The history of science is in a sense a history of understanding, explaining and transforming human beings' physical and social world. Although humanity has a long history, the emergence and development of positive thought and sciences has taken place in the last few centuries. Historically, the emergence of science has a priority over social sciences. While the science of science in the Western history of science generally developed in the 17th century, the social sciences were only able to develop in the late 18th century. However, the development of science history in the Islamic world is also important. Although social science and social sciences - especially history, sociology and economics - emerged in the West in the 19th century, the first emergence of social science thought in the Islamic-Eastern world took place in the 14th century with Ibn Khaldun. At that time, in the Muqaddima of Ibn Khaldun's book Kitabul-Iber, he reports on the emergence of social science thought and its basic principles. Ibn Khaldun refers to an epistemological break in the conception of social phenomena, unlike the thinkers of his time and past. Therefore, we should say that Ibn Khaldun is a turning point in the history of world science in general and in Islamic science and social science in particular. The importance of Ibn Khaldun is that he has developed a perspective and social science concepts and theories that can shed light on contemporary societies.
The most important concept that Ibn Khaldun brought to social science literature is his concept of irritability. Ibn Khaldun first studied this concept in a social scientific format for the first time. In Ibn Khaldun, irritability is the basic dynamics, spirit and feeling of society. Asabiyet is the intersection point of history and sociology in Ibn Khaldun. According to this, sociology in a narrow sense can be understood as irritability and history as a change of irritability. As a result, Ibn Khaldunian conceptualization of irritability brings with it an epistemological break. Because this concept has moved to a social scientific plane outside Ibn Khaldun's traditional meaning (genealogy or blood bond). In other words, in addition to their irritability, religious and moral implications, Ibn Khaldun finds a social connection and a common consciousness. In this respect, we can see an example of the epistemological break that Althusser expressed in the Marx interpretation in Ibn Khaldun. In his early years, Marx approached history and society on a philosophical and ideological basis, and then began to look at these phenomena from a scientific perspective.
World has been a very important turning point in the history of science. For example, Isaac Newton in physics, Freud in psychology, Marx in sociology, Nietzsche in philosophy, etc. people represent the important turning points of history in different disciplines. Ibn Khaldun also refers to a period in which the first social science thought emerged objectively. The most important basis of this argument is the scientific attitude, comprehension and conceptualization works he presented in the Muqaddimah which he wrote. Therefore, this argument has a quality that can be verified and misrepresented. Thus, the Muqaddima represents the first social scientific thought in the history of science and the birth of history and sociology.
Ibn Khaldun's attempt to study historical events objectively and concretely led him to discover two sciences. As a result of his criticism of news related to the past, his discovery of the existence of invisible principles and rules behind historical events has brought him to ilm-i umran (sociology). Thus, in Ibn Khaldun, historical and sociological sciences are represented together. However, Ibn Khaldun's model of social scientific view and understanding unfortunately has not been transformed into an ego until today and his approaches have been limited to him in general. Ibn Khaldunian social science initiative has been re-emerged and developed in Western societies, albeit in a different way.
Bilim tarihi bir anlamda insanoğlunun fiziksel ve toplumsal
dünyayı anlama, açıklama ve dönüştürme tarihidir. İnsanlık uzun bir tarihi
geçmişe sahip olmasına rağmen pozitif düşüncenin ve bilimlerin ortaya çıkışı ve
gelişmesi son birkaç yüzyılda gerçekleşmiştir. Tarihsel açıdan fen bilimlerinin
ortaya çıkışı, sosyal bilimlere nazaran bir önceliğe sahip olmuştur. Batı’nın
bilim tarihinde fen bilimleri genel olarak 17. yüzyılda gelişme göstermişken,
sosyal bilimler ancak 18. yüzyılın sonlarında gelişme gösterebilmiştir. Bununla
birlikte bilim tarihinin İslam dünyasındaki gelişim seyri de önem arz
etmektedir. Sosyal bilim düşüncesi ve sosyal bilimler –özellikle tarih,
sosyoloji ve iktisat- Batı’da 19. yüzyılda ortaya çıkmasına karşın, İslam-Doğu
dünyasında sosyal bilim düşüncesinin ilk ortaya çıkışı 14. yüzyılda İbn
Haldun’la birlikte gerçekleşmiştir. O dönemde İbn Haldun’un kaleme aldığı
Kitab’ul-İber adlı eserinin Mukaddime’sinde, sosyal bilim düşüncesinin ve onun
temel ilkelerinin doğuşunu haber vermektedir. İbn Haldun, döneminin ve
geçmişinin düşünürlerinden farklı olarak sosyal olguların kavranışında
epistemolojik bir kopuşu ifade etmektedir. Dolayısıyla İbn Haldun’un genel
olarak dünya bilim tarihinde, özel olarak da İslam bilim ve sosyal bilim
tarihinde bir dönüm noktasını teşkil ettiğini ifade etmeliyiz. İbn Haldun’un
önemi günümüz toplumlarına da ışık tutabilecek bir bakış açısı ve sosyal bilim
kavram ve kuramları geliştirmiş olmasıdır.
Primary Language | Turkish |
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Journal Section | Articles |
Authors | |
Publication Date | June 24, 2019 |
Published in Issue | Year 2019 Volume: 2 Issue: 1 |