Examining the Relationship Between Fanatic Levels of Football Fans and Verbal, Physical and Cyberbullying Behaviors

Year 2024, Volume: 12 Issue: 1, 1 - 11, 30.04.2024

Hande Baba Kaya

https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.969436

Abstract

This research; It was conducted to examine the verbal, physical and cyber bullying behaviors of football fans according to their level of fanaticism. General survey model, one of the descriptive methods, was used in the research. The study group of the study consists of 417 football fans determined by random sampling method for the supporters of the 4 big teams in the Turkish Football Federation super league in the 2020-2021 football season. Research data; To determine the level of fanaticism of football fans, Taşmektepligil et al. (2015) developed the football fanaticism scale, and the verbal physical and cyberbullying behaviors of sports spectators scale developed by Karaca (2019) were used to measure the verbal bullying, physical bullying and cyberbullying behaviors of sports spectators. The SPSS.20 analysis program was used to analyze the data of the study, and ANOVA test and correlation analysis were conducted to examine the relationship between football fans' level of fanaticism and their bullying behavior. When the findings of the research are examined; It is seen that there is a significant relationship between football fans' tendency to think and act towards violence and their verbal, physical, and cyber bullying behaviors. As a result, it can be said that the verbal, physical and cyber bullying behaviors of football fans increase as the tendency to think and act towards violence increases.

Keywords

football, fanaticism, verball bullying, physical bullying, cyber bullying

Examining the Relationship Between Fanatic Levels of Football Fans and Verbal, Physical and Cyberbullying Behaviors

Abstract

Bu araştırma; futbol taraftarlarının fanatiklik düzeylerine göre sözel, fiziksel ve siber zorbalık davranışlarının incelenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırmada betimsel yöntemlerden genel tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu, 2020-2021 futbol sezonu Türkiye Futbol Federasyonu süper ligde yer alan 4 büyük takımın taraftarlarına rastgele örneklem yöntemiyle belirlenen 417 futbol taraftarı oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmanın verileri; futbol taraftarlarının fanatiklik düzeyini belirlemek için Taşmektepligil ve ark. (2015) tarafından geliştirilen futbol taraftarı fanatiklik ölçeği, spor seyircilerinin sözel zorbalık, fiziksel zorbalık ve siber zorbalık davranışlarını ölçebilmek için Karaca (2019) tarafından geliştirilen spor seyircilerinin sözel fiziksel ve siber zorbalık davranışları ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın verilerinin analizinde SPSS.20 analiz programı kullanılmıştır, futbol taraftarlarının fanatiklik düzeyleri ile zorbalık davranışları arasında ilişkiyi incelemek için ANOVA testi ve korelasyon analizi yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın bulguları incelendiğinde; futbol taraftarlarının şiddete yönelik düşünce ve eylem eğilimi ile sözel, fiziksel, ve siber zorbalık davranışları arasında anlamlı bir ilişki olduğu görülmektedir. Sonuç olarak şiddete yönelik düşünce ve eylem eğilimi arttıkça futbol taraftarlarının sözel, fiziksel ve siber zorbalık davranışlarının arttığı söylenebilir.

Keywords

futbol, fanatiklik, sözel zorbalık, fiziksel zorbalık, siber zorbalık

References

• Acet M. Aggression and Violence in Sports. Istanbul, Morpa Cultural Publications, 2006: 1-173.
• Arıkan Y. Violence and police in football. Journal of Police Science. 2007; 9: 1-4.
• Arslanoğlu K. (2005) Psychiatry of football. Ithaki Publications. Istanbul
• Aytaç, KY. (2009). Investigation of Fans' Purchasing Attitudes Regarding Licensed Product Marketing Activities in Sports Clubs. Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sports. PhD Thesis, Ankara: Gazi University.
• Belli, E .; Gurbuz, A .; Unique, Y.S. An Analysis of Motivation of Students at Sports Science Faculty as Football Sports Fans. Univers. J. Manag. 2016, 4, 397--404.
• Beşkat M. (2016) Investigation of the Relationship Between Empathic Tendencies of Football Audiences and Aggression and Violence Levels in Sports (Şanlıufra Province Example) Institute of Health Sciences, Physical Education and Sports Department. Master Thesis, Kütahya: Dumlupınar University
• Boralıoğlu G. Position of deprivation in the field without football. Flat Run. Der: T. Bora, 2nd Edition Istanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2001: 45-50.
• Buch R.D. Teachers' Perspectives on Bullying: Understanding Educational Intervention, Mankato, Minnesota State University, 2012: 6-7.
• Canettı E. Mass and Power Trans. Gülşat A. (2003). Istanbul, Details Publications, 18- 308.
• Carriedo, A .; Cecchini, J.A .; González, C. (2020) Soccer spectators' moral functioning and aggressive tendencies in life and when watching soccer matches. Ethics Behav.
• Coloroso B. The Bully, The Bullied, and The Bystander. (2003). USA, New York, NY: Harper Collins,: 1-232.
• Çepni, S. (2007). Evaluation of performances. In measurement and evaluation, 196-234.
• Dimmock, J.A .; Grove, J.R. (2005). Relationship of Fan Identification to Determinants of Aggression. J. Appl. Sport Psychol. 17, 37—47
• Erdoğan İ. On the Study of Football and Football, Communication Theory and Research Journal, 2008; 26 (1): 58- 42
• Fanti, K.A .; Phylactou, E .; Georgiou, G. (2019). Who is the Hooligan? The Role of Psychopathic Traits. Deviant Behav.
• Hacıyev İ. (2011). Football Fanaticism and the Relationship of Football Programs in Turkish Television, Social Sciences Institute, Radio and Television Department. Master Thesis, Istanbul: Istanbul University
• Hirt, E.R .; Zillmann, D .; Erickson, G .; Kennedy, C. (1992). Costs and benefits of allegiance: Changes in fans' self-Ascribed competencies after team victory versus defeat. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 63, 724--738.
• Hoogland, C.E .; Ryan Schurtz, D .; Cooper, C.M .; Combs, D.J.Y .; Brown, E.G .; Smith, R.H. The joy of pain and the pain of joy: In-Group identification predicts schadenfreude and gluckschmerz following rival groups' fortunes. Motiv. Emot. 2015, 39, 260--281.McKaughan, D.J. Faith Through the Dark of Night. Faith Philos. 2018, 35, 195--218.
• Karaca, Y. (2019). Studying the bullying behavior of sports spectators (football fan example). İnönü University Institute of Health Sciences. PhD Thesis
• Karasar, N. (2007). Scientific Research Methods, Nobel Publications, Ankara
• Kerr, J.H.; Wilson, G.V.; Nakamura, I.; Sudo, Y.(1885-1886). Emotional dynamics of soccer fans at winning and losing games. Pers. Individ. Dif. 2005, 38
• King, A.(2017). The European Ritual: Football in the New Europe; Routledge: London, UK
• Kocatürk M. (2014). Investigation of the Relationship Between Peer Bullying and Cyber Bullying in Secondary School Students. Institute of Educational Sciences, Department of Educational Sciences. Master Thesis, Istanbul: Istanbul University
• Koçer M. (2012). Determining the violent and hooliganism tendencies of the fans who are members of football associations: Kayseri example. Journal of the Institute of Social Sciences. 1 (32): 111-135.
• Kola N. (1995). Young fans, stand up. Journal of Action 23-29 2 (55): 24-9.
• Koruç Z, Bayar P, Arslan F. (2004). Football fanatics in Turkey: Social identity and violence. Scientific Research Competition on Causes of Terrorism and Prevention Ways in Football Competitions of Turkish Football Association Ankara Branch and General Directorate of Spor Toto. Ankara
• Kowalski RM, Limber SP, Agaston PW. (2012). Cyber bullying: Bullying in digital age, Second Edition Wıley-
• Blackwell Publication, Malden MA 02148-5020 USA, 56.
• Liepe-Levinson, K., & Levinson, M. H. (2005). A general semantics approach to school-age bullying. ETC: A Review of General Semantics, 62(1), 4-16.
• Marsh HW, Nagengast B, Morin AJ, Parada RH, Craven RG, Hamilton LR.(2011). Construct validity of the multidimensional structure of bullying and victimization: An application of exploratory structural equation modeling. Journal of Educational Psychology, 103, 701-32.
• Pereira, R. Estudo das motivações do adepto de futebol [Study of football fans’ motivations]. Bachelor’s Thesis, Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e de Educação Física da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal, 2002. Available online: https://sigarra.up.pt/fpceup/pt/pub_geral.pub_view?pi_pub_base_id=38802 (accessed on 27 March 2021).
• Pulur A (2001). Violence and aggression in sports. Turkish Journal of University Sports, 1: 75-103.
• Püsküllüoğlu A. (2001). Dictionary of foreign words in Turkish. 2nd Edition. Friend Broadcasts. Ankara
• Riches D. (1989). The phenomenon of violence, violence from an anthropological point of view. Trans. Hattatoğlu D. 1st Edition, Istanbul: Detay Publishing House, 10-42.