykova, A. (2004). The Orange Revolution: A Case Study of Democratic Transition in Ukraine, National University Kyiv-Mohyla Academy.
  • Schock, K. (2003). Nonviolent Action and its Misconceptions: Insights for Social Scientists, Political Science and Politics, Vol. 36., No. 4.
  • Sharp, G. (2005). Waging Nonviolent Struggle, 20th Century Practice and 21st Century Potential, Extending Horizons Books, Porter Sargent Publishers, Inc.
  • Sushko, O. (2004). The International Implications of Ukraine’s Orange Revolution, PONARS Policy Memo 356, Program on New Approaches to Russian Security.
  • Tanter, R. and M. Midlarsky (1967). A Theory of Revolution, The Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 11, No. 3.
  • Trenin, D. (2018). To Understand Ukraine, Carnegie Moscow Center (January 10 2019), Retrieved 30 July 2019, from https://carnegie.ru/2018/01/10/to-understand-ukraine-pub-75230
  • UN Security Council Resolution 661, The Situation Between Iraq and Kuwait, Retrieved 25 July 2019, from http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/doc/661
  • U.S. Department of State Archive (2004). Briefing by Secretary of State Colin L. Powell, 24 November 2004, Retrieved 21 July 2019, from https://2001-2009.state.gov/secretary/former/powell/remarks/38738.htm
  • U.S.-Ukraine Business Council (USUBC) (2004), Action Ukraine Report, Year 04, Number 219, Retrieved 20 July 2019, from http://www.usubc.org/AUR/aur4-219.php
  • Wallander, C. (2005). Ukraine's Election: The Role of One International NGO, Retrieved 15 January 2020, from https://csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/legacy_files/files/media/csis/pubs/0503_ukraine_en.pdf
  • Woehrel, S. (2005). Ukraine’s Political Crisis and U.S. Policy Issues, CRS Report for Congress, Retrieved 26 July 2019, from https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32691.pdf
  • Wolczuk, K. (2005). Ukraine After the Orange Revolution, Centre for European Reform, Policy Brief, Retrieved 22 July 2019, from https://www.cer.eu/sites/default/files/publications/attachments/pdf/2011/policybrief_ukraine_feb2005-852.pdf
  • World Bank Institue (2002). Investigating Corruption in Ukraine, A Case Study of Internet Journalist Georgy Gongadze, Retrieved 28 July 2019, from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWBIGOVANTCOR/Resources/gongadze1.pdf
  • 2005: The Year in Review, Canada feels the effects of Orange Revolution (2006). The Ukrainian Weekly, No. 3, Vol. LXXIV.
  • Zürcher, Jan, Erik. (2016). Modernleşen Türkiye’nin Tarihi, 32th Edition, İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Dahl, M. (2014). Violence and Non-Violence in Ukraine, Prio, Retrieved 23 July 2019, from https://www.prio.org/News/Item/?x=1822
  • George W. Bush (2005). Second Inaugural Address, delivered 20 January 2005, Retrieved 27 July 2019, from https://americanrhetoric.com/speeches/gwbushsecondinaugural.htm
  • George W. Bush’s message to Leonid Kuchma, Retrieved 24 July 2019, from http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2001/100111.shtml
  • Lee Myers, S. (2004). Putin Backs Ukrainian Leader, Dismissing Call for New Runoff, New York Times (3 December 2004), Retrieved 28 July 2019, from https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/03/world/europe/putin-backs-ukrainian-leader-dismissing-call-for-new-runoff.html
  • US Suspends Aid to Ukraine Over Allegations of Arms Sales to Iraq (2002). Voa News (30 October 2002), Retrieved 25 July 2019, from https://www.voanews.com/archive/us-suspends-aid-ukraine-over-allegations-arms-sales-iraq-2002-09-24
  • Yushchenko Affirm EU Aspiration, Deutsche Welle (25 January 2005), Retrieved 22 July 2019, from https://www.dw.com/en/yushchenko-affirms-eu-aspirations/a-1469103-0
  • Walsh, N. P. (2004). Victory in sight for the orange revolution, The Guardian, Retrieved 25 July 2019, from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/dec/04/ukraine.nickpatonwalsh
  • Wilson, A. (2006). Ukraine’s Orange Revolution, NGOs and the Role of the West, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Vol. 19, No. 1.
There are 55 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Efe Sıvış

Publication Date March 16, 2020
Acceptance Date January 24, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 8 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Sıvış, E. (2020). Ukraine’s Orange Revolution and Foreign Policy of U.S. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 8(2), 513-521. https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.633228

Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.