Starting from antiquity, with the
establishment of states, fortress walls were seen as one of the most important
defense tools. Societies living in the city walls have developed methods to
defend themselves. The attackers began to invent new machines by developing
more effective combat technology to overcome the walls. It is seen that people
carry out various activities both for their own security and for the security
of the regions where they live. In the cities established for settlement
purposes, first the attention was paid to the fact that there are regions on
top of a high mountain and surrounded by seas or rivers. However, this did not
suffice, and the city was surrounded by high walls, ditches began to be opened
in front of the walls and thus the defense force was aimed to increase. In
addition, fortresses and fortresses were built in favorable areas of the
cities. The castles, which have a great importance throughout history, have
been built by making use of the natural structure of the land in places such as
the road junction, the straits between the mountains, the noses extending to
the sea, the islets a little distant from the shores and the bridgeheads. In
addition, the castle's ability to be defended easily and with a small number of
forces, the need to go out during the war, water needs in long-lasting sieges, such
as the ability to be resistant to sieges were also considered. There is also a
second castle, also called the Inner Fortress, which is built to defend and
defend in case of any rebellion in the city or at any point in the city. The
instruments used in battles have been continuously developed to achieve fast
results over time and gain superiority over the enemy. Firearms, on the other
hand, opened a new era in the history of war and provided development in this
direction. People first developed a new technology by adding fire to the weapon
technology they developed using stones and minerals. Guns made from fire
changed the outcome of wars more quickly. Thus, the technique established
between fire and weapon has reached different dimensions with the addition of
maeeds such as gunpowder. In the first attacks, it was tried to overcome the
walls by leaning on the stairs. However, stone and shot put tools, which were
defined as siege tools or machines, were then used, construction of siege
towers, and effective methods such as attacking and mines with rams were
started to be developed. The most effective of these methods is the use of
catapults. Catapult stretching, bending, pulling and using a counterweight
using a pole rotating around the axis of a large force with stones, arrows and
objects such as throwing war is a war act. Even scorpions infected mice mice
and the enemy of the human dead in terms of morale as well as the disease was
intended to defeat. Catapults are siege machines that have been used to damage
the castle walls during wars and sieges throughout history. It has been used in
wars since ancient times, and materials such as stone, iron, lead, burning
grass, pitch or lava could be put into it. It is also seen that it was also
used to support and protect the soldiers during the battle of the battlefield.
The catapult, one of the most widely used combat tools during the Middle Ages, was
used to launch heavy stone cannonballs during the sieges of the castle when the
artillery was not yet known. With the use of the catapult, it is understood
that there were catapults used inside the tower as well as catapults made to
attack the walls and towers from the outside. We also learn that castles are
cleverly constructed structures to strengthen the weak points of cities. It is
known that the catapult, which had many names in the west, was first made in
China in the 5th-4th century BC and reached to Asia Minor through the Turks and
Muslim-Arabs and from there to Byzantine and Europe. Some Islamic historians
stated that the catapult was first used by Nemrut to fire Hz.İbrahim. Sources
mentioned that catapult is used by many Muslim Turkish states such as
Karahanlılar, Ghaznavids, Great Seljuk State, Eyyubids and Mamlûks. Small-sized
catapults unidirectional, rotating, fixed, sleeping or walking varieties have
been understood as such and these are called arrâde. It is known that there are
catapults named with different names.
İlkçağlardan
itibaren devletlerin kuruluşu ile birlikte kale surları en önemli savunma
araçlarından biri olarak görülmüştür. Surların içerisinde yaşayan toplumlar ise
kendilerini savunmak için birtakım yöntemler geliştirmişlerdir. Saldırıda
bulunanlar ise surları aşmak için daha etkili savaş teknolojisi geliştirerek
yeni makineler icat etmeye başlamışlardır. İnsanların hem kendi güvenliklerini
hem de yaşadıkları bölgelerin güvenliği için çeşitli faaliyetlerde bulunurken
yerleşim amacıyla kurulan şehirlerde ilk önce yüksek bir dağın tepesi, etrafı
denizlerle veya ırmaklarla çevrili bölgeler yani korunaklı alanların olmasına
dikkat edilmiştir. Fakat daha sonra bu yeterli gelmemiş ve şehirlerin etrafı
yüksek surlarla çevrilerek surların önlerine hendekler açılmış, böylece savunma
gücü arttırılmaya çalışılmıştır. Bunun yanında şehirlerin elverişli bölgelerine
hisar ve kaleler de inşa edilmiştir. Tarih boyunca büyük bir öneme sahip olan
kaleler ise genellikle yol kavşağı, dağların arasındaki boğazlar, denize uzanan
burunlar, kıyılardan biraz uzaktaki adacıklar, köprübaşları gibi yerlerde
arazinin tabi yapısından faydalanılarak inşa edilmiştir. Ayrıca yer seçiminde
kalenin kolay ve az sayıda bir kuvvetle savunulabilmesi, savaş sırasında
gerektiğinde dışarı çıkılabilmesi, uzun süren kuşatmalarda su ihtiyacının
karşılanabilmesi, kuşatmalara karşı dayanıklı olması gibi özelliklerine de
dikkat edilmiştir. Şehir ve kasabaların içinde bir noktada düşmanın surları
geçmesi veya şehirde çıkabilecek herhangi bir isyan halinde geri çekilip müdafaa
etmek için yapılan ve iç kale olarak da adlandırılan ikinci bir kale de
mevcuttur. Savaşlarda kullanılan aletler zaman içerisinde hızlı sonuçlar
alınması ve düşmana karşı üstünlük kazanılması için sürekli olarak
geliştirilmiştir. Ateşli silahlar ise savaş tarihinde yeni bir çığır açarak bu
yönde gelişimini tamamlamıştır. Ateş ve silah arasında kurulan teknik, barut
gibi maddelerin kullanılmaya başlanmasıyla farklı boyutlara ulaşmıştır. İlk
yapılan saldırılarda surlara merdiven dayanılarak aşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Ancak
daha sonra tasarlanmış kuşatma aletleri veya makineleri diye tanımlanan taş ve
gülle atan aletler kullanılmaya, kuşatma kuleleri inşa edilmeye, koçbaşları ile
saldırı ve mayınlama gibi etkili yöntemler geliştirilmeye başlanmıştır. Bu
yöntemlerden en etkilisi ise mancınık kullanılmasıdır. İlk olarak M.Ö. 5.-4.
asırlarda üretildiği, Türkler ve Müslüman Araplar aracılığıyla Anadolu’ya ve
oradan da Bizans’a ve Batı’ya ulaştığı bilinmektedir. Bu makalede İslam
tarihinde kullanılan ilk mancınıklar ve mancınık teknolojisi incelenecek,
Müslümanların mancınık teknolojisine katkıları üzerinde durulacaktır.
Primary Language | Turkish |
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Subjects | Studies on Education |
Journal Section | Articles |
Authors | |
Publication Date | December 27, 2019 |
Published in Issue | Year 2019 Volume: 2 Issue: 2 |