EGEMEN İKTİDAR, DİSİPLİNER İKTİDAR VE BİYO-İKTİDAR: FOUCAULT’NUN İKTİDAR MEKANİZMALARINI KAVRAMLAŞTIRMASI NASIL OKUNMALI?

Year 2019, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 13 - 24, 31.05.2019

Eray Alım

Abstract

Foucault’nun çalışmalarında güç nosyonu kilit kavramlardan biridir. Foucault, modern dönemde insanların maruz kaldığı hâkimiyet kurma tekniklerine ışık tutabilmek için, güç mekanizmalarının gelişim sürecinin bir takibini gerçekleştirmiştir. Kendisi, egemen otorite, disiplin mekanizmaları ve biyopolitika kavramlarına odaklanarak, Batı toplumlarında gücün nasıl işlerlik kazındığını açıklama amaçlı çeşitli kavramsallaştırmalar ortaya koymuştur. Kendilerine has özelliklere sahip olan egemenlik, disiplin ve biyo-iktidar ile ilişkili güç mekanizmaları, farklı tarihsel konjonktürlerde öne çıkıp, farklı işlevselliklere sahip olmuşlardır. Bu üç güç kaynağı arasında biyo-iktidar, üretken ve pozitif özelliğiyle diğer varyantlardan ayrışmaktadır. Batı toplumlarında biyo-iktidar, toplumların yönetiminde şekillendirici bir özelliğe sahip olup, korunması ve devam ettirilmesi gereken bir yaşam şekli için gerekli güç kaynağını teşkil etmektedir. Halihazırdaki süreçte de biyo-iktidar Batı’daki toplumsal yaşam üzerinde tayin edici bir etkiye sahiptir; fakat bu etki, egemen ve disipliner güç mekanizmalarını âtıl hale getirmemektedir. Foucault’nun merceğinden bakılarak bu çalışmada ortaya konulduğu gibi, biyopolitik hedeflerin gerçekleştirilmesinde, egemen güç ve disipliner güç mekanizmaları hala önemli işlevler görmektedir. Böylece nüfusların yönetiminde, bu üç farklı güç kaynağı birbirlerini tamamlayıcı nitelikte unsurlar olarak göze çarpmaktadır.

Keywords

Foucault, Biyo-iktidar, Egemen İktidar, Disipliner İktidar

SOVEREIGN POWER, DISCIPLINARY POWER AND BIOPOWER: HOW TO MAKE SENSE OF FOUCAULT'S CONCEPTUALIZATION OF POWER MECHANISMS?

Abstract

Power is one of the key concepts in the works of Michel Foucault. Foucault traced the development of various power mechanisms across the modern period so as to shed light on the techniques of domination which human beings were subject to. By focusing on sovereign authority, disciplinary mechanisms and biopolitics, he introduced several conceptualizations to illustrate the operation of power in modern western societies. Sovereign, disciplinary and biopower emerged at different historical junctures and thereby carry unique characteristics and fulfil different functions. As the latest variant among the three, biopower separates itself from its analogues with its positive and productive feature. Biopower acts a formative force with regards to the administration of societies in the west and constitutes a source of power that is essential for the protection and promotion of certain forms of life. Despite biopower’s determinative influence over the social body, it does not render sovereign and disciplinary powers redundant. As shown in this work through Foucault’s prism, sovereign and disciplinary power mechanisms still fulfil key functions in the pursuit of biopolitical objectives. Hence, in modern societies these three forms of power mechanisms act as complementary instruments in the administration of
populations. 

Keywords

Foucault, Biopower, Sovereign Power, Disciplinary Power

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