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ATİNA'DA GÖÇMENLERİN HUKUKİ STATÜSÜ ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME: LYSIAS’IN ERATOSTHENES’E KARŞI ADLI SÖYLEVİ VE ÇEVİRİSİ

Year 2024, Volume: 18 Issue: 1, 239 - 268, 30.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.46931/aran.1479105

Abstract

Klasik Çağ’da Atina, siyasi ve hukuki varlığı bakımından bir yurttaşlar topluluğu olsa da kültürel ve ekonomik varlığını güçlendirmek için bünyesine kattığı büyük orandaki göçmen (metoikos) nüfusu ile çeşitlilik arz eden bir sosyolojik yapıya sahipti. Politik açıdan aktif olmayan bu göçmenler, Atina’da demokrasi ve oligarşi gerilimlerinin yaşandığı, kimi yurttaşların devletin varlığına adeta kastettiği tarihi dönem içinde, varlıklarının ve aslında sistemin de devamlılığının sağlanması açısından demokrasi siyasal düzeni tarafında duruş sergilemiş ve bizzat, devletin bekasından taraf olan diğer yurttaşlar ile birlikte direnişçiler arasında saf tutmuşlardı. MÖ 411 ile MÖ 404 tarihlerinde gerçekleşmiş olan iki büyük oligarşik devrim hareketinin en önemli tanıklarından biri, kendisi de Atina’da göçmen bir aileye mensup olan Hatip Lysias olmuştu. Lysias MÖ 404 yılında aralarında Eratosthenes'in de bulunduğu Otuzlar Hükümeti üyeleri tarafından tutuklanmış, tüm mallarına el konulmuş ve erkek kardeşi Polemarkhos bu süreçte Eratosthenes tarafından öldürülmüştü. Demokrasinin tekrar kurulmasının ardından (MÖ 403/2) yargılanmasına başlanan Eratosthenes’in davasına müdahil olan Lysias, Eratosthenes’e Karşı adlı söylevi ile sanığın, kardeşi Polemarkhos’un ölümünden sorumlu olduğunu kanıtlama ve onu bu işten mahkûm etme amacındadır. Bunu yaparken suçlamasını siyasal düzleme oturtarak genişleten hatip, hem Atina tarihinin bu en bunalımlı dönemi üzerine bir belge oluşturmuş hem de Atina’daki sistem üzerinden göçmenlik ve yurttaşlık üzerine tespit ettiği fikirlerle konunun her devirde tartışmaya açık olduğunu yalın bir dille ortaya koymuştur.

References

  • Adams, Charles Darwin (ed.). Lysias: Selected Speeches. Norman, London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1970.
  • Albini, Umberto (ed.). Lisia. I discorsi. Florence: Sansoni, 1955.
  • Bakewell, Geoff. “Lysias 12 and Lysias 31: Metics and Athenian Citizenship in the Aftermath of the Thirty”, Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 40 (1999): 5-22.
  • Christ, Matthew R. “Legal Self-Help on Private Property in Classical Athens”, The American Journal of Philology 119/ 4 (1998): 521-545.
  • Garland, Robert. Wandering Greeks: The Ancient Greek Diaspora from the Age of Homer to the Death of Alexander the Great. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014.
  • Howland, Jacob. “Plato's Reply to Lysias: Republic 1 and 2 and Against Eratosthenes”, The American Journal of Philology 125/ 2 (2004): 179-208.
  • Lamb, Walter Rangeley Maitland. Lysias: With An English Translation. London: William Heinemann, 1967.
  • Lyttkens, Carl Hampus. “Effects of the Taxation of Wealth in Athens in the Fourth Century B.C.”, Scandinavian Economic History Review 40 (1992): 3-20.
  • Rhodes, Peter John. The Greek City-States: A Source Book. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
  • Theodorakupulos, Vas. Th. Attika Retoriğine Giriş. Çev. Sema Sandalcı. İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, 2004.
  • Todd, Stephen C., trans. Lysias: The Oratory of Classical Greece, vol. 2, Austin: University of Texas Press, 2000.
  • Usher, Stephen. “Lysias and his Clients”, ed. Edwin Carawan, Oxford Readings in The Attic Orators. 27-36. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
  • Whitehead, David. The Ideology of the Athenian Metic, Cambridge: Cambridge Philological Society, 1977.
  • Wolpert, Andrew. Remembering Defeat: Civil War and Civic Memory in Ancient Athens. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002.
  • Arist. Ath. Pol. Aristoteles, Ἀθηναίων πολιτεία (Athēnaiōn Politeia) = H. Oppermann (ed.), Aristotelis Athēnaiōn Politeia, Leipzig: Teubner, 1928.
  • Arist. Rh. Aristoteles, Rhetorica (Rhētorikē) = W. D. Ross (ed.), Aristotelis ars rhetorica, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1959 (yeniden basım 1964).
  • Dem. Demosthenes, or. 19: Peri tēs parapresbeias = C. A. Vince, J. H. Vince (trans.), Demosthenes. Orations, vol. II: Orations 18-19: De Corona, De Falsa Legatione. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1926.
  • Demosthenes, or. 59: Kata Neairas = A. T. Murray (trans.), Demosthenes. Orations, vol. VI: Orations 50-59: Private Cases. In Neaeram. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1939.
  • Eur. Supp. Euripides Supplices (Hiketides) = David Kovacs (ed. & trans.), Euripides. Suppliant Women. Electra. Heracles. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998.
  • Lys. Lysias, or. 12: Kata Eratosthenous = U. Albini (ed.), Lisia, I discorsi, Florence: Sansoni, 1955.
  • Lysias, or. 13: Kata Agoratou endeikseōs = U. Albini (ed.), Lisia, I discorsi, Florence: Sansoni, 1955.
  • Lysias, or. 14: Kata Alkibiadou lipotaksiou = U. Albini (ed.), Lisia, I discorsi, Florence: Sansoni, 1955.
  • Lysias, or. 22: Kata tōn sitopōlōn = U. Albini (ed.), Lisia, I discorsi, Florence: Sansoni, 1955.
  • Lysias, or. 24: Pros tēn eisangelian peri tou mē didosthai tō adunatō argurion = U. Albini (ed.), Lisia, I discorsi, Florence: Sansoni, 1955.
  • Lysias, or. 31: Kata Philōnos dokimasias = U. Albini (ed.), Lisia, I discorsi, Florence: Sansoni, 1955.
  • Lysias, or. 32: Kata Diogeitonos = U. Albini (ed.), Lisia, I discorsi, Florence: Sansoni, 1955.
  • Pl. Platon, Cri.: Crito (Kritōn) = Harold North Fowler (trans.), Plato. Euthyphro. Apology. Crito. Phaedo. Phaedrus. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1914.
  • Platon, Phdr.: Phaedrus (Phaidros) = J. M. Cooper (ed.), Plato: Complete Works, Indianapolis: Hackett, 1997.
  • Platon, Resp.: Respublica (Politeia) = J. Burnet (ed.), Platonis opera, vol. 4, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1902 (yeniden basım 1968).
  • Plut. Plutarkhos, X. orat.: Vitae decem oratorum (Bioi tōn deka rhētorōn) = J. Mau (ed.), Plutarchi moralia, vol. 5, Leibzig: Teubner, 1971.
  • Plutarkhos, Lys.: Lysander = Bernadotte Perrin (trans.), Plutarch. Lives, vol. IV: Alcibiades and Coriolanus. Lysander and Sulla, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1916.
  • Plutarkhos, Mor.: Moralia (Ethika) = W. Nachstädt (ed.), Plutarchi moralia, vol. 2, Leipzig: Teubner, 1935 (yeniden basım 1971).
  • Thuc. Thoukydides = C. F. Smith (trans.), Thukydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, vol. 1, 4, Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 1919–1920.
  • Xen. Hell Xenophon, Hellenica (Hellēnika) = E. C. Marchant (ed.), Xenophontis opera omnia, vol. 1, Oxford: Clarendon Press 1968; Suat Sinanoğlu (çev.), Ksenophon, Yunan Tarihi. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1999.

An Overview on the Legal Status of Metics in Athens: Lysias’ Speech Against Eratosthenes and its Translation

Year 2024, Volume: 18 Issue: 1, 239 - 268, 30.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.46931/aran.1479105

Abstract

Classical Athens, being a community of citizens in terms of politics and the law, had a diversified social structure with a vast number of immigrants it absorbed to support its cultural and economic life. During the historical period of conflicts between democracy and oligarchy in Athens, these immigrants—who were not politically active—took a stand on the side of the democratic political order with the citizens who supported the state's survival, to secure their own existence as well as the continuation of the system. Lysias the Orator, an immigrant himself, was one of the most significant witnesses of the two major oligarchic revolutions that occurred in Athens between 411 and 404 BC. He was arrested by the oligarchic rule of the Thirty Tyrants in 404 BC, all his property was confiscated, and his brother Polemarchus was killed by Eratosthenes, one of the Thirty Tyrants. After the restoration of democracy in 403, during the trial of Eratosthenes, Lysias delivered the speech Against Eratosthenes in order to accuse and condemn him of killing Polemarchus. In his speech, Lysias expanded his accusation by placing it on a political level, and by this way he produced not only a valuable document on this most depressive period of Athenian history but also demonstrated in plain language that migration and citizenship issues are open to debate in every historical period.

References

  • Adams, Charles Darwin (ed.). Lysias: Selected Speeches. Norman, London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1970.
  • Albini, Umberto (ed.). Lisia. I discorsi. Florence: Sansoni, 1955.
  • Bakewell, Geoff. “Lysias 12 and Lysias 31: Metics and Athenian Citizenship in the Aftermath of the Thirty”, Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 40 (1999): 5-22.
  • Christ, Matthew R. “Legal Self-Help on Private Property in Classical Athens”, The American Journal of Philology 119/ 4 (1998): 521-545.
  • Garland, Robert. Wandering Greeks: The Ancient Greek Diaspora from the Age of Homer to the Death of Alexander the Great. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014.
  • Howland, Jacob. “Plato's Reply to Lysias: Republic 1 and 2 and Against Eratosthenes”, The American Journal of Philology 125/ 2 (2004): 179-208.
  • Lamb, Walter Rangeley Maitland. Lysias: With An English Translation. London: William Heinemann, 1967.
  • Lyttkens, Carl Hampus. “Effects of the Taxation of Wealth in Athens in the Fourth Century B.C.”, Scandinavian Economic History Review 40 (1992): 3-20.
  • Rhodes, Peter John. The Greek City-States: A Source Book. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
  • Theodorakupulos, Vas. Th. Attika Retoriğine Giriş. Çev. Sema Sandalcı. İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, 2004.
  • Todd, Stephen C., trans. Lysias: The Oratory of Classical Greece, vol. 2, Austin: University of Texas Press, 2000.
  • Usher, Stephen. “Lysias and his Clients”, ed. Edwin Carawan, Oxford Readings in The Attic Orators. 27-36. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
  • Whitehead, David. The Ideology of the Athenian Metic, Cambridge: Cambridge Philological Society, 1977.
  • Wolpert, Andrew. Remembering Defeat: Civil War and Civic Memory in Ancient Athens. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002.
  • Arist. Ath. Pol. Aristoteles, Ἀθηναίων πολιτεία (Athēnaiōn Politeia) = H. Oppermann (ed.), Aristotelis Athēnaiōn Politeia, Leipzig: Teubner, 1928.
  • Arist. Rh. Aristoteles, Rhetorica (Rhētorikē) = W. D. Ross (ed.), Aristotelis ars rhetorica, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1959 (yeniden basım 1964).
  • Dem. Demosthenes, or. 19: Peri tēs parapresbeias = C. A. Vince, J. H. Vince (trans.), Demosthenes. Orations, vol. II: Orations 18-19: De Corona, De Falsa Legatione. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1926.
  • Demosthenes, or. 59: Kata Neairas = A. T. Murray (trans.), Demosthenes. Orations, vol. VI: Orations 50-59: Private Cases. In Neaeram. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1939.
  • Eur. Supp. Euripides Supplices (Hiketides) = David Kovacs (ed. & trans.), Euripides. Suppliant Women. Electra. Heracles. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998.
  • Lys. Lysias, or. 12: Kata Eratosthenous = U. Albini (ed.), Lisia, I discorsi, Florence: Sansoni, 1955.
  • Lysias, or. 13: Kata Agoratou endeikseōs = U. Albini (ed.), Lisia, I discorsi, Florence: Sansoni, 1955.
  • Lysias, or. 14: Kata Alkibiadou lipotaksiou = U. Albini (ed.), Lisia, I discorsi, Florence: Sansoni, 1955.
  • Lysias, or. 22: Kata tōn sitopōlōn = U. Albini (ed.), Lisia, I discorsi, Florence: Sansoni, 1955.
  • Lysias, or. 24: Pros tēn eisangelian peri tou mē didosthai tō adunatō argurion = U. Albini (ed.), Lisia, I discorsi, Florence: Sansoni, 1955.
  • Lysias, or. 31: Kata Philōnos dokimasias = U. Albini (ed.), Lisia, I discorsi, Florence: Sansoni, 1955.
  • Lysias, or. 32: Kata Diogeitonos = U. Albini (ed.), Lisia, I discorsi, Florence: Sansoni, 1955.
  • Pl. Platon, Cri.: Crito (Kritōn) = Harold North Fowler (trans.), Plato. Euthyphro. Apology. Crito. Phaedo. Phaedrus. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1914.
  • Platon, Phdr.: Phaedrus (Phaidros) = J. M. Cooper (ed.), Plato: Complete Works, Indianapolis: Hackett, 1997.
  • Platon, Resp.: Respublica (Politeia) = J. Burnet (ed.), Platonis opera, vol. 4, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1902 (yeniden basım 1968).
  • Plut. Plutarkhos, X. orat.: Vitae decem oratorum (Bioi tōn deka rhētorōn) = J. Mau (ed.), Plutarchi moralia, vol. 5, Leibzig: Teubner, 1971.
  • Plutarkhos, Lys.: Lysander = Bernadotte Perrin (trans.), Plutarch. Lives, vol. IV: Alcibiades and Coriolanus. Lysander and Sulla, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1916.
  • Plutarkhos, Mor.: Moralia (Ethika) = W. Nachstädt (ed.), Plutarchi moralia, vol. 2, Leipzig: Teubner, 1935 (yeniden basım 1971).
  • Thuc. Thoukydides = C. F. Smith (trans.), Thukydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, vol. 1, 4, Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 1919–1920.
  • Xen. Hell Xenophon, Hellenica (Hellēnika) = E. C. Marchant (ed.), Xenophontis opera omnia, vol. 1, Oxford: Clarendon Press 1968; Suat Sinanoğlu (çev.), Ksenophon, Yunan Tarihi. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1999.
There are 34 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Classical Greek and Roman History
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Esra Yalazı 0000-0001-9708-6223

Sultan Deniz Küçüker 0000-0002-9949-6805

Early Pub Date June 28, 2024
Publication Date June 30, 2024
Submission Date May 6, 2024
Acceptance Date June 8, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 18 Issue: 1

Cite

Chicago Yalazı, Esra, and Sultan Deniz Küçüker. “ATİNA’DA GÖÇMENLERİN HUKUKİ STATÜSÜ ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME: LYSIAS’IN ERATOSTHENES’E KARŞI ADLI SÖYLEVİ VE ÇEVİRİSİ”. Archivum Anatolicum-Anadolu Arşivleri 18, no. 1 (June 2024): 239-68. https://doi.org/10.46931/aran.1479105.