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KSENOPHON’UN KYROS’UN EĞİTİMİ ESERİNDE TANRI-KRAL PARADİGMASI

Year 2020, Volume: 14 Issue: 1, 129 - 156, 29.07.2020
https://doi.org/10.46931/aran.740205

Abstract

Klasik Çağ Yunan yazarı Ksenophōn devlet yönetiminin esaslarına ilişin fikirlerini, “Kyros’un Eğitimi” (Κύρου Παιδεια) adlı eserinde tarihi gerçekliğinden bağımsız olarak kurguladığı Kyros karakteri üzerinden sunmuştur. “Kyros’un Eğitimi”, Platōn’un “Devlet Adamı” (Πολιτικός) adlı eserinin ışığında okunduğunda, Ksenophōn’un bu eserde yönetim bilgisi ve tanrısallığı Sokratik erdemle ilişkilendirerek ele aldığı görülmektedir. Ksenophōn’un böylece Sokratik gündemi olan yönetme erkinin ve tanrısallığın dayanağı olarak sunduğu erdem (aretē) kavramına canlı bir örnek (paradeigma) olarak Kyros’u kurguladığı anlaşılmaktadır. Buna göre Kyros’a biçilen tanrı-kral imgesi, farklı kent (polis) devletlerinin koruyucu tanrılarının üstünde bir siyasi oluşuma duyulan ihtiyacı vurgulamak için bir kral kültü olarak oluşturulmuştur. Bu yeni kült Büyük İskender’e ve Roma döneminin krallarına yönetimlerinin meşruiyetini sağlamak için de başvurulan bir bağlam oluşturmuştur. Rönesans sonrası ise yaşanan din savaşları yine dinin üzerinde bir siyasi oluşuma ihtiyaç göstermiş ve Ksenophōn’un tanrı-kralı bugünün devletine dönüşmüştür. Ancak “Kyros’un Eğitimi” eserinde Kyros portresi üzerinden yaratılan tanrı-kral imgesi, bu süreçte yönetim erkinin tasavvuru için bir paradigma olmayı sürdürmüştür.

References

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  • Antela-Bernardez, Borja. “Like Gods among Men: The Use of Religion and Mythical Issues during Alexander’s Campaign”, Krzystof Ulanowski (ed.), The Religios Aspects of War in the Ancient Near East, Greece and Rome, (Brill: Leiden, Boston, 2016) s.235-255.
  • Azoulay, Vincent. Cyrus, disciple de Socrate? Public et prive dans l’oeuvre de Xenophon, Études Platōniciennes VI, (Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 2009), 153-173.
  • Brock, Roger. Greek Political Imagery from Homer to Aristotle, Bloomsbury Academic: London and New York, 2013.
  • Browning, Robert. “Greeks and Others: From Antiquity to the Renaissance” Thomas Harrison (ed.), Greeks and Barbarians, (New York: Routledge, 2002).
  • Fustel De Coulanges, Numa Denis. The Ancient City: A Study on te Religion, Laws and Institutions of Greece and Rome, (Ontario: Batoche Books:, 2001)
  • Hacımüftüoğlu, Halil. Kral Tanrı: Allah’ın Krallığı, (İstanbul: İletişim, 2011).
  • Hartog, François. Herodotos’un Dünyası: Öteki Tasavvuru Üzerine Bir Deneme. Çev. Mehmet Emin Özcan. İstanbul: İthaki, 2014.
  • Kantorowicz, Ernst H. The King’s Two Bodies: A Study in Mediaeval Political Theology, (Priceton, New York: Princeton University Press, 1997), (ilk baskı 1957).
  • Lutz, Mark J. “The Confrontation between Classical Political Philosophy and the Gods of the City”, Tabachnick, D., Koivukoski, T., Teixeira, H. (ed.) Challenging Theocracy: Ancient Lessons for Global Politics. (Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 2018), 10-37.
  • Newey, Glen. Routledge Philosophy GuideBook to: Hobbes and Leviathan, (London, New York: Routledge, 2008).
  • Steiris, George. “Machiavelli’s appreciation of Greek Antiquity and the Ideal of Renaissance”, Alexander Lee, Harry Schnitker, Pierre Péporté (eds.), Renaissance? Perceptions of Continuity and Discontinuity in Europe, c.1300- c.1550, (Leiden: Brill, 2010), 81-94. Tuplin, Christopher. “Xenophon’s Cyropaedia: Fictive History, Political Analysis and Thinking with Iranian Kings”, Lynette Mitchell and Charles Melville, (ed.) Every Inch a King: Comparative Studies on Kings and Kingship in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds, (Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2013), 67-91.
  • Vlastos, Gregory. Socrates Ironist and Moral Philosophy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991).
  • Wayne Ambler, “Introduction: Xenophon’s Education of Cyrus”, Wayne Ambler (ed.), Xenophon: The Education of Cyrus, (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2001), 1–18.
  • Yalazı, Esra. Aiskhylos, Herodotos ve Ksenophōn’da Persler, (Doktora Tezi: Ankara Üniversitesi, 2020).
  • Aischyl. Pers. (Aiskhylos, Persae = Περσαί) = Aeschylus: Persians, Seven against Thebes, Suppliants, Prometheus Bond, with an English Translation by A. H. SOMMERSTEIN, Harvard 2009 (The Loeb Classical Library); – Çeviri: Aiskhilos: Persler – Sophokles: Antigone, çev. G. DİLMEN, İstanbul 2005.
  • Aristot. Ath. pol. (Aristotelēs, Athenaion politeia = Ἀθηναίων πολιτεά) = H. OPPERMANN (ed.), Aristotelis Ἀθηναίων πολιτεία, Leipzig: Teubner, 1928, repr. 1968.
  • Aristot. pol. (Aristotelēs, Politica = Πολιτικά) = Aristotle: Politics, with an English Translation by H. RACKHAM, Harvard 1932 (The Loeb Classical Library); – Çeviri: Aristoteles: Politika, çev. M. TUNCAY, İstanbul 2006.
  • Arr. an. (Arrianos, Alexandri Anabasis = Ἀλεξάνδρου ἀναβάσεως) = Flavius Arrianos: The Anabasis Of Alexander, Literally Translated, With A Commentary by E. J. CHINNOCK, London 1884 (Hodder And Stoughton).
  • Hdt. (Hērodotos) = Herodotus: The Persian Wars, with an English Translation by A. D. GODLEY, I–IV, London 1920–1925 (The Loeb Classical Library); – Çeviri: Herodotos: Tarih, çev. M. ÖKMEN, İstanbul 2006.
  • Isoc. ad Phil. (Isocrates, ad Philippum, III = Φιλίππῳ) Isocrates: Isocrates in three volumes III with an English Translation, by L. VAN HOOK, London 1945 (Harvard University Press).
  • Mach. Prin. (Niccolo Machiavelli, Il Principe) Çeviri: Niccolo Machiavelli, Hükümdar, çev. N. ADABAĞ, İstanbul, 2008.
  • Plat. polit (Platōn, Politikos = Πολιτικός) Plato: The Statesman, Philebus with an English Translation by H. N. FOWLER – W. R. M. LAMB, London 1925 (The Loeb Classical Library); Çeviri: Platōn: Devlet Adamı, çev. B. BORAN – M. KARASAN, İstanbul 2001.
  • Plat. apol. (Platōn, Apologia Socratis = Ἀπολογία Σωκράτους) = J. BURNET, Platonis opera, vol. I, Oxford: Clarendon, 1900, repr. 1967; Çeviri; Platōn: Sokrates’in Savunması, çev. E. GÖREN, İstanbul: Alfa, 2015.
  • Xen. hell. (Xenophōn, Hellenika = Ἑλληνικά) = Xenophon: Hellenica, with an English Translation by C. L. BROWNSON, I–IV, London 1918 (The Loeb Classical Library); – Çeviri: Ksenophōn: Yunan Tarihi, çev. S. SİNANOĞLU, Ankara 1999.
  • Xen. Kyr. (Xenophōn, Kyrou Paideia = Κύρου Παιδεία) = Metin: E. C. MARCHANT (ed.), Xenophontis opera omnia, IV, Oxford 1970 Çeviri: Xenophon: The Education of Cyrus, çev. W. AMBLER, Ithaca 2001.
  • Xen. mem. (Xenophōn, Memorabilia = Ἀπομνημονεύματα) = Metin: E.C. MARCHANT (ed.), Xenophontis opera omnia, II, Oxford 1921; Çeviri: Ksenophōn: Sokratēs’ten Anılar, çev. C. ŞENTUNA, Ankara 1994.
  • Xen. oik. (Xenophōn, Oikonomikos = Οἰκονομοκός) = Xenophon: Memorabilia, Oeconomicus, Symposium, Apologia, with an English Translation by E. C. MARCHANT – O. J. TODD, London 1923 (The Loeb Classical Library).
Year 2020, Volume: 14 Issue: 1, 129 - 156, 29.07.2020
https://doi.org/10.46931/aran.740205

Abstract

References

  • Ağaoğulları, Mehmet Ali ve Akal, Cemal Bâli ve Köker, Levent. Kral Devlet ya da Ölümlü Tanrı, (Ankara: İmge Yayınevi, 1994)
  • Antela-Bernardez, Borja. “Like Gods among Men: The Use of Religion and Mythical Issues during Alexander’s Campaign”, Krzystof Ulanowski (ed.), The Religios Aspects of War in the Ancient Near East, Greece and Rome, (Brill: Leiden, Boston, 2016) s.235-255.
  • Azoulay, Vincent. Cyrus, disciple de Socrate? Public et prive dans l’oeuvre de Xenophon, Études Platōniciennes VI, (Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 2009), 153-173.
  • Brock, Roger. Greek Political Imagery from Homer to Aristotle, Bloomsbury Academic: London and New York, 2013.
  • Browning, Robert. “Greeks and Others: From Antiquity to the Renaissance” Thomas Harrison (ed.), Greeks and Barbarians, (New York: Routledge, 2002).
  • Fustel De Coulanges, Numa Denis. The Ancient City: A Study on te Religion, Laws and Institutions of Greece and Rome, (Ontario: Batoche Books:, 2001)
  • Hacımüftüoğlu, Halil. Kral Tanrı: Allah’ın Krallığı, (İstanbul: İletişim, 2011).
  • Hartog, François. Herodotos’un Dünyası: Öteki Tasavvuru Üzerine Bir Deneme. Çev. Mehmet Emin Özcan. İstanbul: İthaki, 2014.
  • Kantorowicz, Ernst H. The King’s Two Bodies: A Study in Mediaeval Political Theology, (Priceton, New York: Princeton University Press, 1997), (ilk baskı 1957).
  • Lutz, Mark J. “The Confrontation between Classical Political Philosophy and the Gods of the City”, Tabachnick, D., Koivukoski, T., Teixeira, H. (ed.) Challenging Theocracy: Ancient Lessons for Global Politics. (Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 2018), 10-37.
  • Newey, Glen. Routledge Philosophy GuideBook to: Hobbes and Leviathan, (London, New York: Routledge, 2008).
  • Steiris, George. “Machiavelli’s appreciation of Greek Antiquity and the Ideal of Renaissance”, Alexander Lee, Harry Schnitker, Pierre Péporté (eds.), Renaissance? Perceptions of Continuity and Discontinuity in Europe, c.1300- c.1550, (Leiden: Brill, 2010), 81-94. Tuplin, Christopher. “Xenophon’s Cyropaedia: Fictive History, Political Analysis and Thinking with Iranian Kings”, Lynette Mitchell and Charles Melville, (ed.) Every Inch a King: Comparative Studies on Kings and Kingship in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds, (Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2013), 67-91.
  • Vlastos, Gregory. Socrates Ironist and Moral Philosophy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991).
  • Wayne Ambler, “Introduction: Xenophon’s Education of Cyrus”, Wayne Ambler (ed.), Xenophon: The Education of Cyrus, (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2001), 1–18.
  • Yalazı, Esra. Aiskhylos, Herodotos ve Ksenophōn’da Persler, (Doktora Tezi: Ankara Üniversitesi, 2020).
  • Aischyl. Pers. (Aiskhylos, Persae = Περσαί) = Aeschylus: Persians, Seven against Thebes, Suppliants, Prometheus Bond, with an English Translation by A. H. SOMMERSTEIN, Harvard 2009 (The Loeb Classical Library); – Çeviri: Aiskhilos: Persler – Sophokles: Antigone, çev. G. DİLMEN, İstanbul 2005.
  • Aristot. Ath. pol. (Aristotelēs, Athenaion politeia = Ἀθηναίων πολιτεά) = H. OPPERMANN (ed.), Aristotelis Ἀθηναίων πολιτεία, Leipzig: Teubner, 1928, repr. 1968.
  • Aristot. pol. (Aristotelēs, Politica = Πολιτικά) = Aristotle: Politics, with an English Translation by H. RACKHAM, Harvard 1932 (The Loeb Classical Library); – Çeviri: Aristoteles: Politika, çev. M. TUNCAY, İstanbul 2006.
  • Arr. an. (Arrianos, Alexandri Anabasis = Ἀλεξάνδρου ἀναβάσεως) = Flavius Arrianos: The Anabasis Of Alexander, Literally Translated, With A Commentary by E. J. CHINNOCK, London 1884 (Hodder And Stoughton).
  • Hdt. (Hērodotos) = Herodotus: The Persian Wars, with an English Translation by A. D. GODLEY, I–IV, London 1920–1925 (The Loeb Classical Library); – Çeviri: Herodotos: Tarih, çev. M. ÖKMEN, İstanbul 2006.
  • Isoc. ad Phil. (Isocrates, ad Philippum, III = Φιλίππῳ) Isocrates: Isocrates in three volumes III with an English Translation, by L. VAN HOOK, London 1945 (Harvard University Press).
  • Mach. Prin. (Niccolo Machiavelli, Il Principe) Çeviri: Niccolo Machiavelli, Hükümdar, çev. N. ADABAĞ, İstanbul, 2008.
  • Plat. polit (Platōn, Politikos = Πολιτικός) Plato: The Statesman, Philebus with an English Translation by H. N. FOWLER – W. R. M. LAMB, London 1925 (The Loeb Classical Library); Çeviri: Platōn: Devlet Adamı, çev. B. BORAN – M. KARASAN, İstanbul 2001.
  • Plat. apol. (Platōn, Apologia Socratis = Ἀπολογία Σωκράτους) = J. BURNET, Platonis opera, vol. I, Oxford: Clarendon, 1900, repr. 1967; Çeviri; Platōn: Sokrates’in Savunması, çev. E. GÖREN, İstanbul: Alfa, 2015.
  • Xen. hell. (Xenophōn, Hellenika = Ἑλληνικά) = Xenophon: Hellenica, with an English Translation by C. L. BROWNSON, I–IV, London 1918 (The Loeb Classical Library); – Çeviri: Ksenophōn: Yunan Tarihi, çev. S. SİNANOĞLU, Ankara 1999.
  • Xen. Kyr. (Xenophōn, Kyrou Paideia = Κύρου Παιδεία) = Metin: E. C. MARCHANT (ed.), Xenophontis opera omnia, IV, Oxford 1970 Çeviri: Xenophon: The Education of Cyrus, çev. W. AMBLER, Ithaca 2001.
  • Xen. mem. (Xenophōn, Memorabilia = Ἀπομνημονεύματα) = Metin: E.C. MARCHANT (ed.), Xenophontis opera omnia, II, Oxford 1921; Çeviri: Ksenophōn: Sokratēs’ten Anılar, çev. C. ŞENTUNA, Ankara 1994.
  • Xen. oik. (Xenophōn, Oikonomikos = Οἰκονομοκός) = Xenophon: Memorabilia, Oeconomicus, Symposium, Apologia, with an English Translation by E. C. MARCHANT – O. J. TODD, London 1923 (The Loeb Classical Library).
There are 28 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Esra Yalazı 0000-0001-9708-6223

Publication Date July 29, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 14 Issue: 1

Cite

Chicago Yalazı, Esra. “KSENOPHON’UN KYROS’UN EĞİTİMİ ESERİNDE TANRI-KRAL PARADİGMASI”. Archivum Anatolicum-Anadolu Arşivleri 14, no. 1 (July 2020): 129-56. https://doi.org/10.46931/aran.740205.