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ANTİKÇAĞ FARMAKOLOJİSİNİN TEMELLERİ: ESKİ YUNAN TIBBINDA MATERIA MEDICA GELENEĞİ

Year 2023, Volume: 17 Issue: 1, 207 - 229, 27.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.46931/aran.1298414

Abstract

Günümüzde koruyucu tıp uygulamaları ya da yeni ilaçların üretilmesi amacıyla geçmişte kullanılan doğal tıbbî malzemeler (materia medica) ve bunlarla ilişkili geleneksel tıp uygulamaları giderek artan bir ilgiyle karşı karşıyadır. Böylece ilaç bilgisi bağlamında sunduğu eşsiz miras sebebiyle antik kaynakların modern dillerde okunması gündeme gelmektedir. Ancak hangi kaynaklara odaklanılması gerektiğini bilebilmek ve karşılaştırmalı okumalar yapabilmek için geleneksel tıp uygulamaları ile bir arada gelişen farmasötik ve farmokoloji tarihine vakıf olmak gerekmektedir. Nitekim bu tarih hılt teorisi ve Hippokrates’in kişiliğinin ekolden ekole binyıllar boyunca hekimler tarafından nasıl ele alındığı ile ilişkilidir. Ancak birbirlerine etnosentrik veya anakronistik olarak yaklaşan bu ekoller ve bunların farmakolojik yaklaşımları bu tarih için bir üst anlatı (metanarrative) olarak da görülebilir. Bu çalışmada Mısır tıbbından Hippokrates’e, Hippokrates ve sonrası Hellenistik ve Roma Çağlarında ve son olarak Galenos’da hılt teorisinin nasıl ele alındığı ve birbirlerini takip eden bu ekollerin birbirlerine nasıl yaklaştığı incelenmiştir. Ancak özellikle bu yaklaşımların farmasötik katkıları incelenerek tutarlı bir Materia Medica tarihi oluşturulmaya çalışılmıştır. Bununla birlikte daha ziyade geleneksel tıp içerisindeki Materia Medica ve inanç sistemi ilişkisi de ele alınmaya çalışılmıştır.

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References

  • Foucault, Michel. “The Order of Discourse”, ed. Robert Young, Untying the Text: A Post-Structuralist Reader, 48-78. Boston: Routledge, 1981.
  • Foucault, Michel. The Birth of the Clinic: An Archeology of Medical Perception. London: Tavistock, 1973. Foucault, Michel. “Nietzsche, Genealogy, History”, ed. Paul Rabinow, The Foucault Reader, 76-100. New York: Pantheon, 1984.
  • Hardy, G. ve Totelin, L. Ancient Botany. London: Routledge, 2016.
  • Hort, Arthur (çev.), Theophrastus: Enquiry into Plants and Minor Works on Odours and Weather Signs, vol. II. London: Loeb, 1916.
  • Jones, W. H. S. Hippocrates, vol. I. London: Loeb, 1947.
  • Jouanna, Jacques. “Egyptian Medicine and Greek Medicine”, ed. Philip van der Eijk Greek Medicine from Hippocrates to Galen: Selected Papers by Jacques Jouanna, 3-20. Leiden: Brill, 2012.
  • Jouanna, Jacques. “The Legacy of the Hippocratic Treatise The Nature of Man: The Theory of the Four Humours”, ed. Philip van der Eijk, Greek Medicine from Hippocrates to Galen: Selected Papers by Jacques Jouanna, 335-359. Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2012.
  • Jouanna, J. ve Boudon, V. “Remarques sur la Place d'Hippocrate dans la Pharmacologie de Galien”, Galen on Pharmacology: Philosopy, History and Medicine (1997): 213-234. Leiden: Brill.
  • Kahya, Esin. “Hipokrat”, TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/hipokrat (31.01.2022).
  • La Berge, Ann F. “The Rhetoric of Hippocrates at the Paris School”, ed. David Cantor, Reinventing Hippocrates, 178-199. London & New York: Routledge, 2001.
  • Osbaldeston, T. A. ve Wood, R. P. (Çev.), Dioscorides: De Materia Medica. Johannesburg: IBIDIS, 2000.
  • Özaktürk, Gül. “MS Birinci Yüzyılda Roma İmparatorluğunda Kültür Hayatı” (Çev. Esin Kahya), Materia Medica: Dioscorides. Ankara: Nobel, 2019.
  • Perilli, Lorenzo. “Writing, Preserving and Disseminating Scientific Knowledge: Some Remarks on Manuscripts and Other Writing Supports in Ancient Greece”, Manuscript Cultures mcNo5 (2012/2013): 20-32.
  • Scarborough, John. “Theophrastus on Herbals and Herbal Remedies”, Journal of the History of Biology 11/2 (1978): 353-385.
  • Scarborough, John. “Adaptation of Folk Medicines in the Formal ‘Materia Medica’ of Classical Antiquity”, Pharmacy in History 55/2-3 (2013): 55-63.
  • Singer, Charles. “The Herbal in Antiquity and Its Transmission to Later Ages”, The Journal of Hellenic Studies 47/1 (1927): 1-52.
  • Totelin, Laurance. Hippocratic Recipes: Oral and Written Transmission of Pharmacological Knowledge in Fifth and Fouth Century Greece. Leiden: Brill, 2009.
  • Van Der Eijk, Philip J., Diocles of Carystus: A Collection of the Fragments with Translation and Commentary, Volume One, Text And Translation. Leiden: Brill, 2000.
  • Zucconi, Laura M. “Medicine and Religion in Ancient Egypt”, Religion Compass 1 (2006): 1-12.
  • Aet. Aetius, De Placita Philosophorum = J. Mansfeld ve D. T. Runia (ed.), Aëtiana V, An Edition of the Reconstructed Text of the Placita with a Commentary and a Collection of Related Texts, Leiden: Brill, 2020.
  • Arist. Cat. Aristoteles, Categoriae (Katēgoriai) = L. Minio-Paluello (ed.), Aristotelis categoriae et liber de interpretatione, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1949; Çeviri: Aristotle, Aristotle Categories and De Interpretetione, Çev. J. L. Ackrill, Princeton: Princeton University Press,1984.
  • Gal. HNH. Galenos, In Hippocratis de natura hominis librum commentarii (Eis to peri physeōs anthrōpou biblion Hippokratous hypomnēma) = J. Mewaldt (ed.), Galeni in Hippocratis de natura hominis commentaria tria, Corpus medicorum Graecorum, Leipzig: Teubner, 1914.
  • Gal. Opt. Med. Galenos, Quod Optimus Medicus Sit Quoque Philosophus (Hoti ho aristos iatros kai philos) = P. N. Singer (Çev.), Galen, The Best Doctor is also a Philosopher, Selected Works, Oxford: University Press, 1997.
  • Gal. Comp.med. Galenos, De compositione medicamentorum secundum locos (Peri syntheseōs pharmakōn tōn kata topous) = C. G. Kühn (ed.), Claudii Galeni opera omnia, vols. XII–XIII, Leipzig: Knobloch, 1826 (yeniden basım 1965).
  • Hdt. Herodotos = Ph.–E. Legrand (ed.), Hérodote: Histoires, vols. IX, Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1932-1968; Çeviri: Herodotos, Tarih, Çev. M. Ökmen. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Yayınları, 2006.
  • Hippoc. Aer. Hippokrates, De aere, aquis, locis (Peri aerōn hydatōn topōn) = W. H. S. Jones (Çev.), Hippocrates, Ancient Medicine. Airs, Waters, Places. Epidemics I and III. The Oath. Praecepts. Nutriment, vol. I, (Loeb Classical Library) Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1923.
  • Hippoc. Decent. Hippokrates, De decente habitu (Peri euskhēmosynē) = É. Littré (Ed.), Oeuvres complètes d'Hippocrate, vol. IX, Paris: Baillière, 1861.
  • Hippoc.Morb.sacr. Hippokrates, De morbo sacro (Peri hierēs nousou) = W. H. S. Jones (Çev.), Hippocrates, vol. II, (Loeb Classical Library) Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1923.
  • Hippoc. Nat.hom. Hippokrates, De natura hominis (Peri physios anthrōpou) = W. H. S. Jones (Çev.), Hippocrates, Vol. IV: Nature of Man, (Loeb Classical Library) Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1931.
  • Hippoc. VM. Hippokrates, De vetere medicina (Peri arkaiēs iētrikēs) = W. H. S. Jones (Çev.), Hippocrates, Ancient Medicine. Airs, Waters, Places. Epidemics 1 and 3. The Oath. Praecepts. Nutriment, vol. I, (Loeb Classical Library) (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1923.
  • Hom. Od. Homeros, Odysseia = P. von der Mühll (ed.), Homeri Odyssea, Basel: Helbing & Lichtenhahn, 1962; Çeviri: Homeros, Odysseia, çev. Azra Erhat, A. Kadir, İstanbul: Can Yayınları, 1998.
  • Pl. Leg. Platon, Leges (Nomoi) = (Çev.) R. G. Bury. Plato: Laws, vol. II, (The Loeb Classical Library) Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1926; Çeviri: Platon: Yasalar, Çev. C. Şentuna ve S. Babür. İstanbul: Kabalcı, 2007.
  • Pl. Phdr. Platon, Phaedrus (Phaidros) = J. M. Cooper (ed.), Plato: Complete Works, Indianapolis: Hackett, 1997.
  • Plin. HN. Plinius the Elder, Naturalis Historia = J. Bostock ve H. T. Riley (Çev.), Pliny’s Natural History, London: Bohn, 1855-57.
  • WHO Global Report On Traditional and Complementary Medicine, World Health Organization, 2019.
Year 2023, Volume: 17 Issue: 1, 207 - 229, 27.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.46931/aran.1298414

Abstract

Project Number

-

References

  • Foucault, Michel. “The Order of Discourse”, ed. Robert Young, Untying the Text: A Post-Structuralist Reader, 48-78. Boston: Routledge, 1981.
  • Foucault, Michel. The Birth of the Clinic: An Archeology of Medical Perception. London: Tavistock, 1973. Foucault, Michel. “Nietzsche, Genealogy, History”, ed. Paul Rabinow, The Foucault Reader, 76-100. New York: Pantheon, 1984.
  • Hardy, G. ve Totelin, L. Ancient Botany. London: Routledge, 2016.
  • Hort, Arthur (çev.), Theophrastus: Enquiry into Plants and Minor Works on Odours and Weather Signs, vol. II. London: Loeb, 1916.
  • Jones, W. H. S. Hippocrates, vol. I. London: Loeb, 1947.
  • Jouanna, Jacques. “Egyptian Medicine and Greek Medicine”, ed. Philip van der Eijk Greek Medicine from Hippocrates to Galen: Selected Papers by Jacques Jouanna, 3-20. Leiden: Brill, 2012.
  • Jouanna, Jacques. “The Legacy of the Hippocratic Treatise The Nature of Man: The Theory of the Four Humours”, ed. Philip van der Eijk, Greek Medicine from Hippocrates to Galen: Selected Papers by Jacques Jouanna, 335-359. Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2012.
  • Jouanna, J. ve Boudon, V. “Remarques sur la Place d'Hippocrate dans la Pharmacologie de Galien”, Galen on Pharmacology: Philosopy, History and Medicine (1997): 213-234. Leiden: Brill.
  • Kahya, Esin. “Hipokrat”, TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/hipokrat (31.01.2022).
  • La Berge, Ann F. “The Rhetoric of Hippocrates at the Paris School”, ed. David Cantor, Reinventing Hippocrates, 178-199. London & New York: Routledge, 2001.
  • Osbaldeston, T. A. ve Wood, R. P. (Çev.), Dioscorides: De Materia Medica. Johannesburg: IBIDIS, 2000.
  • Özaktürk, Gül. “MS Birinci Yüzyılda Roma İmparatorluğunda Kültür Hayatı” (Çev. Esin Kahya), Materia Medica: Dioscorides. Ankara: Nobel, 2019.
  • Perilli, Lorenzo. “Writing, Preserving and Disseminating Scientific Knowledge: Some Remarks on Manuscripts and Other Writing Supports in Ancient Greece”, Manuscript Cultures mcNo5 (2012/2013): 20-32.
  • Scarborough, John. “Theophrastus on Herbals and Herbal Remedies”, Journal of the History of Biology 11/2 (1978): 353-385.
  • Scarborough, John. “Adaptation of Folk Medicines in the Formal ‘Materia Medica’ of Classical Antiquity”, Pharmacy in History 55/2-3 (2013): 55-63.
  • Singer, Charles. “The Herbal in Antiquity and Its Transmission to Later Ages”, The Journal of Hellenic Studies 47/1 (1927): 1-52.
  • Totelin, Laurance. Hippocratic Recipes: Oral and Written Transmission of Pharmacological Knowledge in Fifth and Fouth Century Greece. Leiden: Brill, 2009.
  • Van Der Eijk, Philip J., Diocles of Carystus: A Collection of the Fragments with Translation and Commentary, Volume One, Text And Translation. Leiden: Brill, 2000.
  • Zucconi, Laura M. “Medicine and Religion in Ancient Egypt”, Religion Compass 1 (2006): 1-12.
  • Aet. Aetius, De Placita Philosophorum = J. Mansfeld ve D. T. Runia (ed.), Aëtiana V, An Edition of the Reconstructed Text of the Placita with a Commentary and a Collection of Related Texts, Leiden: Brill, 2020.
  • Arist. Cat. Aristoteles, Categoriae (Katēgoriai) = L. Minio-Paluello (ed.), Aristotelis categoriae et liber de interpretatione, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1949; Çeviri: Aristotle, Aristotle Categories and De Interpretetione, Çev. J. L. Ackrill, Princeton: Princeton University Press,1984.
  • Gal. HNH. Galenos, In Hippocratis de natura hominis librum commentarii (Eis to peri physeōs anthrōpou biblion Hippokratous hypomnēma) = J. Mewaldt (ed.), Galeni in Hippocratis de natura hominis commentaria tria, Corpus medicorum Graecorum, Leipzig: Teubner, 1914.
  • Gal. Opt. Med. Galenos, Quod Optimus Medicus Sit Quoque Philosophus (Hoti ho aristos iatros kai philos) = P. N. Singer (Çev.), Galen, The Best Doctor is also a Philosopher, Selected Works, Oxford: University Press, 1997.
  • Gal. Comp.med. Galenos, De compositione medicamentorum secundum locos (Peri syntheseōs pharmakōn tōn kata topous) = C. G. Kühn (ed.), Claudii Galeni opera omnia, vols. XII–XIII, Leipzig: Knobloch, 1826 (yeniden basım 1965).
  • Hdt. Herodotos = Ph.–E. Legrand (ed.), Hérodote: Histoires, vols. IX, Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1932-1968; Çeviri: Herodotos, Tarih, Çev. M. Ökmen. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Yayınları, 2006.
  • Hippoc. Aer. Hippokrates, De aere, aquis, locis (Peri aerōn hydatōn topōn) = W. H. S. Jones (Çev.), Hippocrates, Ancient Medicine. Airs, Waters, Places. Epidemics I and III. The Oath. Praecepts. Nutriment, vol. I, (Loeb Classical Library) Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1923.
  • Hippoc. Decent. Hippokrates, De decente habitu (Peri euskhēmosynē) = É. Littré (Ed.), Oeuvres complètes d'Hippocrate, vol. IX, Paris: Baillière, 1861.
  • Hippoc.Morb.sacr. Hippokrates, De morbo sacro (Peri hierēs nousou) = W. H. S. Jones (Çev.), Hippocrates, vol. II, (Loeb Classical Library) Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1923.
  • Hippoc. Nat.hom. Hippokrates, De natura hominis (Peri physios anthrōpou) = W. H. S. Jones (Çev.), Hippocrates, Vol. IV: Nature of Man, (Loeb Classical Library) Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1931.
  • Hippoc. VM. Hippokrates, De vetere medicina (Peri arkaiēs iētrikēs) = W. H. S. Jones (Çev.), Hippocrates, Ancient Medicine. Airs, Waters, Places. Epidemics 1 and 3. The Oath. Praecepts. Nutriment, vol. I, (Loeb Classical Library) (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1923.
  • Hom. Od. Homeros, Odysseia = P. von der Mühll (ed.), Homeri Odyssea, Basel: Helbing & Lichtenhahn, 1962; Çeviri: Homeros, Odysseia, çev. Azra Erhat, A. Kadir, İstanbul: Can Yayınları, 1998.
  • Pl. Leg. Platon, Leges (Nomoi) = (Çev.) R. G. Bury. Plato: Laws, vol. II, (The Loeb Classical Library) Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1926; Çeviri: Platon: Yasalar, Çev. C. Şentuna ve S. Babür. İstanbul: Kabalcı, 2007.
  • Pl. Phdr. Platon, Phaedrus (Phaidros) = J. M. Cooper (ed.), Plato: Complete Works, Indianapolis: Hackett, 1997.
  • Plin. HN. Plinius the Elder, Naturalis Historia = J. Bostock ve H. T. Riley (Çev.), Pliny’s Natural History, London: Bohn, 1855-57.
  • WHO Global Report On Traditional and Complementary Medicine, World Health Organization, 2019.
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Old Anatolian History, Classical Greek and Roman History
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Esra Yalazı 0000-0001-9708-6223

Project Number -
Early Pub Date June 25, 2023
Publication Date June 27, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 17 Issue: 1

Cite

Chicago Yalazı, Esra. “ANTİKÇAĞ FARMAKOLOJİSİNİN TEMELLERİ: ESKİ YUNAN TIBBINDA MATERIA MEDICA GELENEĞİ”. Archivum Anatolicum-Anadolu Arşivleri 17, no. 1 (June 2023): 207-29. https://doi.org/10.46931/aran.1298414.