ULUSLARARASI SINIRAŞAN SULARIN DOKTRINLERI BAĞLAMINDA NIL NEHRI HAVZASININ BITMEYEN TARTIŞMALARI

Year 2022, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 895 - 930, 31.12.2022

Yusuf Ali Mohammed

https://doi.org/10.47136/asbuhfd.1050465

Abstract

Ülkelerin havza çapında ortak olarak paylaştıkları sınıraşan su kaynakları ile ilgili çatışan çıkarları dikkate alındığında, çeşitli havza ülkeleri sınıraşan sular ile ilgili farklı uluslararası hukuk teorilerini tercih etmektedir. Bu makale, Nil Nehri Havzası uygulamalarıyla ilgili olarak sınıraşan sularının teorik doktrinine odaklanmaktadır.
Uluslararası sınıraşan suları teorilerini Nil Nehri Havzası ile ilişkilendirmek çabasıyla, bu makale Nil’e kıyıdaş ülkelerin belirli bir Sınıraşan Suları teorisini takip edip etmediklerini ele almaktadır. Nehrin kaynağına doğru ve/veya nehrin akıntı yönünde bulunan ülkeler aynı veya farklı doktriner teoriyi takip ediyor mu, etmiyor mu? Takip ettikleri teorilerin, Nil tartışmasının kökenini göstermede pratik bir önemi var mı, yok mu?
Makale yukarıda bahsedilen konuları ele alırken nihayet Nil Nehri Havzası ihtilafının kaynaklandığı yeri, asla bitmeyen bir Nil tartışmasına yol açan havza ülkelerinin pratik müzakerelerinin, uluslararası teorideki duruşları hakkındaki çatışan ve uzlaşmaz tavırları olarak göstermektedir.

Keywords

Nil Nehri, Nil Çatışması, Nil Nehri, Sınıraşan Suları, Sınıraşan Suların Doktrinleri, Su Çatışması

The Endless Controversies Of The Nile River Basin In The Context Of International Transboundary Watercourse Doctrines

Abstract

Considering the conflicting interests of states over their shared basin-wide transboundary water resources, various basin states follow different international legal theories of transboundary watercourses. This paper focuses on the aforenamed watercourse theories in light of the practices of the Nile River Basin.
In an attempt to correlate the theories of International Transboundary Watercourse vis-à-vis the case of the Nile River basin, this paper addresses whether the Nile riparian countries follow a particular transboundary watercourse theory or not? Whether the upstream and/or downstream countries follow the same or different doctrinal theory or not? Whether the theories they follow have practical significance in showing the origin of where the Nile controversy lies or not?
In addressing the aforementioned issues, this paper finally shows the origin of where the Nile River Basin controversies emanated from — as their conflicting and uncompromising attitudes over their international theoretical standing point, lead their practical basin-wide negotiations to a never-ending Nile controversy.

Keywords

Nile Conflict, Nile River, Transboundary Watercourse, Transboundary Watercourse Doctrines, Water Conflict.

References

• Abdo, Mohammed. “The Nile Question: The Accords on the Water of the Nile and Their Implications on Cooperative Schemes in the Basin,” Perceptions-journal of International Affairs, Vol. IX, No. 2 (2004): 47–57.
• Agreement on the Nile River Basin Cooperative Framework, 2010, Article 43, <https://nilebasin.org/images/docs/CFA%20-%20English%20%20FrenchVersion.pdf> A.d. 17/05/2021.
• Arsano, Yacob. “Ethiopia and the Nile: Dilemmas of National and Regional Hydropolitics” (PhD Dissertation), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Center for Security Studies, 2004.
• Bulto, Takele S. “Between ambivalence and necessity in the Nile Basin: occlusions on the path towards a basin-wide treaty”, Mizan Law Review, vol. 2, no. 2 (2008): 201-228.
• Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt, 2014, Article 44, <https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Egypt_2014.pdf> A.d. 21/05/2021.
• Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses, 1997, <https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/8_3_1997.pdf> A.d. 13/05/2021.
• Dellapenna, Joseph W. “Surface Water in the Iberian Peninsula: An Opportunity for Cooperation or a Source of Conflict?,” Tennessee Law Review, Vol. 59, No. 4 (1992): 803-826.
• Gondana, Bonaya A., “Africa’s Shared Water Resources: Legal and Institutional Aspects of the Nile, Niger and Senegal River Systems”, 1. Edition, London,‎ L. Rienner, 1985.
• Kimenyi, M., Mbaku, J. “International Water Law and the Nile River Basin”, Governing the Nile River Basin: The Search for a New Legal Regime, 1. Edition, Washington, D.C., Brookings Institution Press (2015): 60-71.
• Lazerwitz, David J. “The Flow of International Water Law: The International Law Commission's Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses,” Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, Vol. 1, No. 1, Article 12 (1993): 247-271.
• McCaffrey, Stephen C. “The harmon doctrine one hundred years later: buried, not praised”, Natural Resources Journal, Vol. 36, No.4 (1996): 965-1007.
• Mclntyre, Owen. “International water law: Concepts, Evolution and Development,” Earle, Anton/ Jägerskog, Anders/ Öjendal, Joakim, Transboundary Water Management Principle and Practice, 1st Edition, London, Earthscan, (2010): 59-71.
• Mekonnen, Dereje Z. “The Nile Basin Cooperative Framework Agreement Negotiations and the Adoption of a ‘Water Security’ Paradigm: Flight into Obscurity or a Logical Cul-de-sac?”, The European Journal of International Law, Vol. 21, No. 2 (2010): 421-440.
• Mohammed, Yusuf A. “The ‘Water Security’ Principle Under Nile Basin Cooperative Framework Agreement vis- à-vis International Water Law”, LL.B Thesis (Published), Dire Dawa University, School of Law, 2014.
• Nanda, Ved P. Emerging Trends in the Use of International Law and Institutions for the Management of International Water Resources, Denver Journal of International Law & Policy, Vol. 6, No.3 (1976): 239-261.
• Olcay., H.Bülent. “Hydropolitics Among the Riparians of the Euphrates & Tigris Watercourse System”, 1st Edition, Ankara, Karmap A.Ş., 1998.
• Parhi, Prabeer., Sankhua, R. “Beyond the Transboundary River: Issues of Riparian Responsibilities,” Journal of The Institution of Engineers, vol. 94, No. 4 (2014): 257-261.
• Rahaman, Muhammad M. “Principles of international water law: creating effective transboundary water resources management”, Int. J. Sustainable Society, Vol. 1, No. 3 (2009): 207-223.
• Salman, Salman M.A. “Entry into Force of the UN Watercourses Convention – Where are the Nile Basin Countries?”, International Water Law Project Blog, 2014, <https://www.internationalwaterlaw.org/blog/2014/06/02/dr-salman-m-a-salman-entry-into-force-of-the-un-watercourses-convention-where-are-the-nile-basin-countries/> A.d. 13/05/2021.
• Schroeder-Wildberg, Esther, “The 1997 International Watercourses Convention – Background and Negotiations,” Technical University of Berlin, 2002, <https://www.landschaftsoekonomie.tu-berlin.de/fileadmin/a0731/uploads/publikationen/workingpapers/wp00402.pdf> A.d. 24/05/2021.
• Tekuya, Mahemud E. “Governing the Nile under Climate Uncertainty: The Need for a Climate Proof Basin-Wide Treaty”, Natural Resources Journal, vol. 59, No.2 (2019): 321-349.
• Tekuya, Mahemud E. “Sink or Swim: Alternatives for Unlocking the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Dispute”, Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, Vol. 59, No. 1 (2020): 65-116.
• United Nation, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, “International Decade for Action ‘Water for Life’ 2005 – 2015”, 2014 <https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/transboundary_waters.shtml> A.d. 13/05/2021.
• United Nation, Treaty Collection, <https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-12&chapter=27&clang=_en> A.d. 13/05/2021.
• Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1980, Article 34-35, <https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/unts/volume%201155/volume-1155-i-18232-english.pdf> A.d. 20/05/2021.