Research Article
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The Effect on Exercise Addiction and Anxiety Levels in Breathing Exercises in Bodybuilding Athletes

Year 2024, Volume: 7 Issue: 3, 482 - 491, 28.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.38021/asbid.1500986

Abstract

Abstract
Exercise is considered a promising and emerging treatment for individuals recovering from addiction. The purpose of this research is to examine the effect of breathing exercises on exercise addiction and anxiety levels in bodybuilding athletes. The population of the research consisted of 20 test subjects and 20 control volunteers, male and female participants, who exercised in the fitness center of the Asis sports complex located at Van Yüzüncü Yıl University in Van province. Breathing exercises were performed on the subject group for 40 minutes, 2 days a week for 10 weeks. The survey was measured twice in total for the subject and control groups, before the exercise program and at the end of the exercise program. Personal information form, Exercise Addiction Scale (EAS) and Beck Anxiety Scale (BAS) were used as data collection tools in the study. To find the relationship between breathing exercises and exercise addiction and anxiety levels, Shapiro-Wilk analysis was tested and T-test was used to compare two independent groups since normal distribution was detected. When we look at the control group, there was only a difference in the comparison of exercise addiction results, while in the experimental group, a significant difference was found between the performance of breathing exercises and the comparison of exercise addiction and anxiety results. It can be said that breathing exercises reduce exercise addiction and anxiety levels in individuals doing bodybuilding sports. It is very important to maintain balance and have a healthy approach when exercising. In order to benefit from the benefits of exercise to the maximum extent, personalized programs should be prepared and implemented under expert guidance. It may be recommended that Breathing Exercise studies be applied to other sports branches as well.
Keywords: Bodybuilding Athletes, Breathing Exercises, Exercise Addiction, Anxiety

References

  • Adams, J., & Kirkby, R. J. (2002). Excessive exercise as an addiction: A review. Addiction Research and Theory, 10, 415-437. https://doi.org/10.1080/1606635021000032366
  • Basoglu, U. D. (2018). Exercise addiction: A comparison between the individuals who exercise for physical recreation and who receive personal exercise training. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 6(12), 21-25.
  • Bingol, E., & Bayansalduz, M. (2016). Evaluating the level of exercise dependence and psychological resilience of athletes from different branches. Anthropologist, 24(3), 827–835. https://doi.org/10.1080/09720073.2016.11892079
  • Bhargava, R., Gogate, M. G., & Mascarenhas, J. F. (1988). Autonomic responses to breath holding and its variations following pranayama. Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 32(4), 257-64.
  • Bavlı Ö, Kozanoğlu ME, & Doğanay A. (2011). Düzenli egzersize katılımın egzersiz bağımlılığı üzerine etkisi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 13, 150-153.
  • Cicioğlu, H. İ., Demir, G. T., Bulğay, C., & Çetin, E. (2019). Elit düzeyde sporcular ile spor bilimleri fakültesi öğrencilerinin egzersiz bağımlılığı düzeyleri. Bağımlılık Dergisi, 20(1), 12-20.
  • Cakır, E. (2019). Fiziksel aktivite ve egzersiz bağımlılığı. Her Yönüyle Spor. (191-211). İstanbul: Güven Plus Grup Danışmanlık AŞ Yayınları.
  • De LaVega, R., Parastatidou, I. S., Ruíz-BarquíN, R., & Szabo, A. (2016). EA in athletes and leisure exercisers: The moderating role of passion. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 5(2), 325–331. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.5.2016.043
  • Dona M. K., & Squires, R. L. (1985). Family cohesion, family adaptability, and eating behaviors among college students. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 4(3), 267-279. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-108X(198508)4:3<267::AID-EAT2260040304>3.0.CO;2-9
  • Fox K., & Boutcher, S. (2003). Physical activity and psychological well-being. Routledge.130-153.
  • Hamer, M., & Karageorghis, C. I. (2007). Psychobiological mechanisms of exercise dependence. Sports Medicine 37, 477-484. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200737060-00002
  • Hamer, M., Karageorghis, C. I., & Vlachopoulos, S. P. (2002). Motives for exercise participation as predictors of exercise dependence among endurance athletes. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 42(2), 233-239.
  • Hausenblas, H. A., & Giacobbi Jr, P. R. (2004). Relationship between exercise dependence symptoms and personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(6), 1265-1273. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00214-9
  • Hausenblas, H. A., & Downs, D. S. (2002). Exercise dependence: A systematic review. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 3(2), 89-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1469-0292(00)00015-7
  • Hausenblas, H. A., & Downs, D. S. (2002). How much is too much? The development and validation of the exercise dependence scale. Psychology and Health,17(4), 387-404. https://doi.org/10.1080/0887044022000004894
  • Hayama, Y., & Inoue, T. (2012). The effects of deep breathing on ‘tension– anxiety ‘and fatigue in cancer patients undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 18(2), 94-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2011.10.001
  • Javnbakht, M., Kenari, R. H., & Ghasemi, M. (2009). Effects of yoga on depression and anxiety of women. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 15(2), 102-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2009.01.003
  • Karasar, N. (2002). Scientific research method (16th edition). Nobel Publishing.
  • Koulouglioti, C., Cole, R., & Kitzman, H. (2008). Inadequate sleep and unintentional injuries in young children. Public Health Nursing, 25(2), 106. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1446.2008.00687.x
  • LePage M. L., Crowther J. H., Harrington E. F., & Eng LePage, M. L., Crowther, J. H., Harrington, E. F., & Engler, P. ler P. (2008). Psychological correlates of fasting and vigorous exercise as compensatory strategies in undergraduate women. Eating Behaviors, 9(4), 423-429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2008.06.002
  • Levit, M., Weinstein, A., Weinstein, Y., Tzur-Bitan, D., & Weinstein, A. (2018). A study on the relationship between EA, abnormal eating attitudes, anxiety and depression among athletes in Israel. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(3), 800–805. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.83
  • McNamara, J., & McCabe, M. P. (2012). Striving for success or addiction? Exercise dependence among elite Australian athletes. Journal of Sports Sciences, 30(8), 755–766. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.667879.
  • Orhan, S., Yücel, A., Sadeq, B., & Orhan, E. (2019). Investigation of the exercise dependence of athletes doing kickboxing, taekwondo, and muay thai. Sports, 7(2) article 52, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7020052 Paffenbarger Jr., R. S., Lee, I. M., & Leung, R. (1994). Physical activity and personal characteristics associated with depression and suicide in American college men. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 89, 16-22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1994.tb05796.x
  • Polat, C., & Şimşek, K. Y. (2015). Spor merkezlerindeki bireylerin egzersiz bağımlılığı düzeylerinin incelenmesi: Eskişehir ili örneği. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3(15), 354-369. https://doi.org/10.16992/ASOS.76
  • Reche, C., De Francisco, C., Martínez-Rodríguez, A., & Ros-Martínez, A. (2018). Relationship among sociodemographic and sport variables, exercise dependence, and burnout: a preliminary study in athletes. Anales de Psicología/Annals of Psychology, 34(2), 398–404. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.34.2.289861
  • Sassatelli, R. (2015). Healthy cities and instrumental leisure: the paradox of fitness gyms as urban phenomena. Modern Italy, 20(3), 237-249. https://doi.org/10.1080/13532944.2015.1065239
  • Smith, C., Hancock, H., Blake-Mortimer, J., & Eckert, K. (2007). A randomised comparative trial of yoga and relaxation to reduce stress and anxiety. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 15(2), 77-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2006.05.001
  • Smith, D., Wright, C., & Winrow, D. (2010). Exercise dependence and social physique anxiety in competitive and non-competitive runners. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 8(1), 61–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2010.9671934 Szabo, A., De La Vega, R., Ruiz-Barquín, R., & Rivera, O. (2013). EA in Spanish athletes: Investigation of the roles of gender, social context and level of involvement. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 2(4), 249–252. https://doi.org/10.1556/JBA.2.2013.4.9
  • Tekkurşun Demir, G., Hazar, Z., & Cicioğlu, H. İ. (2018). Egzersiz Bağımlılığı Ölçeği (EBÖ): Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Kastamonu Education Journal, 26(3), 865-874. https://doi.org/10.24106/kefdergi.413383
  • Ulusoy, M, Şahin, N. H, & Erkmen, H. (1998). Turkish version of the Beck Anxiety Inventory: Psychometric properties. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 12, 163-172.
  • Vardar, E., Vardar, S. A., Toksöz, İ., & Süt, N. (2012). Egzersiz bağımlılığı ve psikopatolojik özelliklerinin değerlendirilmesi. Düşünen Adam Psikiyatri ve Nörolojik Bilimler Dergisi, 25(1), 51-57.
  • Yeltepe, H. ve İkizler, H.C. (2007). Egzersiz Bağımlılığı Ölçeği-21‟in geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Bağımlılık Dergisi,8 (1), 29–35.
  • Zeulner, B., Ziemainz, H., Beyer, C., Hammon, M., & Janka, R. (2016). Disordered eating and exercise dependence in endurance athletes. Advances in Physical Education, 06(02), 76–87. https://doi.org/10.4236/ape.2016.62009
  • Zmijewski, C. F., & Howard, M. O. (2000). Exercise dependence and attitudes toward eating among young adults. Eating Behaviors, 4, 181-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1471-0153(03)00022-9

Vücut Geliştirme Sporcularında Nefes Egzersizlerinin Egzersiz Bağımlılığı ile Anksiyete Düzeyleri Üzerindeki Etkisi

Year 2024, Volume: 7 Issue: 3, 482 - 491, 28.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.38021/asbid.1500986

Abstract

Vücut Geliştirme Sporcularında Nefes Egzersizlerinin
Egzersiz Bağımlılığı ile Anksiyete Düzeyleri Üzerindeki Etkisi
Öz
Egzersiz, bağımlılıktan kurtulan bireyler için, umut verici ve yeni ortaya çıkan bir tedavi olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu araştırmanın amacı, vücut geliştirme sporcularında nefes egzersizlerinin egzersiz bağımlılığı ile anksiyete düzeyleri üzerindeki etkisini incelemektir. Araştırmanın evrenini Van ilinde bulunan Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesinde bulunan asis spor kompleksinin fitness salonunda spor yapan 20 denek 20 kontrol gönüllü kadın ve erkek katılımcısı oluşturmuştur. Denek grubuna 10 hafta boyunca haftada 2 gün, 40 dk olmak üzere nefes egzersizleri yapılmıştır. Denek ve kontrol grubuna egzersiz programı öncesi ve egzersiz programının sonunda olmak üzere toplam iki kez anket ölçümü yapılmıştır. Veri toplama için egzersiz bağımlılığı ölçeği (EBÖ) ile beck anksiyete ölçeği (BAÖ) kullanılmıştır. Nefes egzersizlerinin egzersiz bağımlılığı ve anksiyette düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkiyi bulabilmek, shapiro wilk analizi ile test edilmiş normal dağılım tespit edildiği için bağımsız iki grubun karşılaştırılmasında T-test kullanılmıştır. Kontrol grubuna baktığımızda sadece egzersiz bağımlılığı sonuçları karşılaştırmasında fark bulunurken, deney grubunda nefes egzersizlerinin yapılması ile egzersiz bağımlılığı ve anksiyete sonuçlarındaki karşılaştırmaları arasında anlamlı bir fark bulunmuştur.Vücut geliştirme sporu yapan bireylerde nefes egzersizlerinin egzersiz bağımlılığını ve anksiyete seviyelerini düşürdüğü söylenebilir. Egzersiz yaparken dengeyi korumak ve sağlıklı bir yaklaşım sergilemek çok önemlidir. Egzersizin faydalarından maksimum derecede yararlanabilmek için, kişiye özel programlar hazırlanmalı ve uzman rehberliğinde uygulanmalıdır.Nefes Egzersiz çalışmalarının diğer spor branşları için de uygulanması önerilebilir.
Anahtar kelimeler: Vücut Geliştirme Sporcuları, Nefes Egzersizleri, Egzersiz Bağımlılığı, Anksiyeti

Ethical Statement

PAMUKKALE ÜNİVERSİTESİ Girişimsel Olmayan Klinik Araştırmalar Etik Kurulu Sayı : E-60116787-020-443449 02.11.2023 Konu : Başvurunuz Hk. Sayın Doç. Dr. Aydın İLHAN İlgi : 15.10.2023 tarihli dilekçeniz. İlgi dilekçe ile başvurmuş olduğunuz "Vücut Geliştirme Sporcularında Nefes Egzersizlerinin Egzersiz Bağımlılığı ile Anksiyete Düzeyleri Üzerindeki Etkisi" konulu çalışmanız 31.10.2023 tarih ve 17 sayılı kurul toplantımızda görüşülmüş olup, Yapılan görüşmelerden sonra; söz konusu çalışmanın yapılmasında ETİK AÇIDAN SAKINCA OLMADIĞINA, çalışma ile ilgili yapılacak değişiklikler hakkında Kurulumuza bilgi verilmesine oy birliği ile karar verilmiştir. Bilgilerinizi rica ederim. Prof. Dr. Hülya ÇETİN Kurul Başkanı

References

  • Adams, J., & Kirkby, R. J. (2002). Excessive exercise as an addiction: A review. Addiction Research and Theory, 10, 415-437. https://doi.org/10.1080/1606635021000032366
  • Basoglu, U. D. (2018). Exercise addiction: A comparison between the individuals who exercise for physical recreation and who receive personal exercise training. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 6(12), 21-25.
  • Bingol, E., & Bayansalduz, M. (2016). Evaluating the level of exercise dependence and psychological resilience of athletes from different branches. Anthropologist, 24(3), 827–835. https://doi.org/10.1080/09720073.2016.11892079
  • Bhargava, R., Gogate, M. G., & Mascarenhas, J. F. (1988). Autonomic responses to breath holding and its variations following pranayama. Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 32(4), 257-64.
  • Bavlı Ö, Kozanoğlu ME, & Doğanay A. (2011). Düzenli egzersize katılımın egzersiz bağımlılığı üzerine etkisi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 13, 150-153.
  • Cicioğlu, H. İ., Demir, G. T., Bulğay, C., & Çetin, E. (2019). Elit düzeyde sporcular ile spor bilimleri fakültesi öğrencilerinin egzersiz bağımlılığı düzeyleri. Bağımlılık Dergisi, 20(1), 12-20.
  • Cakır, E. (2019). Fiziksel aktivite ve egzersiz bağımlılığı. Her Yönüyle Spor. (191-211). İstanbul: Güven Plus Grup Danışmanlık AŞ Yayınları.
  • De LaVega, R., Parastatidou, I. S., Ruíz-BarquíN, R., & Szabo, A. (2016). EA in athletes and leisure exercisers: The moderating role of passion. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 5(2), 325–331. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.5.2016.043
  • Dona M. K., & Squires, R. L. (1985). Family cohesion, family adaptability, and eating behaviors among college students. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 4(3), 267-279. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-108X(198508)4:3<267::AID-EAT2260040304>3.0.CO;2-9
  • Fox K., & Boutcher, S. (2003). Physical activity and psychological well-being. Routledge.130-153.
  • Hamer, M., & Karageorghis, C. I. (2007). Psychobiological mechanisms of exercise dependence. Sports Medicine 37, 477-484. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200737060-00002
  • Hamer, M., Karageorghis, C. I., & Vlachopoulos, S. P. (2002). Motives for exercise participation as predictors of exercise dependence among endurance athletes. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 42(2), 233-239.
  • Hausenblas, H. A., & Giacobbi Jr, P. R. (2004). Relationship between exercise dependence symptoms and personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(6), 1265-1273. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00214-9
  • Hausenblas, H. A., & Downs, D. S. (2002). Exercise dependence: A systematic review. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 3(2), 89-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1469-0292(00)00015-7
  • Hausenblas, H. A., & Downs, D. S. (2002). How much is too much? The development and validation of the exercise dependence scale. Psychology and Health,17(4), 387-404. https://doi.org/10.1080/0887044022000004894
  • Hayama, Y., & Inoue, T. (2012). The effects of deep breathing on ‘tension– anxiety ‘and fatigue in cancer patients undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 18(2), 94-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2011.10.001
  • Javnbakht, M., Kenari, R. H., & Ghasemi, M. (2009). Effects of yoga on depression and anxiety of women. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 15(2), 102-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2009.01.003
  • Karasar, N. (2002). Scientific research method (16th edition). Nobel Publishing.
  • Koulouglioti, C., Cole, R., & Kitzman, H. (2008). Inadequate sleep and unintentional injuries in young children. Public Health Nursing, 25(2), 106. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1446.2008.00687.x
  • LePage M. L., Crowther J. H., Harrington E. F., & Eng LePage, M. L., Crowther, J. H., Harrington, E. F., & Engler, P. ler P. (2008). Psychological correlates of fasting and vigorous exercise as compensatory strategies in undergraduate women. Eating Behaviors, 9(4), 423-429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2008.06.002
  • Levit, M., Weinstein, A., Weinstein, Y., Tzur-Bitan, D., & Weinstein, A. (2018). A study on the relationship between EA, abnormal eating attitudes, anxiety and depression among athletes in Israel. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(3), 800–805. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.83
  • McNamara, J., & McCabe, M. P. (2012). Striving for success or addiction? Exercise dependence among elite Australian athletes. Journal of Sports Sciences, 30(8), 755–766. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.667879.
  • Orhan, S., Yücel, A., Sadeq, B., & Orhan, E. (2019). Investigation of the exercise dependence of athletes doing kickboxing, taekwondo, and muay thai. Sports, 7(2) article 52, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7020052 Paffenbarger Jr., R. S., Lee, I. M., & Leung, R. (1994). Physical activity and personal characteristics associated with depression and suicide in American college men. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 89, 16-22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1994.tb05796.x
  • Polat, C., & Şimşek, K. Y. (2015). Spor merkezlerindeki bireylerin egzersiz bağımlılığı düzeylerinin incelenmesi: Eskişehir ili örneği. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3(15), 354-369. https://doi.org/10.16992/ASOS.76
  • Reche, C., De Francisco, C., Martínez-Rodríguez, A., & Ros-Martínez, A. (2018). Relationship among sociodemographic and sport variables, exercise dependence, and burnout: a preliminary study in athletes. Anales de Psicología/Annals of Psychology, 34(2), 398–404. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.34.2.289861
  • Sassatelli, R. (2015). Healthy cities and instrumental leisure: the paradox of fitness gyms as urban phenomena. Modern Italy, 20(3), 237-249. https://doi.org/10.1080/13532944.2015.1065239
  • Smith, C., Hancock, H., Blake-Mortimer, J., & Eckert, K. (2007). A randomised comparative trial of yoga and relaxation to reduce stress and anxiety. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 15(2), 77-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2006.05.001
  • Smith, D., Wright, C., & Winrow, D. (2010). Exercise dependence and social physique anxiety in competitive and non-competitive runners. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 8(1), 61–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2010.9671934 Szabo, A., De La Vega, R., Ruiz-Barquín, R., & Rivera, O. (2013). EA in Spanish athletes: Investigation of the roles of gender, social context and level of involvement. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 2(4), 249–252. https://doi.org/10.1556/JBA.2.2013.4.9
  • Tekkurşun Demir, G., Hazar, Z., & Cicioğlu, H. İ. (2018). Egzersiz Bağımlılığı Ölçeği (EBÖ): Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Kastamonu Education Journal, 26(3), 865-874. https://doi.org/10.24106/kefdergi.413383
  • Ulusoy, M, Şahin, N. H, & Erkmen, H. (1998). Turkish version of the Beck Anxiety Inventory: Psychometric properties. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 12, 163-172.
  • Vardar, E., Vardar, S. A., Toksöz, İ., & Süt, N. (2012). Egzersiz bağımlılığı ve psikopatolojik özelliklerinin değerlendirilmesi. Düşünen Adam Psikiyatri ve Nörolojik Bilimler Dergisi, 25(1), 51-57.
  • Yeltepe, H. ve İkizler, H.C. (2007). Egzersiz Bağımlılığı Ölçeği-21‟in geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Bağımlılık Dergisi,8 (1), 29–35.
  • Zeulner, B., Ziemainz, H., Beyer, C., Hammon, M., & Janka, R. (2016). Disordered eating and exercise dependence in endurance athletes. Advances in Physical Education, 06(02), 76–87. https://doi.org/10.4236/ape.2016.62009
  • Zmijewski, C. F., & Howard, M. O. (2000). Exercise dependence and attitudes toward eating among young adults. Eating Behaviors, 4, 181-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1471-0153(03)00022-9
There are 34 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Exercise and Sports Psychology
Journal Section Arşiv
Authors

Aydın İlhan 0000-0001-9717-2746

Deniz Çoşkun 0000-0001-9787-5265

Early Pub Date September 23, 2024
Publication Date September 28, 2024
Submission Date June 14, 2024
Acceptance Date September 17, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 7 Issue: 3

Cite

APA İlhan, A., & Çoşkun, D. (2024). The Effect on Exercise Addiction and Anxiety Levels in Breathing Exercises in Bodybuilding Athletes. Mediterranean Journal of Sport Science, 7(3), 482-491. https://doi.org/10.38021/asbid.1500986

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Mediterranean Journal of Sport Science (MJSS) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License CC BY-NC 4.0 .

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