THE IMPACT OF TOWING GEARS ON THE BENTHIC MAKROFAUNA: CURRENT STATUS FOR BLACK SEA AND THE SEA OF MARMARA

Year 2017, Volume: 32 Issue: 2, 76 - 95, 14.04.2017

Mustafa Zengin , Hakan Kaykaç , Aysun Gümüş İlkay Özcan Akpınar

https://doi.org/10.18864/TJAS201707

Abstract

The physical disturbance caused by towing
gears effect the benthic ecosystem by reducing or changing the abundance and
distribution patterns of both infaunal and epifaunal communities. It is known
that the biodiversity in faunal assemblages alters within habitats under a
continuous scraping effect of the towing gears such as bottom and beam trawls.
This study includes the experimental surveys to determine and minimise the
impact of towing gears on benthic ecosystem that are still in use in Black Sea
and the Sea of Marmara.  The discard rates in red mullet and whiting
reach, Average 17 % and 40% respectively of total catch, depending on misusage
and insufficient selectivity of mesh size in bottom trawls those operating in
demersal fishery.  However, the results
showed that the use of bottom trawl nets with 40 mm square mesh increased the
length selectivity for target species; whiting and red mullet and also reduced
the rate of discard and bycatch.  On the
other hand, the modifications such as sledges instead of the traditional shoes
and the removal of the steel rope in beam trawls used in sea snail fishery in
nearshore Black Sea coasts and the use of grid panels in beam trawls used in
the Sea of Marmara provided a 50% reduction in amount of bycatch.

Keywords

Black Sea, Sea of Marmara, bottom trawl, beam trawl, benthic macrofauna

DİP SÜRÜTME AĞLARININ BENTİK MAKROFAUNA ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ: MARMARA VE KARADENİZ’DEKİ GÜNCEL DURUM

Abstract

Trol
ve algarna gibi dipte sürüklenerek çekilen av araçları bentik ekosistem
üzerinde yarattıkları fiziksel etki sebebiyle, infaunal ve epifaunal canlı
komünitelerin azalmasına veya tümüyle ölümüne sebep olmaktadırlar. Bu nedenle
sürütme ağlarının kazıma etkisine sürekli olarak maruz kalan balıkçılık
alanlarında faunal birliklerin tür çeşitliliği açısından değiştiği
bilinmektedir. Bu çalışma, Karadeniz ve Marmara Denizi’nde başlıca kullanılan
dip sürükleme ağlarından dip trolü ve algarnaların bentik ekosistem üzerine
olan etkileri ve bu etkilerin azaltılmasına yönelik yapılan çalışmaları
içermektedir. Karadeniz’de barbunya ve mezgit gibi hedef demersal balıkların
avcılığında kullanılan dip trol ağlarında işletim hatalarından ve ağ göz
açıklığının yetersizliğinden ötürü ıskarta av oranları sırasıyla %25 ve
%42’lere kadar ulaşmaktadır. Buna karşın dip trol ağlarının torba kısmında 40
mm kare gözlü ağ kullanımı, bu hedef türlerin boy seçiciliğini arttırdığı gibi,
ıskarta oranlarının da azaltılmasına olumlu katkılar sağlamıştır. Diğer
taraftan yine Karadeniz’deki yakın kıyı bentiğinde; deniz salyangozu
avcılığında kullanılan geleneksel algarnanın ayak aksamının kızak ile
değiştirilmesi ve ayaklar arasındaki çelik halatın kaldırılması, Marmara
denizinde ise karides algarnalarında ızgara panel kullanımı, hedef dışı av
oranını %50 oranında düşürmüştür.

Keywords

Karadeniz, Marmara Denizi, dip trolü, algarna, bentik makrofauna

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