Assessment of Spatial – Temporal Variations in Freshwater Pollution by Means of Water Quality Index: A Case Study of Hasanağa Stream Basin (Edirne, Turkey)

Year 2021, Volume: 36 Issue: 2, 66 - 71, 25.01.2021

Cem Tokatlı

https://doi.org/10.26650/ASE2020768078

Abstract

In this research, spatial – temporal variations of water quality in the fluvial components of the Hasanağa Stream Basin were evaluated by using the Water Quality Index. Surface water samples were taken from seven stations selected on the basin in the winter seasons of 2019 and 2020. Elev-en variables including dissolved oxygen, oxygen saturation, pH, electrical conductivity, total dis-solved solids, salinity, turbidity, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate and sulphate were measured in freshwa-ter samples. The Water Quality Index (WQI) and Cluster Analysis (CA) were applied to the detected data in order to determine the differences among the spatial – temporal contamination levels and classify the investigated locations according to their similar water quality characteristics. According to the detected data, the water of the Hasanağa Stream Basin has 1. – 2. Class quality in 2019 and 2. – 3. in 2020, in general. According to the results of WQI, although it was determined that the water quality decreased significantly in 2020, the basin was found to be of "A Grade – Excellent" water quality (<50) in both 2019 and 2020. According to the results of the CA, 3 statistical clusters were formed and they were named as “less polluted zone”, “moderate polluted zone” and “more polluted zone”.

Keywords

Hasanağa Stream Basin, Water Quality Index, Cluster Analysis

Project Number

2019/127

References

• Akin, B. S., Atıcı, T., Katircioglu, H., Keskin, F. (2011). Investigation of water quality on Gökçeekaya dam lake using multivariate statistical analysis, in Eskişehir, Turkey. Environmental Earth Sciences, 63: 1251–1261. [CrossRef] google scholar
• Akoteyon, I. S., Omotayo, A. O., Soladoye, O., Olaoye, H. O. (2011). Determination of water quality index and suitability of urban river for municipal water supply in lagos-Nigeria. European Journal of Scientific Research, 54: 263–271. google scholar
• Akter, T., Jhohura, F. T., Akter, F., Chowdhury, T. R., Mistry, S. K., Dey, D., Barua, M. K., Islam, M. A. & Rahman, M. (2016). Water quality index for measuring drinking water quality in rural Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, 35:4. [CrossRef] google scholar
• Arslan, N., Tokatlı, C., Çiçek, A., Köse, E. (2011). Determination of some metal concentrations in water and sediment samples in Yedigöller region (Kütahya). Review of Hydrobiology 4,1: 17-28. google scholar
• Atıcı, T., Tokatlı, C., Çiçek, A. (2018). Diatoms of Seydisuyu stream basin (Turkey) and assessment of water quality by statistical and biological approaches. Sigma Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 36 (1): 271-288. google scholar
• Belkhiri, L., Narany, T. S. (2015). Using multivariate statistical analysis, geostatistical techniques and structural equation modeling to identify spatial variability of groundwater quality. Water Resources Management, 29: 2073–2089. [CrossRef] google scholar
• Çiçek, A., Köse, E., Tokatlı, C. (2019). Use of factor analysis to evaluate the sediment quality of a significant mining area: Seydisuyu stream basin (Turkey). Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 28 (3): 2021-2025. [CrossRef] google scholar
• EC (European Communities) (2007). European Communities (drinking water) (no. 2), Regulations 2007, S.I. No. 278 of 2007. google scholar
• Köse, E., Çiçek, A., Uysal, K., Tokatlı, C., Emiroğlu, Ö. & Arslan, N. (2016). Evaluation of surface water quality in Porsuk stream. Unıversıty Journal of Scıence and Technology – C Life Sciences and Biotechnology, 4 (2): 81-93. [CrossRef] google scholar
• Köse, E., Emiroğlu, Ö., Çiçek, A., Tokatlı, C., Başkurt, S., Aksu, S. (2018). Sediment quality assessment in porsuk stream basin (Turkey) from a multi-statistical perspective. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 27 (2): 747-752. [CrossRef] google scholar
• Köse, E., Tokatlı, C. & Çiçek, A. (2014). Monitoring stream water quality: A statistical evaluation. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 23 (5): 1637-1647. google scholar
• Manahan, S. E. (2011). Water Chemistry: Green Science and Technology of Nature’s Most Renewable Resource. Taylor and Francis Group. CRC Press, 398p. [CrossRef] google scholar
• Meng, Q., Zhang, J., Zhang, Z., Wu, T. (2016). Geochemistry of dissolved trace elements and heavy metals in the dan river drainage (China): Distribution, sources, and water quality assessment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23, 8091–8103. [CrossRef] google scholar
• Mukatea, S., Wagha, V., Panaskara, D., Jacobs, J. A. & Sawantc, A. (2019). Development of new integrated water quality index (IWQI) model to evaluate the drinking suitability of water. Ecological Indicators, 101, 348-354. [CrossRef] google scholar
• Puri, P. J., Yenkie, M. K. N., Sangal, S. P., Gandhare, N. V., Sarote, G. B. & Dhanorkar, D. B. (2011). Surface water (lakes) quality assessment in nagpur city (India) based on water quality index (WQI). Rasayan Journal of Chemistry, 4(1): 43-48. google scholar
• Sutadian, A. D., Muttil, N., Yilmaz, A. G., Perera, B. J. C. (2016). Development of river water quality indices—A review. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 188: 58. [CrossRef] google scholar
• Tokatlı, C. (2019). Drinking Water Quality Assessment of Ergene River Basin (Turkey) by water quality index: Essential and toxic elements. Sains Malaysiana, 48 (10): 2071-2081. [CrossRef] google scholar
• Tokatlı, C., 2020a. Use of water quality index to evaluate the groundwater characteristics of villages located in edirne province. International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Food Sciences, 4(3): 362- 367. [CrossRef] google scholar
• Tokatlı, C., 2020b. Water quality assessment of Ergene river basin using multivariate statistical analysis. Journal of Limnology and Freshwater Fisheries Research, 6 (1): 38-46. [CrossRef] google scholar
• Tokatlı, C., Köse, E., Arslan, N., Emiroğlu, Ö., Çiçek, A. & Dayıoğlu, H. (2016). Water quality of emet stream basin. Uludağ University Journal of the Faculty of Engineering, 21(2): 9-24. [CrossRef] google scholar
• Tokatlı, C., Köse, E. & Çiçek, A. (2014). Assessment of the effects of large borate deposits on surface water quality by multi statistical approaches: A case study of the Seydisuyu stream (Turkey). Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 23(5): 1741-1751. google scholar
• Tokatlı, C., Ustaoğlu, F. (2020). Health risk assessment of toxicants in Meriç river delta wetland, thrace region, Turkey. Environmental Earth Science, 79, 426. [CrossRef] google scholar
• TS 266 (2005). Sular-İnsani tüketim amaçlı sular. Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, ICS 13.060.20. google scholar
• Turkish Regulations (2004). Yüzeysel Su Kalitesi Yönetimi Yönetmeliği, 31 Aralık 2004, Resmi Gazete No: 25687, http://suyonetimiormansu.gov.tr. google scholar
• Turkish Regulations (2015). Yüzeysel su kalitesi yönetimi yönetmeliğinde değişiklik yapılmasına dair yönetmelik, 15 Nisan 2015, Resmi Gazete No: 29327, http://suyonetimiormansu.gov.tr. google scholar
• Tyagi, S., Sharma, B., Singh, P. & Dobhal, R. (2013). Water quality assessment in terms of water quality index. American Journal of Water Resources, 1(3):34–8. [CrossRef] google scholar
• Uslu, O. & Türkman, A. (1987). Su kirliliği ve kontrolü. T.C. Başbakanlık Çevre Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları, Eğitim Dizisi 1, Ankara. google scholar
• Ustaoğlu, F., Aydın, H. (2020). Health risk assessment of dissolved heavy metals in surface water in a subtropical rivers basin system of Giresun (north-eastern Turkey). Desalination and Water Treatment, 194, 222- 234. [CrossRef] google scholar
• Ustaoğlu, F. & Tepe, Y. (2019). Water quality and sediment contamination assessment of Pazarsuyu stream, Turkey using multivariate statistical methods and pollution indicators. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 7, 47-56. [CrossRef] google scholar
• Ustaoğlu, F., Tepe, Y. & Taş, B. (2020). Assessment of Stream quality and health risk in a subtropical Turkey river system: A combined approach using statistical analysis and water quality index. Ecological Indicators, [CrossRef] google scholar
• Varol, M. (2020). Use of water quality index and multivariate statistical methods for the evaluation of water quality of a stream affected by multiple stressors: a case study. Environmental Pollution, 266: 115417. [CrossRef] google scholar
• Varol , M., Gökot B., Bekleyen, A., Şen, B. (2012). Water quality assessment and apportionment of pollution sources of Tigris river (Turkey) Using multivariate statistical techniques—a case study. River Research and Applications, 28, 1428–1438. [CrossRef] google scholar
• Wang, J., Liu, G., Liu, H. & Lamc, P. (2017). Multivariate statistical evaluation of dissolved trace elements and a water quality assessment in the middle reaches of Huaihe river, Anhui, China. Science of the Total Environment, 583: 421–431. [CrossRef] google scholar
• Wetzel, R. G. (2001). Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems. Elsevier Academic Press. 1006p. [20] Manahan, S.E. (2011) Water Chemistry: Green Science and Technology of Nature’s Most Re-newable Resource. Taylor and Francis Group. CRC Press, 398p. google scholar
• WHO (World Health Organization) (2011). Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. World Health Organization Library Cataloguing-inPublication Data, NLM classification: WA 675. google scholar
• Xiao, J., Wang, L., Deng, L. & Jin, Z. (2019). Characteristics, sources, water quality and health risk assessment of trace elements in river water and well water in the Chinese loess plateau. Science of the Total Environment, 650: 2004-2012. [CrossRef] google scholar