The Effect of Walking Exercise on Physical Fitness Parameters in Obese and Overweight Women

Year 2017, Volume: 19 Issue: 2, 7 - 17, 11.06.2017

Raif Zileli , Önder Şemşek Hüseyin Özkamçı Gürkan Diker

Abstract

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of regular exercise of
walking on body  weight, body mass index
(BMI), waist and hip circumference, waist - hip ratio and body fat percentage (BFP)
in sedentary obese women. 30 obese sedentary women (age: 36.93 ± 11.10 years;
height: 157.50 ± 4.73 cm, body weight: 77.89 ± 10.98 kg) participated in the
study. Subjects participated in 8 weeks, 5 days per week, exercise intensity of
75% compared to the Karvonen formula, built in 75-minute walking of workout
(total of 40 exercises). During the exercices heart rate of participants were
followed by heart rate monitors. The first measurement was processed on the
first day of exercise programme and the last measurement was done at the end of
eigth weeks of exercise. Nutrient uptake was limited to with a diet program by
an dietician, during eight weeks of the exercise session. As a result of the
measurements were made for after exercise, 
body weight, BMI, waist circumference and hip circumference values
statistically significant differences were observed. (p <0.05). In addition
to this, despite the reduction in fat percentage was not statistically
significant, there was a change in fat percentage (pre-test: 37.3 ± 4.85% -
post test: 36.92% ± 4.95)  (p> 0.05).
On the other hand,  there was no
statistically significant difference in waist - hip ratio values before and
after 8 weeks of exercise (p> 0.05). Results of this study in obese
sedentary women in 8 weeks, 5 days a week, based on Karvonen formula 75%
intensity of exercise, the walking exercise for 75 minutes is thought to be
effective on weight, BMI, waist and hip circumference, waist - hip ratio and
BFP as well as some body parameters.

Keywords

Obesity, Overweight Women, Walking Exercise

Obez ve Şiman Kadınlarda Yürüyüş Egzersizinin Bazı Fiziksel Uygunluk Parametreleri Üzerine Etkisi

Abstract

Bu
çalışmanın amacı; obez sedanter kadınlarda düzenli yürüyüş egzersizlerinin,
vücut ağırlığı, beden kitle indeksi(BKİ), bel çevresi, kalça çevresi, bel -
kalça oranı ve vücut yağ yüzdesi(VYY) gibi bir takım vücut parametreler üzerine
etkisinin araştırılmasıdır. Çalışmaya 30 sedanter obez kadın (yaş: 36.93±11.10
yıl; boy: 157.50±4.73 cm; vücut ağırlığı: 77.89±10.98 kg) gönüllü olarak
katılmıştır. Katılımcılara 8 hafta, haftada 5 gün, Karvonen formülüne göre %75
egzersiz şiddetinde, 75 dakikalık yürüyüş egzersizi yaptırılmıştır(toplam 40
egzersiz). Egzersizler sırasında katılımcıların kalp atım hızları, kalp atım
hızı monitörleri yardımıyla takip edilmiştir. Ölçümler, katılımcılar egzersize
başlamadan önce ve sekiz haftalık egzersizler sonrasında alınmıştır. Egzersizler
süresince besin alımı tüm gönüllülerde uzman eşliğinde bir diyet programıyla
sınırlandırılmıştır. Yapılan ölçümler sonucunda egzersiz sonrası, vücut
ağırlığı, BKİ, bel çevresi ve kalça çevresi değerlerinde istatistiksel olarak
anlamlı fark tespit edilmiştir(p<0.05). Bunun yanı sıra VYY değerlerinde
azalma olmasına rağmen(ön test: % 37,3 ± 4,85 - son test:  % 36,92 ± 4,95) fark istatistiksel olarak
anlamlı bulunmamıştır(p>0.05). Diğer taraftan bel - kalça oranı değerleri
arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark tespit edilmemiştir(p>0.05). Bu
çalışmanın sonucunun obez  sedanter
kadınlarda 8 hafta, haftada 5 gün, Karvonen formülüne göre %75 egzersiz
şiddetinde, 75 dakika yapılan  yürüyüş
egzersizinin vücut ağırlığı, BKİ, bel çevresi, kalça çevresi, bel - kalça oranı
ve VYY gibi bir takım vücut parametreleri üzerinde etkili olduğunu gösterdiği
düşünülmektedir.

Keywords

Obezite, Yürüyüş Egzersizi, BMI, Bel – Kalça Oranı, Vücut Yağ Yüzdesi

References

• Alves JG, Gale CR, Mutrie N, Correia JB, Batty GD. A 6-Month Exercise Intervention Among Inactive and Overweight Favela -Residing Women in Brazil: The Caranguejo Exercise Trial. American Journal of Public Health, 2009;99(1): 76-80.
• Amiri H, Mirzaie B, Elmieh A. Effect of Low and High Intensity Walking Programs on Body Composition of Overweight Women. European Journal of Experimental Biology, 2013;3(5): 282-286.
• Atashak S, Peeri M, Azarbayjani MA, Stannard SR, Haghighi MM. Obesity-Related Cardiovascular Risk Factors After Long- Term Resistance Training and Ginger Supplementation. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 2011;10: 685-691.
• Belay MA, Reddy RC, Babu S. The Effects of Combined Aerobic and Resistance Exercise Training on Obese Adults, Northwest Ethiopia. Research Journal of Recent Science, 2013; 2(1): 59-66.
• Blain H, Tallon G, Jaussent A, Picot MC, Bussonne A, Gaubert L, et al. Effect on Exercise Tolerance and Fat Mass Of A 6-Month Brisk Walking Program in Sedentary Women Aged 60 or Older: Results of a Randomized Trial. 9th Congress of the European Geriatric Medicine, 2013; 4, S20–S80.
• Bosy-Westphal A, Later W, Hitze B, et al. Accuracy of Bioelectrical Impedance Consumer Devices for Measurement of Body Composition in Comparison to Whole Body Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Dual X-Ray Absorptiometry. Obes Facts, 2008;1,319-324.
• Chaudhary S, Kang MK, Sandhu JS. (2010). The Effects of Aerobic Versus Resistance Training on Cardiovascular Fitness in Obese Sedentary Females. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, 2010;1(4): 177-184.
• Chomistek AK, Manson JE, Stefanick ML, Lu B, Sands-Lincoln M, Going SB, et al. Relationship of Sedentary Behavior and Physical Activity to Incident Cardiovascular Disease, 2013; 61(23): 2346-54.
• Cox KL, Burke V, Beilin LJ, Puddey IB. A Comparison of The Effects of Swimming and Walking on Body Weight, Fat Distribution, Lipids, Glucose, and Insulin in Older Women-The Sedentary Women Exercise Adherence Trial 2. Metabolism Clinical and Experimental, 2010;59: 1562–1573.
• Cox KL, Burke V, Beilin LJ, Derbyshire AJ, Grove JR, Blanksby BA, et al. Short and Long-Term Adherence to Swimming and Walking Programs in Older Women — The Sedentary Women Exercise Adherence Trial (SWEAT 2). Preventive Medicine, 2008; 46: 511–517.
• Cutts RR, Burns SP. Resistance and Aerobic Training Sequence Effects on Energy Consumption in Females. Int J Exerc Sci, 2010; 3(3): 143-149.
• Focht BC. Affective Responses yo 10-Minute and 30-Minute Walks in Sedentary, Overweight Women: Relationships with Theory-Based Correlates of Walking For Exercise. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2013;14: 759-766.
• Fraga MJ, Cader SA, Ferreira MA, Giani TS, Dantas EHM. Aerobic Resistance, Functional Autonomy and Quality of Life (Qol) of Elderly Women Impacted By A Recreation and Walking Program. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 2011; 52: e40–e43.
• Friedenreich CM, Woolcott CG, McTiernan A, Terry T, Brant R, Ballard-Barbash R, et al. Adiposity Changes After A 1-Year Aerobic Exercise İntervention Among Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial. International Journal of Obesity, 2011;35: 427–435.
• Furukawa F, Kazuma K, Kojima M, Kusukawa R. Effects of an Off-Site Walking Program on Fibrinogen and Exercise Energy Expenditure in Women. Asian Nursing Research, 2008; 2(1): 35-45.
• Guelfi KJ, Donges CE, Duffield R. Beneficial effects of 12 weeks of aerobic compared with resistance exercise training on perceived appetite in previously sedentary overweight and obese men. Metabolisn Clinical and Experimental, 2013;62: 235-243.
• Hosiso M, Rani S, Rekoninne S. Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Improving Health Related Physical Fitness Components of Dilla University Sedentary Female Comminuty. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 2013;3(12):1-6.
• Hosny IA, Elghawabi HS, Younan WBF, Sabbour AA, Gobrial MAM. Beneficial impact of aerobic exercises on bone mineral density in obese premenopausal women under caloric restriction. Skeletal Radiol, 2012; 41: 423–427.
• Ikezoe T, Asakawa Y, Shima H, Kishibuchi K, Ichihashi N. Daytime physical activity patterns and physical fitness in institutionalized elderly women: An exploratory study. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 2013; 57: 221–225.
• Irving BA, Davis CK, Brock DW, Weltman JY, Swift D, Barrett EJ, et al. Effect of exercise training intensity on abdominal visceral fat and body composition. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2008; 40(11): 1863–1872.
• Karvonen MJ, Kentala E, Mustala O. The effects of training on heart rate;a longitudinal study. Ann Med Exp Biol Fenn, 1957; 35: 307–315.
• Kearney TM, Murphy MH, Davison GW, O’Kane MJ, Gallagher AM. Accumulated brisk walking reduces arterial stiffness in overweight adults: Evidence from a randomized control trial. Journal of the American Society of Hypertension, 2014;8(2): 117–126.
• Lakhdar N, Denguezli M, Zaouali M, Zbidi A, Tabka Z, Bouassida A. Diet and Diet Combined with Chronic Aerobic Exercise Decreases Body Fat Mass and Alters Plasma and Adipose Tissue Inflammatory Markers in Obese Women. Inflammation, 2013; 36(6): 1239-1247.
• Lee S, Seo B, Chung S. The Effect of Walking Exercise on Physical Fitness and Serum Lipids in Obese Middle-aged Women: Pilot Study. J. Phys. Ther. Sci, 2013; 25: 1533–1536.
• Lee LL, Watson MC, Mulvaney CA, Tsai CC, Lo SF. The effect of walking intervention on blood pressure control: A systematic review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 2010;47: 1545–1561.
• Marra C, Bottaro M, Oliveira RJ, Novaes JS. Effect of Moderate and High Intensity Aerobic Exercıse on the Body Composition of Overweight Men. Journal of Exercise Physiologyonline, 2005; 8(2):39-45.
• Martins RA, Veríssimo MT, Coelho e Silva MJ, Cumming SP, Teixeira AM. Effects of aerobic and strength-based training on metabolic health indicators in older adults. Lipids in Health and Disease, 2010;9:76.
• Martyn-St James M, Carroll S. Meta-analysis of walking for preservation of bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. Bone, 2008;43: 521–531.
• Murphy MH, Nevill AM, Murtagh EM, Holder RL. The effect of walking on fitness, fatness and resting blood pressure: A meta-analysis of randomised, controlled trials. Preventive Medicine, 2007;44: 377–385.
• Narayani U, Sudhan Paul Raj RL. Effect of Aerobic Training on Percentage of Body Fat, Total Cholesterol and HDL-C among Obese Women. World Journal of Sport Sciences, 2010, 3 (1): 33-36.
• Nasım H. Effect Of Moderate Walking Exercise On Body Water In Sedentary Obese And Thin Women. Science, Movement And Health, 2011;10(1): 101-103.
• Perry CK, Herting JR, Berke EM, Nguyen HQ, Moudon AV, Beresford SAA, et al. Does neighborhood walkability moderate the effects of intrapersonal characteristics on amount of walking in post-menopausal women? Health & Place, 2013;21:39–45.
• Power C, Pereira SMP, Law C, Ki M. Obesity and risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes: Investigating the role of physical activity and sedentary behaviour in mid-life in the 1958 British cohort. Atherosclerosis, 2014,233: 363-369.
• Ramezankhany A, Ali PN, Hedayati M. Comparing Effects of Aerobics, Pilates Exercises and Low Calorie Diet onLeptin Levels and Lipid Profiles in Sedentary Women. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, 2011;14(3): 256-263.
• Ryan AS, Ge S, Blumenthal JB, Serra MC, Prior, SJ, Goldberg AP. Aerobic Exercise and Weight Loss Reduce Vascular Markers of Inflammation and Improve Insulin Sensitivity in Obese Women, J. Am. Geriatr. Soc, 2014; 62(4):607-14.
• Scheers T, Philippaerts R, Lefevre J. Patterns of physical activity and sedentary behavior in normal-weight, overweight and obese adults, as measured with a portable armband device and an electronic diary. Clinical Nutrition, 2012;31:756-764.
• Seguin R, Buchner DM, Liu J, Allison M, Manini T, Wang CY, et al. Sedentary Behavior and Mortality in Older Women. Am J Prev Med,2014; 46(2):122–135.
• Seo D, So W, Ha S, Yoo E, Kim D, Singh H, et al. Effects of 12 weeks of combined exercise training on visfatin and metabolic syndrome factors in obese middle-aged women. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 2011;10, 222-226.
• Tan S, Wang X, Wang J. Effects of supervised exercise training at the intensity of maximal fat oxidation in overweight young women. Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness, 2012; 10: 64-69.
• Thompson JL, Gylfadottir UK, Moynihan S, Jensen CD, Butterfield GE. Effects of diet and exercise on energy expenditure in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr, 1997;66:867-73.
• Tudor-Locke C, Craig CL, Aoyagi Y, Bell RC, Croteau KA, Bourdeaudhuij I, et al. How many steps/day are enough? For older adults and special populations. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 2011; 8:80.
• Unick JL, Michael JC, Jakicic JM. Affective responses to exercise in overweight women: Initial insight and possible influence on energy intake. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2012;13: 528-532.
• Unick JL, Otto AD, Goodpaster BH, Helsel DL, Pellegrini CA, Jakicic JM. Acute effect of walking on energy intake in overweight/obese women. Appetite, 2010;55: 413–419.
• Venojarvi M, Korkmaz A,Wasenius N, Manderoos S, Heinonen OJ, Lindholm H, et al. 12 Weeks’ aerobic and resistance training without dietary intervention did not influence oxidative stress but aerobic training decreased atherogenic index in middle-aged men with impaired glucose regulation. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2013; 61: 127–135.
• Waist Circumference and Waist–Hip. Ratio: Report of a WHO Expert Consultation. Geneva, Switzerland, 2008;20.
• Willis LH, Slentz CA, Bateman LA, Shields AT, Piner LW, Bales CW, et al. Effects of aerobic and/or resistance training on body mass and fat mass in overweight or obese adults. J Appl Physiol, 2012; 113: 1831–1837.