Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Bio-indicator Bacteria Levels in Riva Stream, an Important Stream in İstanbul, Türkiye

Year 2024, , 88 - 94, 29.03.2024

Pelin Saliha Çiftçi Türetken , Gülşen Altuğ , Meryem Öztaş , Selma Dilara Karaman Baş , Serap Koşal Şahin

https://doi.org/10.26650/ASE20231388480

Abstract

Bacterial pollution is the presence of harmful bacteria in aquatic ecosystems, which can cause health problems if ingested. These bacteria originate from a variety of sources, including human and animal waste, agricultural runoff, and untreated sewage. This study aimed to assess the levels of bioindicator bacteria and their associations with various environmental parameters in surface water samples. The samples were collected seasonally from five stations along Riva Stream between March 2018 and January 2019. Indicator bacterial levels were determined using membrane filtration. Temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, and conductivity values of the stations were measured in situ during sampling using a multiparameter (YSI). As a result of the sampling, maximum total coliform, fecal coliform, and intestinal enterococci levels were recorded as 24 x 103 CFU/100ml, 18 x 103 CFU/100ml and 24 x 102 CFU/100 ml, respectively. During sampling, the indicator bacterial levels were above the limit at all stations. When the FC/IE ratios were analyzed, the maximum FC/IE ratio was recorded as 52.10 during the winter sampling period at the station. The detection of bioindicator bacteria levels above the standard limit throughout the sampling period (especially during the summer period) was associated with a high level of domestic waste in the region. The results showed that more frequent and detailed monitoring studies should be conducted in this region.

Keywords

Total coliform Fecal coliform Intestinal enterococci Environmental parameters Riva stream

Ethical Statement

Ethics committee approval is not required.

References

  • Akkan, T., Mehel, S. & Mutlu, C. (2019). Determining the level of bacteriological pollution level in Yağlıdere Stream, Giresun. Journal of Limnology and Freshwater Fisheries Research, 5(2), 83-88. https:// doi.org/10.17216/limnofish.450722 google scholar
  • Altug, G., Cardak, M., Ciftci, P.S. & Gurun, S. (2009). An Important Water Route Between Mediterranean and Black Seas and Bacterial Pollution (Canakkale and Istanbul Straits, Turkey) - Proceeding of the 3rd WSEAS Int. Conference on Waste Management, Water Pollution, Air Pollution, Indoor Climate. 466-471. google scholar
  • Altug, G., Gurun, S., Ciftci Türetken, P. S. & Kalkan, S. (2016). Levels of bio-indicator bacteria transported to the Black Sea by the Riva Stream, Istanbul, Turkey. International Journal of Marine Science and Ocean Technology (IJMO), 3(4), 45-49. DOI: 10.19070/2577-4395-160008 google scholar
  • APHA. (2013). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 22nd ed. American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C., Retrieved January 9, 2018, from https://www. standardmethods.org/PDF/22nd_Ed_Errata_12_16_13.pdf google scholar
  • Augustyn, t., Babula, A. M., Joniec, J., Stanek-Tarkowska, J., Hajduk, E. & Kaniuczak, J. (2016). Microbiological indicators of the quality of river water, used for drinking water supply. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 25(2), 511-519. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/60899 google scholar
  • Benhassane, L., Zerdani, I., Fadlaoui, S., Mounjid, J., Loudiki, M., Oubraim, S. (2019). Monitoring Impacts of Human Activities on Bouskoura Stream (Casablanca, Morocco): Bacteriology and Parasitology. Bulletin de l’Institut Scientifique, Rabat, Section Science de la vie, 41, 15-32. google scholar
  • Clinton, B.D., Vose, J.M. (2006). Variation in Stream Water Quality in an Urban Headwater Stream in the Southern Appalachians. Water Air Soil Pollut 169, 331-353 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-006-2812-x google scholar
  • Crump, B.C., Adams, H.E., Hobbie, J.E., and Kling, G.W. (2007) Biogeography of bacterioplankton in lakes and streams of an arctic tundra catchment. Ecology 88: 1365-1378. google scholar
  • Devane, M.L., Moriarty, E., Weaver, L., Cookson, A., Gilpin, B. (2020). Fecal indicator bacteria from environmental sources; strategies for identification to improve water quality monitoring, Water Research, 185, 116204, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.116204. google scholar
  • Dinseven, E. & Çurgunlu, E. (1988) Determination of the Trophic status of the Riva stream for monitoring Eutrophication. Istanbul University Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences, 2:35-52. google scholar
  • Dökümcü, N. & Koşal Şahin, S. (2022). The Seasonal Distribution of Molluscan (Bivalvia and Gastropoda) Biodiversity in Riva Stream (Istanbul) . Aquatic Sciences and Engineering, 37 (2) , 69-73. DOI: 10.26650/ASE2021962620 google scholar
  • EPA. (2006). EPA microbiological alternate test procedure (ATP) protocol for drinking water, ambient water, wastewater and sewage sludge monitoring methods. google scholar
  • European Parlament. (2006). Directive 2006/7/EC of the European parlament and of the council of 15 February 2006. google scholar
  • Farrell JB. (2013). Fecal pathogens control during composting. In: Science and engineering of composting: Design, environmental, microbiological and utilization aspects edit. Hoitink HAJ, Keenerg HM. 1993;282-300. google scholar
  • Garbossa, L. H., Souza, R. V., Campos, C. J., Vanz, A., Vianna, L. F. & Rupp, G. S. (2017). Thermotolerant coliform loadings to coastal areas of Santa Catarina (Brazil) evidence the effect of growing urbanisation and insufficient provision of sewerage infrastructure. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 189(1), 27. DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5742-0 google scholar
  • Garipağaoğlu, N. , Şahin, C. , Şahin, C. , Çeker, A. & Şenol, C. (2015). Çayağzı (Riva) Havzası’nın Doğal Ortam Koşulları (Jeolojik-Jeomorfolojik-Hidrografik Açıdan) Ve Sürdürülebilir Kullanım Üzerindeki Rolü. Marmara Coğrafya Dergisi, 0 (31) , 48-81. DOI: 10.14781/mcd.73355 google scholar
  • Gerba, C.P. (2009) “Indicator microorganisms.” In Environmental microbiology, pp. 485-499. Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/ B978-0-12-370519-8.00023-7 google scholar
  • Gotkowska-Plachta, A., Golas, I., Korzeniewska, E. et al. (2016). Evaluation of the distribution of fecal indicator bacteria in a river system depending on different types of land use in the southern watershed of the Baltic Sea. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23, 4073-4085 https://doi. org/10.1007/s11356-015-4442-6 google scholar
  • Herrig, I., Seis, W., Fischer, H. et al. (2019). Prediction of fecal indicator organism concentrations in rivers: the shifting role of environmental factors under varying flow conditions. Environ Sci Eur 31, 59 https:// doi.org/10.1186/s12302-019-0250-9 google scholar
  • Ibekwe, M.A., Leddy, M. B., Bold, R. M. & Graves, A. K. (2012). Bacterial community composition in low-flowing river water with different sources of pollutants. FEMS microbiology ecology, 79(1), 155-166. DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2011.01205.x google scholar
  • Islam, M.M.M., Hofstra, N. & Islam, M.A. (2017). The Impact of Environmental Variables on Faecal Indicator Bacteria in the Betna River Basin, Bangladesh. Environ. Process. 4, 319-332 https://doi. org/10.1007/s40710-017-0239-6 google scholar
  • Khan, K., Lu, Y., Saeed, M.A., Bilal, H., Sher, H., Khan, H., Ali, J., Wang, P., Uwizeyimana, H., Baninla, Y., Li, Q., Liu, Z., Nawab, J., Zhou, Y., Su, C., Liang, R. (2018). Prevalent fecal contamination in drinking water resources and potential health risks in Swat, Pakistan, Journal of Environmental Sciences, 72, 1-12, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2017.12.008. google scholar
  • Kunili, İ.E., Ateş, A. S. (2021). Effects of seasonal changes and environmental factors on bioindicator bacteria levels in Çardak Lagoon, Çanakkale Strait, Turkey. Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies. 50(3): 299-309. https://doi.org/10.2478/oandhs-2021-0025 google scholar
  • Lin J., & Ganesh, A. (2013). Water quality indicators: bacteria, coliphages, enteric viruses, International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 23:6, 484-506, DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2013.769201 google scholar
  • Mallin, M.A., Ensign, S.H., McIver, M.R., Shank, G.C. & Fowler, P.K. (2001). Demographic, landscape, and meteorological factors controlling the microbial pollution of coastal waters. Hydrobiologia, 460(1), 185-193. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013169401211 google scholar
  • Mallin, M. A., Williams, K. E., Esham, E. C. & Lowe, R. P. (2000). Effect of human development on bacteriological water quality in coastal watersheds. Ecological applications, 10(4), 1047-1056. DOI:10.2307/2641016 google scholar
  • Manetu, W.M., Karanja, A.M. (2021). Waterborne Disease Risk Factors and Intervention Practices: A Review. Open Access Library Journal. 8, e7401. DOI: 10.4236/oalib.1107401 google scholar
  • McKee, A.M., Cruz, M.A. (2021). Microbial and Viral Indicators of Pathogens and Human Health Risks from Recreational Exposure to Waters Impaired by Fecal Contamination. Journal of Sustainable Water in the Built Environment. 7(2): https://doi.org/10.1061/ JSWBAY.0000936 google scholar
  • Musyoki, A.M., Suleiman, M.A., Mbithi, J.N. & Maingi, J.M. (2013) Water-Borne Bacterial Pathogens in Surface Waters of Nairobi River and Health Implications to Communities Downstream Athi River. International Journal of Life Sciences Biotechnology and Pharma Research, 3, L4-L10. google scholar
  • Özuluğ, M., Acıpınar, H., Gaygusuz, O., Gursoy, C., Tarkan, A.S. (2005) Effects of human factor on the fish fauna in a drinking-water resource (Omerli Dam Lake-Istanbul, Turkey). Research journal of agriculture and biological sciences. 1(1): 50-55. google scholar
  • Paule-Mercado, M.A.,J.S. Ventura, S.A. Memon, D. Jahng, J.-H. Kang, C.-H. Lee. (2016). Monitoring and predicting the fecal indicator bacteria concentrations from agricultural, mixed land use and urban stormwater runoff, Science of The Total Environment,550: 1171-1181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.026. google scholar
  • Saxena, G., Bharagava, R.N., Kaithwas, G., Raj, A. (2015). Microbial indicators, pathogens and methods for their monitoring in water environment. J Water Health 13 (2): 319-339. https://doi.org/10.2166/ wh.2014.275 google scholar
  • Shehane, S.D., V.J. Harwood, J.E. Whitlock, J.B. Rose. (2005). The influence of rainfall on the incidence of microbial faecal indicators and the dominant sources of faecal pollution in a Florida river, Journal of Applied Microbiology, 98 (5): 1127-1136, https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02554.x google scholar
  • Shittu, O. B., Olaitan, J. O. & Amusa, T. S. (2008). Physico-chemical and bacteriological analyses of water used for drinking and swimming purposes in abeokuta, nigeria. African Journal of Biomedical Research, 11(3). DOI: 10.4314/ajbr.v11i3.50739 google scholar
  • Tarkan, A.S. (2010). Effects of Streams on Drinkable Water Reservoir: An Assessment of Water Quality, Physical Habitat and Some Biological Features of the Streams. Journal of FisheriesSciences.com. 4(1): 8-19. google scholar
  • Wen, X., Chen, F., Lin, Y., Zhu, H., Yuan, F., Kuang, D., Jia, Z., Yuan, Z. (2020). Microbial Indicators and Their Use for Monitoring Drinking Water Quality—A Review. Sustainability 12, 2249. https://doi. org/10.3390/su12062249 google scholar
  • Viau, E. J., Goodwin, K. D., Yamahara, K. M., Layton, B. A., Sassoubre, L. M., Burns, S. L., ... & Boehm, A. B. (2011). Bacterial pathogens in Hawaiian coastal streams—associations with fecal indicators, land cover, and water quality. Water research, 45(11), 3279-3290. DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.03.033 google scholar
  • Yayintaş, Ö. T., Yilmaz, S., Türkoğlu, M., Şolakoğlu, F. A. & Şakir, F. (2007). Seasonal variation of some heavy metal pollution with environmental and microbiological parameters in sub-basin of Kocabas Stream (Biga, Canakkale, Turkey) by ICP-AES. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 134(1), 321-331. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-9623-4 google scholar

Year 2024, , 88 - 94, 29.03.2024

Pelin Saliha Çiftçi Türetken , Gülşen Altuğ , Meryem Öztaş , Selma Dilara Karaman Baş , Serap Koşal Şahin

https://doi.org/10.26650/ASE20231388480

Abstract

References

  • Akkan, T., Mehel, S. & Mutlu, C. (2019). Determining the level of bacteriological pollution level in Yağlıdere Stream, Giresun. Journal of Limnology and Freshwater Fisheries Research, 5(2), 83-88. https:// doi.org/10.17216/limnofish.450722 google scholar
  • Altug, G., Cardak, M., Ciftci, P.S. & Gurun, S. (2009). An Important Water Route Between Mediterranean and Black Seas and Bacterial Pollution (Canakkale and Istanbul Straits, Turkey) - Proceeding of the 3rd WSEAS Int. Conference on Waste Management, Water Pollution, Air Pollution, Indoor Climate. 466-471. google scholar
  • Altug, G., Gurun, S., Ciftci Türetken, P. S. & Kalkan, S. (2016). Levels of bio-indicator bacteria transported to the Black Sea by the Riva Stream, Istanbul, Turkey. International Journal of Marine Science and Ocean Technology (IJMO), 3(4), 45-49. DOI: 10.19070/2577-4395-160008 google scholar
  • APHA. (2013). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 22nd ed. American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C., Retrieved January 9, 2018, from https://www. standardmethods.org/PDF/22nd_Ed_Errata_12_16_13.pdf google scholar
  • Augustyn, t., Babula, A. M., Joniec, J., Stanek-Tarkowska, J., Hajduk, E. & Kaniuczak, J. (2016). Microbiological indicators of the quality of river water, used for drinking water supply. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 25(2), 511-519. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/60899 google scholar
  • Benhassane, L., Zerdani, I., Fadlaoui, S., Mounjid, J., Loudiki, M., Oubraim, S. (2019). Monitoring Impacts of Human Activities on Bouskoura Stream (Casablanca, Morocco): Bacteriology and Parasitology. Bulletin de l’Institut Scientifique, Rabat, Section Science de la vie, 41, 15-32. google scholar
  • Clinton, B.D., Vose, J.M. (2006). Variation in Stream Water Quality in an Urban Headwater Stream in the Southern Appalachians. Water Air Soil Pollut 169, 331-353 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-006-2812-x google scholar
  • Crump, B.C., Adams, H.E., Hobbie, J.E., and Kling, G.W. (2007) Biogeography of bacterioplankton in lakes and streams of an arctic tundra catchment. Ecology 88: 1365-1378. google scholar
  • Devane, M.L., Moriarty, E., Weaver, L., Cookson, A., Gilpin, B. (2020). Fecal indicator bacteria from environmental sources; strategies for identification to improve water quality monitoring, Water Research, 185, 116204, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.116204. google scholar
  • Dinseven, E. & Çurgunlu, E. (1988) Determination of the Trophic status of the Riva stream for monitoring Eutrophication. Istanbul University Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences, 2:35-52. google scholar
  • Dökümcü, N. & Koşal Şahin, S. (2022). The Seasonal Distribution of Molluscan (Bivalvia and Gastropoda) Biodiversity in Riva Stream (Istanbul) . Aquatic Sciences and Engineering, 37 (2) , 69-73. DOI: 10.26650/ASE2021962620 google scholar
  • EPA. (2006). EPA microbiological alternate test procedure (ATP) protocol for drinking water, ambient water, wastewater and sewage sludge monitoring methods. google scholar
  • European Parlament. (2006). Directive 2006/7/EC of the European parlament and of the council of 15 February 2006. google scholar
  • Farrell JB. (2013). Fecal pathogens control during composting. In: Science and engineering of composting: Design, environmental, microbiological and utilization aspects edit. Hoitink HAJ, Keenerg HM. 1993;282-300. google scholar
  • Garbossa, L. H., Souza, R. V., Campos, C. J., Vanz, A., Vianna, L. F. & Rupp, G. S. (2017). Thermotolerant coliform loadings to coastal areas of Santa Catarina (Brazil) evidence the effect of growing urbanisation and insufficient provision of sewerage infrastructure. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 189(1), 27. DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5742-0 google scholar
  • Garipağaoğlu, N. , Şahin, C. , Şahin, C. , Çeker, A. & Şenol, C. (2015). Çayağzı (Riva) Havzası’nın Doğal Ortam Koşulları (Jeolojik-Jeomorfolojik-Hidrografik Açıdan) Ve Sürdürülebilir Kullanım Üzerindeki Rolü. Marmara Coğrafya Dergisi, 0 (31) , 48-81. DOI: 10.14781/mcd.73355 google scholar
  • Gerba, C.P. (2009) “Indicator microorganisms.” In Environmental microbiology, pp. 485-499. Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/ B978-0-12-370519-8.00023-7 google scholar
  • Gotkowska-Plachta, A., Golas, I., Korzeniewska, E. et al. (2016). Evaluation of the distribution of fecal indicator bacteria in a river system depending on different types of land use in the southern watershed of the Baltic Sea. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23, 4073-4085 https://doi. org/10.1007/s11356-015-4442-6 google scholar
  • Herrig, I., Seis, W., Fischer, H. et al. (2019). Prediction of fecal indicator organism concentrations in rivers: the shifting role of environmental factors under varying flow conditions. Environ Sci Eur 31, 59 https:// doi.org/10.1186/s12302-019-0250-9 google scholar
  • Ibekwe, M.A., Leddy, M. B., Bold, R. M. & Graves, A. K. (2012). Bacterial community composition in low-flowing river water with different sources of pollutants. FEMS microbiology ecology, 79(1), 155-166. DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2011.01205.x google scholar
  • Islam, M.M.M., Hofstra, N. & Islam, M.A. (2017). The Impact of Environmental Variables on Faecal Indicator Bacteria in the Betna River Basin, Bangladesh. Environ. Process. 4, 319-332 https://doi. org/10.1007/s40710-017-0239-6 google scholar
  • Khan, K., Lu, Y., Saeed, M.A., Bilal, H., Sher, H., Khan, H., Ali, J., Wang, P., Uwizeyimana, H., Baninla, Y., Li, Q., Liu, Z., Nawab, J., Zhou, Y., Su, C., Liang, R. (2018). Prevalent fecal contamination in drinking water resources and potential health risks in Swat, Pakistan, Journal of Environmental Sciences, 72, 1-12, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2017.12.008. google scholar
  • Kunili, İ.E., Ateş, A. S. (2021). Effects of seasonal changes and environmental factors on bioindicator bacteria levels in Çardak Lagoon, Çanakkale Strait, Turkey. Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies. 50(3): 299-309. https://doi.org/10.2478/oandhs-2021-0025 google scholar
  • Lin J., & Ganesh, A. (2013). Water quality indicators: bacteria, coliphages, enteric viruses, International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 23:6, 484-506, DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2013.769201 google scholar
  • Mallin, M.A., Ensign, S.H., McIver, M.R., Shank, G.C. & Fowler, P.K. (2001). Demographic, landscape, and meteorological factors controlling the microbial pollution of coastal waters. Hydrobiologia, 460(1), 185-193. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013169401211 google scholar
  • Mallin, M. A., Williams, K. E., Esham, E. C. & Lowe, R. P. (2000). Effect of human development on bacteriological water quality in coastal watersheds. Ecological applications, 10(4), 1047-1056. DOI:10.2307/2641016 google scholar
  • Manetu, W.M., Karanja, A.M. (2021). Waterborne Disease Risk Factors and Intervention Practices: A Review. Open Access Library Journal. 8, e7401. DOI: 10.4236/oalib.1107401 google scholar
  • McKee, A.M., Cruz, M.A. (2021). Microbial and Viral Indicators of Pathogens and Human Health Risks from Recreational Exposure to Waters Impaired by Fecal Contamination. Journal of Sustainable Water in the Built Environment. 7(2): https://doi.org/10.1061/ JSWBAY.0000936 google scholar
  • Musyoki, A.M., Suleiman, M.A., Mbithi, J.N. & Maingi, J.M. (2013) Water-Borne Bacterial Pathogens in Surface Waters of Nairobi River and Health Implications to Communities Downstream Athi River. International Journal of Life Sciences Biotechnology and Pharma Research, 3, L4-L10. google scholar
  • Özuluğ, M., Acıpınar, H., Gaygusuz, O., Gursoy, C., Tarkan, A.S. (2005) Effects of human factor on the fish fauna in a drinking-water resource (Omerli Dam Lake-Istanbul, Turkey). Research journal of agriculture and biological sciences. 1(1): 50-55. google scholar
  • Paule-Mercado, M.A.,J.S. Ventura, S.A. Memon, D. Jahng, J.-H. Kang, C.-H. Lee. (2016). Monitoring and predicting the fecal indicator bacteria concentrations from agricultural, mixed land use and urban stormwater runoff, Science of The Total Environment,550: 1171-1181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.026. google scholar
  • Saxena, G., Bharagava, R.N., Kaithwas, G., Raj, A. (2015). Microbial indicators, pathogens and methods for their monitoring in water environment. J Water Health 13 (2): 319-339. https://doi.org/10.2166/ wh.2014.275 google scholar
  • Shehane, S.D., V.J. Harwood, J.E. Whitlock, J.B. Rose. (2005). The influence of rainfall on the incidence of microbial faecal indicators and the dominant sources of faecal pollution in a Florida river, Journal of Applied Microbiology, 98 (5): 1127-1136, https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02554.x google scholar
  • Shittu, O. B., Olaitan, J. O. & Amusa, T. S. (2008). Physico-chemical and bacteriological analyses of water used for drinking and swimming purposes in abeokuta, nigeria. African Journal of Biomedical Research, 11(3). DOI: 10.4314/ajbr.v11i3.50739 google scholar
  • Tarkan, A.S. (2010). Effects of Streams on Drinkable Water Reservoir: An Assessment of Water Quality, Physical Habitat and Some Biological Features of the Streams. Journal of FisheriesSciences.com. 4(1): 8-19. google scholar
  • Wen, X., Chen, F., Lin, Y., Zhu, H., Yuan, F., Kuang, D., Jia, Z., Yuan, Z. (2020). Microbial Indicators and Their Use for Monitoring Drinking Water Quality—A Review. Sustainability 12, 2249. https://doi. org/10.3390/su12062249 google scholar
  • Viau, E. J., Goodwin, K. D., Yamahara, K. M., Layton, B. A., Sassoubre, L. M., Burns, S. L., ... & Boehm, A. B. (2011). Bacterial pathogens in Hawaiian coastal streams—associations with fecal indicators, land cover, and water quality. Water research, 45(11), 3279-3290. DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.03.033 google scholar
  • Yayintaş, Ö. T., Yilmaz, S., Türkoğlu, M., Şolakoğlu, F. A. & Şakir, F. (2007). Seasonal variation of some heavy metal pollution with environmental and microbiological parameters in sub-basin of Kocabas Stream (Biga, Canakkale, Turkey) by ICP-AES. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 134(1), 321-331. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-9623-4 google scholar
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Hydrobiology
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Pelin Saliha Çiftçi Türetken 0000-0002-4377-1628

Gülşen Altuğ 0000-0003-3251-7699

Meryem Öztaş 0000-0002-5604-6003

Selma Dilara Karaman Baş 0000-0002-8682-4742

Serap Koşal Şahin 0000-0001-9256-218X

Publication Date March 29, 2024
Submission Date November 9, 2023
Acceptance Date January 16, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

APA Çiftçi Türetken, P. S., Altuğ, G., Öztaş, M., Karaman Baş, S. D., et al. (2024). Bio-indicator Bacteria Levels in Riva Stream, an Important Stream in İstanbul, Türkiye. Aquatic Sciences and Engineering, 39(2), 88-94. https://doi.org/10.26650/ASE20231388480
AMA Çiftçi Türetken PS, Altuğ G, Öztaş M, Karaman Baş SD, Koşal Şahin S. Bio-indicator Bacteria Levels in Riva Stream, an Important Stream in İstanbul, Türkiye. Aqua Sci Eng. March 2024;39(2):88-94. doi:10.26650/ASE20231388480
Chicago Çiftçi Türetken, Pelin Saliha, Gülşen Altuğ, Meryem Öztaş, Selma Dilara Karaman Baş, and Serap Koşal Şahin. “Bio-Indicator Bacteria Levels in Riva Stream, an Important Stream in İstanbul, Türkiye”. Aquatic Sciences and Engineering 39, no. 2 (March 2024): 88-94. https://doi.org/10.26650/ASE20231388480.
EndNote Çiftçi Türetken PS, Altuğ G, Öztaş M, Karaman Baş SD, Koşal Şahin S (March 1, 2024) Bio-indicator Bacteria Levels in Riva Stream, an Important Stream in İstanbul, Türkiye. Aquatic Sciences and Engineering 39 2 88–94.
IEEE P. S. Çiftçi Türetken, G. Altuğ, M. Öztaş, S. D. Karaman Baş, and S. Koşal Şahin, “Bio-indicator Bacteria Levels in Riva Stream, an Important Stream in İstanbul, Türkiye”, Aqua Sci Eng, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 88–94, 2024, doi: 10.26650/ASE20231388480.
ISNAD Çiftçi Türetken, Pelin Saliha et al. “Bio-Indicator Bacteria Levels in Riva Stream, an Important Stream in İstanbul, Türkiye”. Aquatic Sciences and Engineering 39/2 (March 2024), 88-94. https://doi.org/10.26650/ASE20231388480.
JAMA Çiftçi Türetken PS, Altuğ G, Öztaş M, Karaman Baş SD, Koşal Şahin S. Bio-indicator Bacteria Levels in Riva Stream, an Important Stream in İstanbul, Türkiye. Aqua Sci Eng. 2024;39:88–94.
MLA Çiftçi Türetken, Pelin Saliha et al. “Bio-Indicator Bacteria Levels in Riva Stream, an Important Stream in İstanbul, Türkiye”. Aquatic Sciences and Engineering, vol. 39, no. 2, 2024, pp. 88-94, doi:10.26650/ASE20231388480.
Vancouver Çiftçi Türetken PS, Altuğ G, Öztaş M, Karaman Baş SD, Koşal Şahin S. Bio-indicator Bacteria Levels in Riva Stream, an Important Stream in İstanbul, Türkiye. Aqua Sci Eng. 2024;39(2):88-94.

openaccess.jpgOpen Access Statement:

This is an open access journal which means that all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the BOAI definition of open access.