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COVID-19 PANDEMİ SÜRECİNDE ÇOCUKLARIN PSİKOLOJİK DAYANIKLILIĞINI GÜÇLENDİRME YOLLARI: AİLELERE, ÖĞRETMENLERE VE RUH SAĞLIĞI UZMANLARINA ÖNERİLER

Year 2020, Issue: 5 - COVID-19 ÖZEL SAYISI 2, 95 - 113, 31.05.2020

Abstract

COVID-19 pandemi süreci tüm dünyada olduğu gibi Türkiye’yi de çeşitli açılardan etkilemiştir. COVID-19 sonrası bireylerde sosyal-duygusal, psikosomatik, bilişsel ve davranışsal tepkiler görülmeye başlanmıştır. Ruh sağlığı çalışanları örgütleri bireylerin gösterdiği bu tepkileri azaltmaya ve etkilenen toplumu psikolojik olarak desteklemek için kaynaklar üretmeye başlamış ve sonrasında alan çalışanlarını bu kaynakları rehber edinerek uygulamalar yapmaya devam etmiştir. COVID-19 her gelişim döneminden bireyleri etkilese de çocukların ihtiyaçlarını kendi başına karşılayamıyor olmaları, gelişimlerini tamamlamamış olmaları ve diğer ruh sağlığı sorunlarına daha açık halde olmaları nedeniyle çocuklara yönelik verilen öneriler ve bu yönde hazırlanan kaynaklara daha fazla ihtiyaç duyulmuştur. Çocuklar, pandemi sürecinde eğitim öğretim faaliyetlerinin uzaktan eğitime geçmesiyle, sokağa çıkma kısıtlamaları sebebiyle akranlarından ayrılmalarıyla şüphesiz süreçten en çok etkilenen yaş grubu olmuşlardır. Bu nedenle bu çalışmada pandemi sürecinde ve sonrasında çocukların psikolojik dayanalıklılığını güçlendirmenin önemine, çocukların sahip olduğu koruyucu ve risk faktörlerine ve COVID-19 pandemi sürecinde gösterdikleri tepkilere yer verilmiştir. Yer verilen bu konular doğrultusunda çocukların yakın çevresinde yer alan öğretmenlere, ailelere ve ruh sağlığı uzmanlarına tavsiyeler verilmiştir.

References

  • Aktan, B. Ş., & Önder, A. (2018). Okul öncesi dönemde psikolojik dayanıklılık. Eğitim Kuram ve Uygulama Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(2), 20-30.
  • Boelen, P. A., & Spuij, M. (2013). Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in bereaved children and adolescents: Factor structure and correlates. Journal Of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41(7), 1097-1108.
  • Brymer MJ, Taylor M, Escudero P, Jacobs A, Kronenberg M, et al. (2012). Psychological First Aid for Schools: Field Operations Guide. National Child Traumatic Stress Network. Los Angeles CA.
  • Buchanan, A. (2014). Risk and protective factors in child development and the development of resilience. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 2, 244 -249. doi: 10.4236/jss.2014.24025.
  • Corr, C.A., & Balk, D. (2010). Children's encounters with death, bereavement, and coping. Springer Publishing Company.
  • Demircioğlu, H., & Yoldaş, C. Çocukluk ve ergenlik döneminde psikososyal risk faktörleri ve koruyucu unsurlar. Ankara Sağlık Hizmetleri Dergisi, 18(1), 40-48
  • Dorado, J. S., Martinez, M., McArthur, L. E., & Leibovitz, T. (2016). Healthy Environments and Response to Trauma in Schools (HEARTS): A whole-school, multi-level, prevention and intervention program for creating trauma-informed, safe and supportive schools. School Mental Health, 8, 163–176. doi:10.1007/s12310-016-9177-0
  • Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (2020). Mental health and psychosocial considerations during the COVID-19 outbreak. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/mental-health-considerations.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Dyregrov, A. (2008). Grief in children: A handbook for adults second edition. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
  • Geldard, K., Geldard, D., & Foo, R. Y. (2017). Counselling children: A practical introduction. London: SAGE.
  • Goldman, L. (2009). Great answers to difficult questions about death: What children need to know. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
  • Hecker, L. L., & Sori, C. F. (2016). The parent’s guide to good divorce behaviour. Sori, C. F., & Hecker, L. L., & Bachenberg, M. E. (Ed). The therapist's notebook for children and adolescents: Homework, handouts, and activities for use in psychotherapy (pp. 193-214). Routledge. https://www.cstsonline.org/assets/media/documents/CSTS_FS_Helping_Homebound_Children_during_COVID19_Outbreak.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Jongsma Jr, A. E., Peterson, L. M., McInnis, W. P., & Bruce, T. J. (2014). The Child Psychotherapy Treatment Planner: Includes DSM-5 Updates (Vol. 294). John Wiley & Sons.
  • Lieberman, A. F., Chu, A., Van Horn, P., & Harris, W. W. (2011). Trauma in early childhood: Empirical evidence and clinical implications. Development and Psychopathology, 23, 397–410. doi:10.1017/S0954579411000137
  • Lipscomb, S. T., Pratt, M. E., Schmitt, S. A., Pears, K. C., & Kim, H. K. (2013). School readiness in children living in non-parental care: Impacts of Head Start. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 34, 28–37. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2012.09.001
  • Loomis, A. M. (2018). The Role of Preschool as a Point of Intervention and Prevention for Trauma-Exposed Children: Recommendations for Practice, Policy, and Research. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 38(3), 134-145. doi: 0.1177/0271121418789254.
  • Mağden Ç., Ademhan Ç., Şavur E., Yeniokatan İ., Kılıç M., Gözden M., Çavuşculu M., Akman P., Tomas S. A. & Yüksel S. (2008). Türk Kızılayı Afetlerde Psikososyal Destek Uygulama Rehberi. Ankara:Yorum Basın Yayın Sanayi Ltd. Şti.
  • Masten, A. S., & Cicchetti, D. (2012). Risk and resilience in development and psychopathology: The legacy of Norman Garmezy. Development and Psychopathology, 24(2), 333-334.
  • Melville, A. (2017). Trauma-exposed infants and toddlers: A review of impacts and evidence-based interventions. Advances in Social Work, 18(1), 53-65. doi:10.18060/21287
  • Moore, J. & Moore, C. (2010). Talking to children about death-related issues. Corr, C. & Balk, D. (Ed)., Children’s encounters with death, bereavement, and coping (s 277-291). New York, NY: Springer .
  • Nims, D. R. (2011). Solution-focused play therapy: Helping children and families find solutions. Schaefer, C. E. (Ed.) Foundations of play therapy (s.313-328). Hoboken, NJ, US: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
  • Pearlman, M. Y., Schwalbe, K. D. A., & Cloitre, M. (2010). Grief in childhood: Fundamentals of treatment in clinical practice. American Psychological Association.
  • Ray, J. (2014). Posttraumatic stress disorder in children: What elementary teachers should know. Kappa Delta Pi Record, 50(3), 109-113.
  • Richman, J. M., & Fraser, M. W. (2001). Resilience in childhood: The role of risk and protection. The context of youth violence: Resilience, risk, and protection, 1-12.
  • Santrock, J.W. (1997). Life Span Development. London, Brown Benchmark Publishers.
  • Schaefer, C. E. (Ed.). (2011). Foundations of play therapy (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ, US: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
  • Scheeringa, M. S., Zeanah, C. H., & Cohen, J. A. (2011). PTSD in children and adolescents: Toward an empirically based algorithm. Depression and anxiety, 28(9), 770-782.
  • Stewart, L. A, Ectherling, G.L., & Mochi, C. (2015). Play-Based Disaster and Crisis Intervention: Roles of Play Therapists in Promoting Recovery. Clark, K. M. (ED.). Play therapy: A comprehensive guide to theory and practice (s.370-384). Guilford Publications.
  • The National Child Traumatic Stress Network (2008). Child Trauma Toolkit for Educators. https://www.nctsn.org/sites/default/files/resources//child_trauma_toolkit_educators.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • The National Child Traumatic Stress Network (NCTSN) (2010). Age-Related Reactions to a Traumatic Event. https://www.nctsn.org/resources/age-related-reactions-traumatic-event adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • The National Child Traumatic Stress Network (NCTSN) (2020a). Helping Children with Traumatic Separation or Traumatic Grief Related to COVID-19. https://www.nctsn.org/resources/helping-children-with-traumatic-separation-or-traumatic-grief-related-to-covid-19 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • The National Child Traumatic Stress Network (NCTSN) (2020b). Supporting Children During Coronavirus (COVID-19) https://www.nctsn.org/resources/supporting-children-during-coronavirus-covid19 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Travmatik Stres Bozukluğu Merkezi (2020). Helping Homebound Children during the COVID-19 Outbreak.
  • Türkiye Psikiyatri Derneği (2020). Covıd-19 ve Çocuklar. https://www.psikiyatri.org.tr/uploadFiles/2420201236-cocuklarCOVID.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • UNICEF (2020a). COVID-19 Ebeveyni Olmak, COVID-19 Hakkında Konuşmak. https://868b1700-4f92-4143-a9e1-4d615770397f.filesusr.com/ugd/d13cc0_2da2137f5a394f77a9686aa13be024b7.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • UNICEF (2020b). COVID-19 Ebeveyni Olmak, Sakin Olun ve Stresle Başa Çıkın. https://868b1700-4f92-4143-a9e1-4d615770397f.filesusr.com/ugd/d13cc0_dc15c5cb09534f5c856329b2473b7ffd.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • UNICEF (2020c). COVID-19 Ebeveyni Olmak, Bire-Bir Zaman Geçirin. https://868b1700-4f92-4143-a9e1-4d615770397f.filesusr.com/ugd/d13cc0_08be4701d38f4e96a2d2a46ed6933f0c.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • UNICEF (2020d). How teachers can talk to children about coronavirus disease (COVID-19). https://www.unicef.org/coronavirus/how-teachers-can-talk-children-about-coronavirus-disease-covid-19 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S.,Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1729.
  • Wolmer, L., Laor, N., Dedeoglu, C., Siev, J., & Yazgan, Y. (2005). Teacher‐mediated intervention after disaster: a controlled three‐year follow‐up of children's functioning. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46(11), 1161-1168.
  • Worden, J. W. (2018). Grief counseling and grief therapy: A handbook for the mental health practitioner. Springer Publishing Company.
  • Wright, M. O. D. & Masten, A. S. (2006). Resilience processes in development. In S. Goldstein & R. B. Brooks (Eds.), Handbook of resilience in children (ss. 17–37). New York: Springer Science and Busines Media, Inc.
Year 2020, Issue: 5 - COVID-19 ÖZEL SAYISI 2, 95 - 113, 31.05.2020

Abstract

References

  • Aktan, B. Ş., & Önder, A. (2018). Okul öncesi dönemde psikolojik dayanıklılık. Eğitim Kuram ve Uygulama Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(2), 20-30.
  • Boelen, P. A., & Spuij, M. (2013). Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in bereaved children and adolescents: Factor structure and correlates. Journal Of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41(7), 1097-1108.
  • Brymer MJ, Taylor M, Escudero P, Jacobs A, Kronenberg M, et al. (2012). Psychological First Aid for Schools: Field Operations Guide. National Child Traumatic Stress Network. Los Angeles CA.
  • Buchanan, A. (2014). Risk and protective factors in child development and the development of resilience. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 2, 244 -249. doi: 10.4236/jss.2014.24025.
  • Corr, C.A., & Balk, D. (2010). Children's encounters with death, bereavement, and coping. Springer Publishing Company.
  • Demircioğlu, H., & Yoldaş, C. Çocukluk ve ergenlik döneminde psikososyal risk faktörleri ve koruyucu unsurlar. Ankara Sağlık Hizmetleri Dergisi, 18(1), 40-48
  • Dorado, J. S., Martinez, M., McArthur, L. E., & Leibovitz, T. (2016). Healthy Environments and Response to Trauma in Schools (HEARTS): A whole-school, multi-level, prevention and intervention program for creating trauma-informed, safe and supportive schools. School Mental Health, 8, 163–176. doi:10.1007/s12310-016-9177-0
  • Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (2020). Mental health and psychosocial considerations during the COVID-19 outbreak. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/mental-health-considerations.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Dyregrov, A. (2008). Grief in children: A handbook for adults second edition. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
  • Geldard, K., Geldard, D., & Foo, R. Y. (2017). Counselling children: A practical introduction. London: SAGE.
  • Goldman, L. (2009). Great answers to difficult questions about death: What children need to know. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
  • Hecker, L. L., & Sori, C. F. (2016). The parent’s guide to good divorce behaviour. Sori, C. F., & Hecker, L. L., & Bachenberg, M. E. (Ed). The therapist's notebook for children and adolescents: Homework, handouts, and activities for use in psychotherapy (pp. 193-214). Routledge. https://www.cstsonline.org/assets/media/documents/CSTS_FS_Helping_Homebound_Children_during_COVID19_Outbreak.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Jongsma Jr, A. E., Peterson, L. M., McInnis, W. P., & Bruce, T. J. (2014). The Child Psychotherapy Treatment Planner: Includes DSM-5 Updates (Vol. 294). John Wiley & Sons.
  • Lieberman, A. F., Chu, A., Van Horn, P., & Harris, W. W. (2011). Trauma in early childhood: Empirical evidence and clinical implications. Development and Psychopathology, 23, 397–410. doi:10.1017/S0954579411000137
  • Lipscomb, S. T., Pratt, M. E., Schmitt, S. A., Pears, K. C., & Kim, H. K. (2013). School readiness in children living in non-parental care: Impacts of Head Start. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 34, 28–37. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2012.09.001
  • Loomis, A. M. (2018). The Role of Preschool as a Point of Intervention and Prevention for Trauma-Exposed Children: Recommendations for Practice, Policy, and Research. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 38(3), 134-145. doi: 0.1177/0271121418789254.
  • Mağden Ç., Ademhan Ç., Şavur E., Yeniokatan İ., Kılıç M., Gözden M., Çavuşculu M., Akman P., Tomas S. A. & Yüksel S. (2008). Türk Kızılayı Afetlerde Psikososyal Destek Uygulama Rehberi. Ankara:Yorum Basın Yayın Sanayi Ltd. Şti.
  • Masten, A. S., & Cicchetti, D. (2012). Risk and resilience in development and psychopathology: The legacy of Norman Garmezy. Development and Psychopathology, 24(2), 333-334.
  • Melville, A. (2017). Trauma-exposed infants and toddlers: A review of impacts and evidence-based interventions. Advances in Social Work, 18(1), 53-65. doi:10.18060/21287
  • Moore, J. & Moore, C. (2010). Talking to children about death-related issues. Corr, C. & Balk, D. (Ed)., Children’s encounters with death, bereavement, and coping (s 277-291). New York, NY: Springer .
  • Nims, D. R. (2011). Solution-focused play therapy: Helping children and families find solutions. Schaefer, C. E. (Ed.) Foundations of play therapy (s.313-328). Hoboken, NJ, US: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
  • Pearlman, M. Y., Schwalbe, K. D. A., & Cloitre, M. (2010). Grief in childhood: Fundamentals of treatment in clinical practice. American Psychological Association.
  • Ray, J. (2014). Posttraumatic stress disorder in children: What elementary teachers should know. Kappa Delta Pi Record, 50(3), 109-113.
  • Richman, J. M., & Fraser, M. W. (2001). Resilience in childhood: The role of risk and protection. The context of youth violence: Resilience, risk, and protection, 1-12.
  • Santrock, J.W. (1997). Life Span Development. London, Brown Benchmark Publishers.
  • Schaefer, C. E. (Ed.). (2011). Foundations of play therapy (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ, US: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
  • Scheeringa, M. S., Zeanah, C. H., & Cohen, J. A. (2011). PTSD in children and adolescents: Toward an empirically based algorithm. Depression and anxiety, 28(9), 770-782.
  • Stewart, L. A, Ectherling, G.L., & Mochi, C. (2015). Play-Based Disaster and Crisis Intervention: Roles of Play Therapists in Promoting Recovery. Clark, K. M. (ED.). Play therapy: A comprehensive guide to theory and practice (s.370-384). Guilford Publications.
  • The National Child Traumatic Stress Network (2008). Child Trauma Toolkit for Educators. https://www.nctsn.org/sites/default/files/resources//child_trauma_toolkit_educators.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • The National Child Traumatic Stress Network (NCTSN) (2010). Age-Related Reactions to a Traumatic Event. https://www.nctsn.org/resources/age-related-reactions-traumatic-event adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • The National Child Traumatic Stress Network (NCTSN) (2020a). Helping Children with Traumatic Separation or Traumatic Grief Related to COVID-19. https://www.nctsn.org/resources/helping-children-with-traumatic-separation-or-traumatic-grief-related-to-covid-19 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • The National Child Traumatic Stress Network (NCTSN) (2020b). Supporting Children During Coronavirus (COVID-19) https://www.nctsn.org/resources/supporting-children-during-coronavirus-covid19 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Travmatik Stres Bozukluğu Merkezi (2020). Helping Homebound Children during the COVID-19 Outbreak.
  • Türkiye Psikiyatri Derneği (2020). Covıd-19 ve Çocuklar. https://www.psikiyatri.org.tr/uploadFiles/2420201236-cocuklarCOVID.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • UNICEF (2020a). COVID-19 Ebeveyni Olmak, COVID-19 Hakkında Konuşmak. https://868b1700-4f92-4143-a9e1-4d615770397f.filesusr.com/ugd/d13cc0_2da2137f5a394f77a9686aa13be024b7.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • UNICEF (2020b). COVID-19 Ebeveyni Olmak, Sakin Olun ve Stresle Başa Çıkın. https://868b1700-4f92-4143-a9e1-4d615770397f.filesusr.com/ugd/d13cc0_dc15c5cb09534f5c856329b2473b7ffd.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • UNICEF (2020c). COVID-19 Ebeveyni Olmak, Bire-Bir Zaman Geçirin. https://868b1700-4f92-4143-a9e1-4d615770397f.filesusr.com/ugd/d13cc0_08be4701d38f4e96a2d2a46ed6933f0c.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • UNICEF (2020d). How teachers can talk to children about coronavirus disease (COVID-19). https://www.unicef.org/coronavirus/how-teachers-can-talk-children-about-coronavirus-disease-covid-19 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S.,Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1729.
  • Wolmer, L., Laor, N., Dedeoglu, C., Siev, J., & Yazgan, Y. (2005). Teacher‐mediated intervention after disaster: a controlled three‐year follow‐up of children's functioning. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46(11), 1161-1168.
  • Worden, J. W. (2018). Grief counseling and grief therapy: A handbook for the mental health practitioner. Springer Publishing Company.
  • Wright, M. O. D. & Masten, A. S. (2006). Resilience processes in development. In S. Goldstein & R. B. Brooks (Eds.), Handbook of resilience in children (ss. 17–37). New York: Springer Science and Busines Media, Inc.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Emir Tufan Çaykuş 0000-0001-5824-185X

Tansu Mutlu Çaykuş 0000-0002-4758-1522

Publication Date May 31, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Issue: 5 - COVID-19 ÖZEL SAYISI 2

Cite

APA Çaykuş, E. T., & Mutlu Çaykuş, T. (2020). COVID-19 PANDEMİ SÜRECİNDE ÇOCUKLARIN PSİKOLOJİK DAYANIKLILIĞINI GÜÇLENDİRME YOLLARI: AİLELERE, ÖĞRETMENLERE VE RUH SAĞLIĞI UZMANLARINA ÖNERİLER. Avrasya Sosyal Ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(5), 95-113.