Comparison of Natural Mineral Water From Agrı Province With Sports Drinks

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 27 - 36, 28.03.2023

İbrahim Hakkı Çağıran , Dursun Alper Yılmaz , Mehmet Emin Atay , Gökhan Dege

https://doi.org/10.38021/asbid.1161264

Abstract

Dehydration emerges due to lack of fluid balance in the body. In addition, minerals such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium are lost because of dehydration. Athletes lose fluids and electrolytes through sweating during exercise, and replacing the lost fluid and electrolytes is crucial for the continuity of their sports performance. Sports drinks can be consumed by athletes to replace fluid and electrolytes lost during exercise and to improve performance. During this period, consumption of sports drinks minimizes dehydration by restoring the lost mineral and fluid balance. However, the composition of these products, their active ingredients, their effects on sports performance, and their risk factors are matters of debate. This study was carried out in order to compare sports drinks with the local mineral water that comes out naturally in the province of Agri. The mineral determinations of the local mineral water were made using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectroscopy (ICP- MS) instruments. As a result of the analyses, the average sodium (Na) value in the local mineral water was 26.6 ppm, and the magnesium (Mg) average was 7.782 ppm. No potassium (K) mineral was detected in Agri local mineral water. Calcium (Ca) mineral average was found to be 65.04 ppm, iron (Fe) mineral average 0.0068 ppm, and zinc (Zn) mineral average 0.02457 ppm. Agri natural mineral water contains minerals in similar amounts to sports drinks. Considering these values, it can be a natural alternative to sports drinks if potassium mineral and glucose is added to its content, so it can be an alternative to sports drinks.

Keywords

Dehydration, Ergogen, Mineral, Liquid, Athlete

Ağrı İlinden Çıkan Doğal Maden Suyunun Sporcu İçecekleri İle Karşılaştırılması

Abstract

Vücutta sıvı dengesinin sağlanamaması nedeniyle dehidratasyon durumu ortaya çıkmaktadır. Ek olarak dehidratasyon sonucu sodyum, potasyum, kalsiyum ve magnezyum gibi minerallerde de kayıp yaşanır. Sporcular, egzersiz esnasında terleme yoluyla sıvı ve elektrolit kaybetmektedir ve kaybedilen sıvı ve elektrolitlerin yerine konması spor performansının devamlılığı açısından önemlidir. Sporcu içecekleri, sporcular tarafından egzersiz esnasında kaybedilen sıvı ve elektrolitlerin yerine konması ve performansı artırması amacıyla tüketilebilmektedir. Bu dönemde sporcu içecekleri tüketimi kaybedilen mineral ve sıvı dengesini düzelterek dehidratasyonu minumuma indirmektedir. Ancak bu ürünlerin bileşimi, etken maddeleri, spor performansı üzerine etkileri ve risk faktörleri açısından tartışma konusudur. Bu çalışma Ağrı ilinde doğal olarak çıkmakta olan yerel maden suyunun sporcu içecekleri ile karşılaştırılması amacıyla yapılmıştır. Yerel maden suyu mineral tayinleri İndüktif Eşleşmiş Plazma-Kütle Spektroskopisi (ICP-MS) cihazları kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Analizler sonucu yerel maden suyunda ortalama sodyum (Na) değeri 26,6 ppm, magnezyum (Mg) yerel maden suyunda ortalama 7,782 ppm olarak tespit edilmiştir. Ağrı yerel mineral suyunda potasyum (K) minerali tespit edilmemiştir. Kalsiyum (Ca) minerali ortalama 65,04 ppm, demir (Fe) minerali ortalama 0,0068 ppm ve çinko (Zn) minerali ortalama 0,02457 ppm olarak tespit edilmiştir. Ağrı doğal maden suyu sporcu içeceklerine benzer değerlerde mineral içermektedir. Bu değerler göz önüne alındığı zaman potasyum ve glikoz ilave edilmesi durumunda, yerel maden suyu sporcu içeceklerine alternatif olabilir.

Keywords

Dehidratasyon, Ergojen, Mineral, Sıvı, Sporcu

References

• Abbaspour, N., Hurrell, R., & Kelishadi, R. (2014). Review on iron and its importance for human health. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences: The Official Journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 19(2), 164–174.
• Ayan, V., & Kavi, N. (2016). 8-14 yaş arası kız yüzücülerin somatotip yapılarının ve yatay sıçrama özelliğinin incelenmesi. International Journal of Sport Culture and Science, 4(Special Issue 1), 23-30.
• Azlan, A., Khoo, H. E., Idris, M. A., Ismail, A., & Razman, M. R. (2012). Evaluation of minerals content of drinking water in Malaysia. The Scientific World Journal, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1100/2012/403574
• Azrina, A., Khoo, H. E., Idris, M. A., Amin, I., & Razman, M. R. (2011). Major inorganic elements in tap water samples in Peninsular Malaysia. Malaysian Journal Of Nutrition, 17(2), 271–276.
• Belval, L. N., Hosokawa, Y., Casa, D. J., Adams, W. M., Armstrong, L. E., Baker, L. B., Burke, L., Cheuvront, S., Chiampas, G., González-Alonso, J., Huggins, R. A., Kavouras, S. A., Lee, E. C., McDermott, B. P., Miller, K., Schlader, Z., Sims, S., Stearns, R. L., Troyanos, C., & Wingo, J. (2019). Practical Hydration Solutions for Sports. Nutrients, 11(7), 1550. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071550
• Benelam, B., & Wyness L. (2010). Hydration and Health: A Review. Nutrition Bulletin 35(1), 3–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-3010.2009.01795.x
• Bernardes, M., Monteiro, R., & Martins, M. J. (2022). Mineral-rich water consumption as a non-pharmacological intervention for early menopausal bone mineral density preservation and reduction of long-term fracture risk: comment on Billington et al. Osteoporos Int. 2021;32(7):1313-20. Osteoporosis International : A Journal Established As Result of Cooperation Between The European Foundation for Osteoporosis And The National Osteoporosis Foundation of The USA, 33(2), 497–498. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-021-06272-z
• Bradley, C. S., Erickson, B. A., Messersmith, E. E., Pelletier-Cameron, A., Lai, H. H., Kreder, K. J., Yang, C. C., Merion, R. M., Bavendam, T. G., Kirkali, Z., & Symptoms of Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction Research Network (LURN) (2017). Evidence of the ımpact of diet, fluid ıntake, caffeine, alcohol and tobacco on lower urinary tract symptoms: A systematic review. The Journal Of Urology, 198(5), 1010–1020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2017.04.097
• Bushinsky, D. A., & Monk, R. D. (1998). Electrolyte quintet: Calcium. Lancet (London, England), 352(9124), 306–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(97)12331-5
• Chu, A., Petocz, P., & Samman, S. (2016). Immediate effects of aerobic exercise on plasma/serum zinc levels: A Meta-analysis. Medicine And Science In Sports and Exercise, 48(4), 726–733. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000805
• Cidu, R., Frau, F., & Tore, P. (2011). Drinking water quality: Comparing ınorganic components in bottled water and ıtalian tap water. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 24(2), 184–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2010.08.005doi: 10.1016/j.jfca.2010.08.005.
• da Costa, M. A. P., da Silva, D. L. F., de Souza Dias, F., Júnior, A. D. F. S., & dos Santos, W. N. L. (2020). A new online pre-concentration system using hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HG AFS) for zinc determination in mineral water and isotonic sports drinks. Analytical Methods, 12(13), 1711-1719.
• Edelman, I. S., & Leibman, J. (1959). Anatomy of body water and electrolytes. The American Journal Of Medicine, 27, 256–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(59)90346-8
• Enviromental Protection Agency. (2022). Standards for Water Body Health, What are Water Quality Standards? https://www.epa.gov/standards-water-body-health/what-are-water-quality-standards#:~:text=Water%20quality%20standards%20(WQS)%20are,will%20be%20protected%20or%20achieved
• Gebhardt, H., Sarnthein, M., Grootes, P. M., Kiefer, T., Kuehn, H., Schmieder, F., & Röhl, U. (2008). Paleonutrient and productivity records from the subarctic North Pacific for Pleistocene glacial terminations I to V. Paleoceanography, 23(4).
• Hoffman, M. D., Joslin, J., & Rogers, I. R. (2017). Management of suspected fluid balance ıssues in participants of wilderness endurance events. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 16(2), 98–102. https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0000000000000344
• Jahnen-Dechent, W., & Ketteler, M. (2012). Magnesium basics. Clinical Kidney Journal, 5(Suppl 1), i3–i14. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndtplus/sfr163
• Kerksick, C. M., Wilborn, C. D., Roberts, M. D., Smith-Ryan, A., Kleiner, S. M., Jäger, R., Collins, R., Cooke, M., Davis, J. N., Galvan, E., Greenwood, M., Lowery, L. M., Wildman, R., Antonio, J., & Kreider, R. B. (2018). ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: Research & recommendations. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 15(1), 38. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-018-0242-y
• Kerstetter, J. E., & Allen, L. H. (1990). Dietary protein increases urinary calcium. The Journal of Nutrition, 120(1), 134–136. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/120.1.134
• Kuwabara, A. M., Tenforde, A. S., Finnoff, J. T., & Fredericson, M. (2022). Iron deficiency in athletes: A narrative review. PM & R : The Journal Of Injury, Function, and Rehabilitation, 14(5), 620–642. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmrj.12779
• Lindinger, M. I., & Cairns, S. P. (2021). Regulation of muscle potassium: exercise performance, fatigue and health implications. European Journal Of Applied Physiology, 121(3), 721–748. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-020-04546-8
• Mente, A., O'Donnell, M., & Yusuf, S. (2021). Sodium intake and health: What should we recommend based on the current evidence?. Nutrients, 13(9), 3232. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093232
• Ong, C., Ibrahim, S., & Sen Gupta, B. (2007). A survey of tap water quality in Kuala Lumpur. Urban Water Journal, 4(1), 29-41.
• Ostrowska, A., Szymański, W., Kołodziejczyk, Ł., & Bołtacz-Rzepkowska, E. (2016). Evaluation of the erosive potential of selected isotonic drinks: In vitro studies. Advances In Clinical And Experimental Medicine : Official Organ Wroclaw Medical University, 25(6), 1313–1319. https://doi.org/10.17219/acem/62323
• Petraccia, L., Liberati, G., Masciullo, S. G., Grassi, M., & Fraioli, A. (2006). Water, mineral waters and health. Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland), 25(3), 377–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2005.10.002
• Popkin, B. M., D'Anci, K. E., & Rosenberg, I. H. (2010). Water, hydration, and health. Nutrition Reviews, 68(8), 439–458. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00304.x
• Romani, A., & Scarpa, A. (1992). Regulation of cell magnesium. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 298(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(92)90086-c
• Roozbeh, J., Hedayati, P., Sagheb, M. M., Sharifian, M., Hamidian Jahromi, A., Shaabani, S., Jalaeian, H., Raeisjalali, G. A., & Behzadi, S. (2009). Effect of zinc supplementation on triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL, and HDL levels in zinc-deficient hemodialysis patients. Renal Failure, 31(9), 798–801. https://doi.org/10.3109/08860220903216055
• Shirreffs, S. M. (2009). Hydration in sport and exercise: Water, sports drinks and other drinks. Nutrition Bulletin, 34(4), 374-379.
• Skrypnik, D., Bogdański, P., Skrypnik, K., Mądry, E., Karolkiewicz, J., Szulińska, M., Suliburska, J., & Walkowiak, J. (2019). Influence of endurance and endurance-strength training on mineral status in women with abdominal obesity: A randomized trial. Medicine, 98(12), e14909. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000014909
• Sontrop, J. M., Dixon, S. N., Garg, A. X., Buendia-Jimenez, I., Dohein, O., Huang, S. H., & Clark, W. F. (2013). Association between water intake, chronic kidney disease, and cardiovascular disease: a cross-sectional analysis of NHANES data. American Journal of Nephrology, 37(5), 434–442. https://doi.org/10.1159/000350377
• Sözen, T., Özışık, L., & Başaran, N. Ç. (2017). An overview and management of osteoporosis. European Journal of Rheumatology, 4(1), 46–56. https://doi.org/10.5152/eurjrheum.2016.048
• Stachenfeld N. S. (2014). The interrelationship of research in the laboratory and the field to assess hydration status and determine mechanisms involved in water regulation during physical activity. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 44 Suppl 1(Suppl 1), S97–S104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0155-0
• Vannucci, L., Fossi, C., Quattrini, S., Guasti, L., Pampaloni, B., Gronchi, G., Giusti, F., Romagnoli, C., Cianferotti, L., Marcucci, G., & Brandi, M. L. (2018). Calcium ıntake in bone health: A focus on calcium-rich mineral waters. Nutrients, 10(12), 1930. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10121930
• Völker, S., Schreiber, C., & Kistemann, T. (2010). Drinking water quality in household supply infrastructure--A survey of the current situation in Germany. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 213(3), 204–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2010.04.005
• Wenger, M. J., DellaValle, D. M., Murray-Kolb, L. E., & Haas, J. D. (2019). Effect of iron deficiency on simultaneous measures of behavior, brain activity, and energy expenditure in the performance of a cognitive task. Nutritional Neuroscience, 22(3), 196–206. https://doi.org/10.1080/1028415X.2017.1360559
• World Health Organization. (2017). Guidelines for drinking-water quality: first addendum to the fourth edition.
• Wynn, E., Krieg, M. A., Aeschlimann, J. M., & Burckhardt, P. (2009). Alkaline mineral water lowers bone resorption even in calcium sufficiency: Alkaline mineral water and bone metabolism. Bone, 44(1), 120–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2008.09.007
• Zhang, C., Shen, X., Chen, J., Jiang, X., & Hu, F. (2017). Identification of free radical scavengers from brazilian green propolis using off-line HPLC-DPPH Assay and LC-MS. Journal of Food Science, 82(7), 1602–1607. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.13730
• Zhang, N., Du, S. M., Zhang, J. F., & Ma, G. S. (2019). Effects of dehydration and rehydration on cognitive performance and mood among male college students in Cangzhou, China: A self-controlled trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(11), 1891. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16111891