Research Article
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The Impact of Perceived Organizational Democracy on the Quality of Work Life: An Investigation in the Banking Sector

Year 2021, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 497 - 507, 15.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.871987

Abstract

This study’s purpose is to investigate the effect of perceived organizational democracy of bank employees on work-related life quality. The sample consisted of 397 banking employees. The data were collected by the Organizational Democracy Scale (ODS), and Work-Related Quality of Life Scale (WRQoL). It found that the WRQoL (mean: 3.33 ± .79) and ODS scores (mean: 3.24 ± .74) of the participants were slightly above the middle level. Regression analysis shows that the subscales of organizational democracy, participation-criticism, transparency, and justice significantly affect the WRQoL (adjusted R2: .67). The results of the study revealed that the organizational democracy perceptions of bank employees significantly affect the Quality of work-life (QWL), and it can be improved by promoting democracy in organizations.

Project Number

Projeden üretilmedi

References

  • Akar, H., & Üstüner, M. (2017). Turkish adaptation of work life quality scale: validity and reliability study. İnönü University Journal of Education, 18 (2), 159-176.
  • Albayrak, A.S. (2005). Alternative least squares technique in multiple linear connection, bias estimation techniques and an application. ZKÜ Journal of Social Sciences, 1(1), 105-126.
  • Ayesha, T., Rahman, T., & Jahan, K. (2012). An evaluation of the quality of work life: a study of the faculty members of private universities in Bangladesh. ABAC Journal, 32(3), 36-57.
  • Batra, R. (2016). A study of quality of work-life among banking professions. International Journal of Advanced Research in Management and Social Sciences, 5(4), 202-224.
  • Bilge, H., Barnuta-Misu, N., Zungun, D., Virlanuta, F.O. & Güven, H. (2020). Organizational democracy in the private sector: A field research. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3446
  • Bolhari, A., Rezaeean, A., Bolhari, J., Bairamzadeh, S. & Soltan, A.A. (2011), The relationship between quality of work life and demographic characteristics of information technology staffs, International Conference on Computer Communication and Management, 5, Singapore: IACSIT Press, P. 374-379.
  • Carney, B.M., & Getz, I. (2013). Freedom to work: How to let employees do what they want to increase productivity, profit and growth. Crown Business Pres, Praha.
  • Cheney, G. (1995) Democracy in the workplace: Theory and practice from the perspective of communication. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 23: 3 , 167-200.
  • Cox, T. & Griffiths, A. (1995). The nature and measurement of workstress: theory and practice. In Evaluation of Human Work: A Practical Ergonomics Methodology (Wilson JR., Ed.), 3rd ed.Taylor & Francis, London, pp. 553—555.
  • Çelebi, F., & Uysal G. (2019). Investigation of the business life quality of bankers. Bartın University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 10(20), 172-190.
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012), Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik spss ve lisrel uygulamaları, 2. Baskı, Pegem Akademi, Ankara.
  • Danna, K., & Griffin, R.W. (1999). Health and well-being in the workplace: A review and synthesis of the literature. Journal of Management, 25(3), 357-384.
  • Easton, S.A., Van Laar, D.L., (2018). User Manual for the Work-Related Quality of Life (WRQoL) Scale. Second Ed. Copyright University of Portsmouth.
  • Erdem, M. (2010). According to the perceptions of teachers, the relationship with the quality of work life and organizational commitment in high schools. Educational Administration: Theory and Practice, 16(4), 511-536.
  • Foley, J.R., & Polanyi, M. (2006). Workplace democracy: Why bother? Economic and Industrial democracy, 27 (1), 173-191.
  • Frey, R., & Al-Roumi, A. (1999). Political democracy and the physical quality of life: The cross-national evidence. Social Indicators Research, 47(1), 73-97.
  • Gazibey, Y., Türen, U., & Gökmen, Y. (2012). The effect of local energy prices on countries' ability to attract foreign direct investment. Niğde University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 5(2), 181-194.
  • Geçkil, T., & Tikici, M. (2015). A study on developing the organizational democracy scale. Amme Idaresi Dergisi, 48(4), 41-78.
  • Geckil, T., & Tikici, M. (2016). Hospital employees' organizational democracy perceptions and its effects on organizational citizenship behaviors. Asian Pacific Journal of Health Sciences, 3(2), 123-136.
  • Geçkil, T., Ileri, Y.Y., Kaya, ŞD., & Karadağ, Ş. (2016) The relationship between organizational democracy perceptions and organizational psychological capital levels of physicians and nurses. International Journal of Recent Advances in Organizational Behavior and Decision Sciences, 2(3), 818-835.
  • Geçkil, T., Akpınar, A.T., & Taş, Y. (2017). The Effect of organizational democracy on job satisfaction: A field research. Journal of business studies, 9(4), 649-674.
  • Gilliland, S.W., & Chan, D. (2001). Justice in organizations: Theory, methods, and applications. (Eds. N. Anderson, DS Ones, H. Kepir Sinangil, C. Viswesvaran) Handbook of Industrial, Work & Organizational Psychology. Vol: 2. (pp. 143-166). London: Sage Pub.
  • Gupta, B. (2016). Factors affecting quality of work life among private bank employees. Pacific Business Review International, 8(9), 1-10.
  • Güleç, R., & Öncül, M.S. (2019). The mediating role of psychological capital in the effects of managers' humor style on the work life of employees. KMU Journal of Social and Economic Research, 21(37), 157-185.
  • Han, K.S., & Garg, P. (2018). Workplace democracy and psychological capital: A paradigm shift in workplace. Management Research Review, 42 (9), 1088-1116.
  • Harrison, J.S. & Freeman, E. (2004). Is organizational democracy worth efforts? Academy of Management Executive, 18 (3), 49-54.
  • Heywood A. (2019). Politics. 5th Edition. Red Globe Press. London.
  • Hong, K., Tan, K., & Bujang, S. (2010). Relationships between work life quality of teachers with work commitment, stress and satisfaction: A study In Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia. Jurnal Teknologi, 52(1), 1-15.
  • Hooper, Daire - Coughlan, Joseph -Mullen, Michael R. (2008), “Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit”, Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53-60.
  • Hyde, A.M., & Gupta, B. (2018). Factors affecting quality of work life among nationalized bank employees. International Journal of Management, IT & Engineering, 8(9), 285-305.
  • Jerome, S. (2013), A study on quality of work life of employees at Jeppiaar Cement Private Ltd: Perambalur, International Journal of Advance Research in Computer Science and Management Studies, 1(4), 49-57.
  • Judge, T.A., Thoresen, C. J., Bono, J.E., & Patton, G.K. (2001). The job satisfaction– job performance relationship: a qualitative and quantitative review. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 376--407.
  • Kaleem, A. (2019). The Ratıonale and Development of Organization Democracy Scale. Lahore: National College of Business Administration and Economics.
  • Karaköse, B., & Bozgeyikli, H. (2012). The relationship between organizational commitment and quality of work life: a study on staff working in guidance research centers. Hak İş International Journal of Labor and Society, 1(2), 164-180.
  • Kerr, J.L. (2004). The limits of organizational democracy. Academy of Management Executive, 18(3), 81-96.
  • Knox, S. & Irving, J.A. (1997). An interactive quality of work life model applied to organizational transition. Journal of Nursing Administration, 27(1), 39-47.
  • Larsen, R.J., & Marx, M.L. (2012). Introduction to Mathematical Statistics and Its Applications. Boston: Pearson Prentice Hall.
  • Mahalingam, S., & Suresh, M. (2017). A study on quality of work life among employees in select private banks with reference to Coimbatore city. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Research, 3(5), 38-41.
  • McGregor, L.T. (2005). The dynamics of shared responsibility: Strategies and initiatives of participation. CCN Conference Proceedings Bratislava, 26-36.
  • Müller-Jentsch, W. (2008). “Industrial democracy: Historical development and current challenges”, Management Revue, 19(4), 260-273.
  • Poole, M. (1979). Industrial democracy: A comparative analysis. Industrial Relations, 18(3), 262-272.
  • Poole, M., Lansbury, R., & Wailes, N. (2001). A comparative analysis of development in industrial democracy. Industrial Relations, 40(3), 490-525.
  • Pot, F. & Koningsveld, E.A. (2009). Quality of working life and organizational performance - two sides of the same coin? Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 35(6), 421-428
  • Sagie, A., & Koslowsky, M. (2000). Participation and empowerment in organizations: Modeling, effectiveness and applications. California: Thousand Oaks.
  • Singh, O. P., & Singh, S.K. (2015). Quality of work life of teachers working in higher educational institutions: A strategic approach towards teacher's excellence. International Journal, 3(9), 180-186.
  • Sirgy, M.J., Reilly, N.P., Wu, J., & Efraty, D. (2008). A Work-life identity model of well-being: Towards a research agenda linking quality-of-work-life (QWL) programs with quality of life (QOL). Applied Research Quality Life, 3, 181-202.
  • Sümbüloğlu, K, & Sümbüloğlu V. (2007). Biyoistatistik. 12. Baskı. Ankara: Hatipoğlu Yayınevi.
  • Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidell, L.S. (2015). Using multivariate statistics (Translation editor: M. Baloğlu). Boston, Pearson.
  • Tasho, W., Jordan. J., & Robertson, I. (2005). Case study: Establishing the business case for investing in stress prevention activities and evaluating their impact on sickness absence levels. HSE Research Report: 295.
  • TBB (2019). Turkey Banks Union Data system. https: // verisistemi.tbb .org.tr / index.php? / tbb / report_bolgeler
  • Tokay, Ö. & Eyupoglu, S.Z., (2018). 'Employee perceptions of organizational democracy and its influence on organizational citizenship behavior'. South African Journal of Business Management, 49 (1), a397.
  • Van Laar, D., Edwards, J.A, & Easton, S. (2007). The work-related quality of life for healthcare workers. Journal of Advenced Nursing, 60(3), 325-333.
  • Weber, W.G., Unterrainer, C., & Höge, T., (2008). “Socio-moral atmosphere and prosocial and democratic value orientations in enterprises with different levels of structurally anchored participation”. Zeitschriftfür Personal foschung, 22, 71-194.
  • Weber, W.G., Unterrainer, C., & Schmid, B.E. (2009), “The influence of organizational democracy on employees' socio-moral climate and prosocial behavioral orientations”. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30(8), 1127-1149.
  • Weber, W.G., Unterrainer, C. & Palgi, M. (2011). Structurally anchored organizational democracy: Does it reach the employees? Journal of Personnel Psychology, 10(3), 118-132.
  • Weber, W.G., Unterrainer, C. & Seyr, S. (2012). The relationship between organizational democracy and socio-moral climate: Exploring effects of the effects of the ethical context in organizations. Economics and Industrial democracy, 34(3), 424-450.
  • Yadav, R., & Khanna, A. (2014). Literature review on quality of work life and their dimensions. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 19(9), 71-80.
  • Yazdani, N. (2010). Organization democracy and organization structure link: Role of strategic leadership and environmental uncertainty. Business Review, 5(2), 51-73.
  • Yıldız, D., & Uzunsakal. E. (2018). Alan araştırmalarında güvenilirlik testlerinin karşılaştırılması ve tarımsal veriler üzerine bir uygulama. Uygulamalı Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1, 14-28

Örgütsel Demokrasi Algısının İş Yaşam Kalitesine Etkisi: Bankacılık Sektöründe Bir İnceleme

Year 2021, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 497 - 507, 15.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.871987

Abstract

Bu araştırma banka çalışanlarının örgütsel demokrasi algılarının iş yaşam kalitesine etkisini incelemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Araştırmanın örneklemini 397 banka çalışanı oluşturmuştur. Veriler, Örgütsel Demokrasi Ölçeği (ODS) ve İş Yaşam Kalitesi Ölçeği (WRQoL) ile toplanmıştır. Katılımcıların WRQoL (ort: 3.33 ± .79) ve ODS puanlarının (ort: 3.24 ± .74) orta düzeyin biraz üzerinde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Regresyon analizi, örgütsel demokrasi ölçeğinin katılım-eleştiri, şeffaflık ve adalet alt boyutlarının banka çalışanlarının iş yaşam kalitesi puanlarını önemli ölçüde etkilediğini ortaya çıkarmıştır (düzeltilmiş R2: .67). Çalışmanın sonuçları, banka çalışanlarının örgütsel demokrasi algılarının iş yaşam kalitesini önemli ölçüde etkilediğini ve örgütlerde demokrasiyi teşvik ederek iş yaşam kalitesinin iyileştirilebileceğini düşündürmüştür.

Supporting Institution

Destekleyen kurum yok

Project Number

Projeden üretilmedi

Thanks

Katılımcılara teşekkür ederiz.

References

  • Akar, H., & Üstüner, M. (2017). Turkish adaptation of work life quality scale: validity and reliability study. İnönü University Journal of Education, 18 (2), 159-176.
  • Albayrak, A.S. (2005). Alternative least squares technique in multiple linear connection, bias estimation techniques and an application. ZKÜ Journal of Social Sciences, 1(1), 105-126.
  • Ayesha, T., Rahman, T., & Jahan, K. (2012). An evaluation of the quality of work life: a study of the faculty members of private universities in Bangladesh. ABAC Journal, 32(3), 36-57.
  • Batra, R. (2016). A study of quality of work-life among banking professions. International Journal of Advanced Research in Management and Social Sciences, 5(4), 202-224.
  • Bilge, H., Barnuta-Misu, N., Zungun, D., Virlanuta, F.O. & Güven, H. (2020). Organizational democracy in the private sector: A field research. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3446
  • Bolhari, A., Rezaeean, A., Bolhari, J., Bairamzadeh, S. & Soltan, A.A. (2011), The relationship between quality of work life and demographic characteristics of information technology staffs, International Conference on Computer Communication and Management, 5, Singapore: IACSIT Press, P. 374-379.
  • Carney, B.M., & Getz, I. (2013). Freedom to work: How to let employees do what they want to increase productivity, profit and growth. Crown Business Pres, Praha.
  • Cheney, G. (1995) Democracy in the workplace: Theory and practice from the perspective of communication. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 23: 3 , 167-200.
  • Cox, T. & Griffiths, A. (1995). The nature and measurement of workstress: theory and practice. In Evaluation of Human Work: A Practical Ergonomics Methodology (Wilson JR., Ed.), 3rd ed.Taylor & Francis, London, pp. 553—555.
  • Çelebi, F., & Uysal G. (2019). Investigation of the business life quality of bankers. Bartın University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 10(20), 172-190.
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012), Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik spss ve lisrel uygulamaları, 2. Baskı, Pegem Akademi, Ankara.
  • Danna, K., & Griffin, R.W. (1999). Health and well-being in the workplace: A review and synthesis of the literature. Journal of Management, 25(3), 357-384.
  • Easton, S.A., Van Laar, D.L., (2018). User Manual for the Work-Related Quality of Life (WRQoL) Scale. Second Ed. Copyright University of Portsmouth.
  • Erdem, M. (2010). According to the perceptions of teachers, the relationship with the quality of work life and organizational commitment in high schools. Educational Administration: Theory and Practice, 16(4), 511-536.
  • Foley, J.R., & Polanyi, M. (2006). Workplace democracy: Why bother? Economic and Industrial democracy, 27 (1), 173-191.
  • Frey, R., & Al-Roumi, A. (1999). Political democracy and the physical quality of life: The cross-national evidence. Social Indicators Research, 47(1), 73-97.
  • Gazibey, Y., Türen, U., & Gökmen, Y. (2012). The effect of local energy prices on countries' ability to attract foreign direct investment. Niğde University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 5(2), 181-194.
  • Geçkil, T., & Tikici, M. (2015). A study on developing the organizational democracy scale. Amme Idaresi Dergisi, 48(4), 41-78.
  • Geckil, T., & Tikici, M. (2016). Hospital employees' organizational democracy perceptions and its effects on organizational citizenship behaviors. Asian Pacific Journal of Health Sciences, 3(2), 123-136.
  • Geçkil, T., Ileri, Y.Y., Kaya, ŞD., & Karadağ, Ş. (2016) The relationship between organizational democracy perceptions and organizational psychological capital levels of physicians and nurses. International Journal of Recent Advances in Organizational Behavior and Decision Sciences, 2(3), 818-835.
  • Geçkil, T., Akpınar, A.T., & Taş, Y. (2017). The Effect of organizational democracy on job satisfaction: A field research. Journal of business studies, 9(4), 649-674.
  • Gilliland, S.W., & Chan, D. (2001). Justice in organizations: Theory, methods, and applications. (Eds. N. Anderson, DS Ones, H. Kepir Sinangil, C. Viswesvaran) Handbook of Industrial, Work & Organizational Psychology. Vol: 2. (pp. 143-166). London: Sage Pub.
  • Gupta, B. (2016). Factors affecting quality of work life among private bank employees. Pacific Business Review International, 8(9), 1-10.
  • Güleç, R., & Öncül, M.S. (2019). The mediating role of psychological capital in the effects of managers' humor style on the work life of employees. KMU Journal of Social and Economic Research, 21(37), 157-185.
  • Han, K.S., & Garg, P. (2018). Workplace democracy and psychological capital: A paradigm shift in workplace. Management Research Review, 42 (9), 1088-1116.
  • Harrison, J.S. & Freeman, E. (2004). Is organizational democracy worth efforts? Academy of Management Executive, 18 (3), 49-54.
  • Heywood A. (2019). Politics. 5th Edition. Red Globe Press. London.
  • Hong, K., Tan, K., & Bujang, S. (2010). Relationships between work life quality of teachers with work commitment, stress and satisfaction: A study In Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia. Jurnal Teknologi, 52(1), 1-15.
  • Hooper, Daire - Coughlan, Joseph -Mullen, Michael R. (2008), “Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit”, Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53-60.
  • Hyde, A.M., & Gupta, B. (2018). Factors affecting quality of work life among nationalized bank employees. International Journal of Management, IT & Engineering, 8(9), 285-305.
  • Jerome, S. (2013), A study on quality of work life of employees at Jeppiaar Cement Private Ltd: Perambalur, International Journal of Advance Research in Computer Science and Management Studies, 1(4), 49-57.
  • Judge, T.A., Thoresen, C. J., Bono, J.E., & Patton, G.K. (2001). The job satisfaction– job performance relationship: a qualitative and quantitative review. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 376--407.
  • Kaleem, A. (2019). The Ratıonale and Development of Organization Democracy Scale. Lahore: National College of Business Administration and Economics.
  • Karaköse, B., & Bozgeyikli, H. (2012). The relationship between organizational commitment and quality of work life: a study on staff working in guidance research centers. Hak İş International Journal of Labor and Society, 1(2), 164-180.
  • Kerr, J.L. (2004). The limits of organizational democracy. Academy of Management Executive, 18(3), 81-96.
  • Knox, S. & Irving, J.A. (1997). An interactive quality of work life model applied to organizational transition. Journal of Nursing Administration, 27(1), 39-47.
  • Larsen, R.J., & Marx, M.L. (2012). Introduction to Mathematical Statistics and Its Applications. Boston: Pearson Prentice Hall.
  • Mahalingam, S., & Suresh, M. (2017). A study on quality of work life among employees in select private banks with reference to Coimbatore city. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Research, 3(5), 38-41.
  • McGregor, L.T. (2005). The dynamics of shared responsibility: Strategies and initiatives of participation. CCN Conference Proceedings Bratislava, 26-36.
  • Müller-Jentsch, W. (2008). “Industrial democracy: Historical development and current challenges”, Management Revue, 19(4), 260-273.
  • Poole, M. (1979). Industrial democracy: A comparative analysis. Industrial Relations, 18(3), 262-272.
  • Poole, M., Lansbury, R., & Wailes, N. (2001). A comparative analysis of development in industrial democracy. Industrial Relations, 40(3), 490-525.
  • Pot, F. & Koningsveld, E.A. (2009). Quality of working life and organizational performance - two sides of the same coin? Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 35(6), 421-428
  • Sagie, A., & Koslowsky, M. (2000). Participation and empowerment in organizations: Modeling, effectiveness and applications. California: Thousand Oaks.
  • Singh, O. P., & Singh, S.K. (2015). Quality of work life of teachers working in higher educational institutions: A strategic approach towards teacher's excellence. International Journal, 3(9), 180-186.
  • Sirgy, M.J., Reilly, N.P., Wu, J., & Efraty, D. (2008). A Work-life identity model of well-being: Towards a research agenda linking quality-of-work-life (QWL) programs with quality of life (QOL). Applied Research Quality Life, 3, 181-202.
  • Sümbüloğlu, K, & Sümbüloğlu V. (2007). Biyoistatistik. 12. Baskı. Ankara: Hatipoğlu Yayınevi.
  • Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidell, L.S. (2015). Using multivariate statistics (Translation editor: M. Baloğlu). Boston, Pearson.
  • Tasho, W., Jordan. J., & Robertson, I. (2005). Case study: Establishing the business case for investing in stress prevention activities and evaluating their impact on sickness absence levels. HSE Research Report: 295.
  • TBB (2019). Turkey Banks Union Data system. https: // verisistemi.tbb .org.tr / index.php? / tbb / report_bolgeler
  • Tokay, Ö. & Eyupoglu, S.Z., (2018). 'Employee perceptions of organizational democracy and its influence on organizational citizenship behavior'. South African Journal of Business Management, 49 (1), a397.
  • Van Laar, D., Edwards, J.A, & Easton, S. (2007). The work-related quality of life for healthcare workers. Journal of Advenced Nursing, 60(3), 325-333.
  • Weber, W.G., Unterrainer, C., & Höge, T., (2008). “Socio-moral atmosphere and prosocial and democratic value orientations in enterprises with different levels of structurally anchored participation”. Zeitschriftfür Personal foschung, 22, 71-194.
  • Weber, W.G., Unterrainer, C., & Schmid, B.E. (2009), “The influence of organizational democracy on employees' socio-moral climate and prosocial behavioral orientations”. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30(8), 1127-1149.
  • Weber, W.G., Unterrainer, C. & Palgi, M. (2011). Structurally anchored organizational democracy: Does it reach the employees? Journal of Personnel Psychology, 10(3), 118-132.
  • Weber, W.G., Unterrainer, C. & Seyr, S. (2012). The relationship between organizational democracy and socio-moral climate: Exploring effects of the effects of the ethical context in organizations. Economics and Industrial democracy, 34(3), 424-450.
  • Yadav, R., & Khanna, A. (2014). Literature review on quality of work life and their dimensions. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 19(9), 71-80.
  • Yazdani, N. (2010). Organization democracy and organization structure link: Role of strategic leadership and environmental uncertainty. Business Review, 5(2), 51-73.
  • Yıldız, D., & Uzunsakal. E. (2018). Alan araştırmalarında güvenilirlik testlerinin karşılaştırılması ve tarımsal veriler üzerine bir uygulama. Uygulamalı Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1, 14-28
There are 59 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Tahsin Geçkil 0000-0002-5666-9905

A. Aslan Şendoğdu 0000-0002-9860-320X

Project Number Projeden üretilmedi
Publication Date April 15, 2021
Acceptance Date April 1, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 9 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Geçkil, T., & Şendoğdu, A. A. (2021). The Impact of Perceived Organizational Democracy on the Quality of Work Life: An Investigation in the Banking Sector. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9(2), 497-507. https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.871987

Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.