Year 2014,
Volume: 28 Issue: 1, 231 - 250, 03.02.2014
Alev Torun
Alev Torun
,
Dilek Işılay Üçok
Abstract
A thorough literature review of organizational behavior has revealed no study regarding the effects of cynical attitudes and perceived psychological contract breach on burnout. Cynicism and psychological contract breach are widely observed issues in today’s organizations. So, the purpose of this paper is to find out whether these negative attitudes and expectations have effects on burnout and whether the two are related. The present research is performed through a survey with 203 public and private sector employees as participants. Results of the study revealed that generally, the contributions of cynical attitudes and perceived psychological contract breach on burnout dimensions are significant. Also, the positive correlations between the factors of cynical attitude and perceived psychological contract breach indicate that negative attitudes and expectations are associated with each other.
References
- Abraham, R. (2000). “Organizational Cynicism: Bases and Consequences”, Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, Vol. 126 No. 3, s.269-292.
- Andersson, L. M. (1996). “Employee Cynicism: An Examination Using a Contract Violation Framework”, Human Relations, Vol. 49 No. 11, s.1395-1418.
- Andersson, L. M. ve Bateman, T. S. (1997). “Cynicism In The Workplace: Causes and Consequences”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 18, s. 449- 469.
- Brandes, P. ve Das, D. (2006). Locating Behavioural Cynicism at Work: Construct Issues and Performance Implications, JAI Press, New York.
- Cordes, C. L. ve Dougherty, T. W. (1993). “A Review and Integration of Research on Job Burnout”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 18 No.4, s. 621- 656.
- Dean, J., Brandes, P. ve Dharwadkar, R. (1998). “Organizational Cynicism”, The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 23 No.2, s.341-352.
- Dizdar, Ö. (2009). Psychological Contracts and Organizational Correlates: The Impact of Work Orientations, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
- Ergin, C. (1992). Doktor ve Hemşirelerde Tükenmişlik ve Maslach Tükenmişlik Ölçeğinin Uyarlanması, Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları, Ankara.
- Freundenberger, H. J. (1974). “Staff Burn-out”, Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 30 No.1, s.159-165.
- Guest, D. E. (1998). “Is The Psychological Contract Worth Taking Seriously?”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 19, s.649-664.
- Gül, H. ve Ağıröz, A. (2011). “Mobbing ve Örgütsel Sinizm Arasındaki İlişkiler: Hemşireler Üzerinde Bir Uygulama”, Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, Cilt 13 Sayı 2, s.27-47.
- James, M. (2005). Antecedents and Consequences of Cynicism in Organizaiıons: An Examination of the Potential Positive and Negative Effects on School Systems, Dissertation of Doctor of Philosophy, The Florida State University, Florida.
- Johnson, J. L. ve O'Leary-Kelly, A. M. (2003). “The Effects of Psychological Contract Breach and Organizational Cynicism: Not All Social Exchange Violations Are Created Equal”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 24 No.5, s.627-647.
- Kaçmaz, N. (2005). “Tükenmişlik Sendromu”, İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 68 Sayı 1, s.29-32.
- Kalağan, G. (2009). Araştırma Görevlilerinin Örgütsel Destek Algıları İle Örgütsel Sinizm Tutumları Arasındaki İlişki, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Akdeniz Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
- Kanter, D. ve Mirvis, P. (1989). The Cynical Americans, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.
- Maslach, C. (1982). Burnout: The Cost of Caring, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
- Maslach, C. ve Jackson, S. (1981). The Maslach Burnout Inventory, Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto.
- Maslach, C. ve Leiter, M. (1997). The Truth about Burnout: How Organizations Cause Personal Stress and What To Do about It, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.
- Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B. ve Leiter, M. P. (2001). “Job Burnout”, Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 52, s.397-422.
- Mirvis, P. ve Kanter, D. (1991). “Beyond Demography: A Psychographic Profile of the Workforce”, Human Resource Management, Vol. 30 No.1, s. 45-68.
- Morrison, E. W. ve Robinson, S. (1997). “When Employees Feel Betrayed: A Model of How Psychological Contract Violation Develops”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 22 No. 1, s.226-256.
- Naus, F., Iterson, A. V. ve Roe, R. (2007). “Organizational Cynicism: Extending the Exit, Voice, Loyalty, and Neglect Model of Employees’ Responses to Adverse Conditions in the Work Place”, Human Relations, Vol. 60 No.5, s.683-718.
- Özler, D. ve Atalay, C. (2011). “A Research to Determine the Relationship between Organizational Cynicism and Burnout Levels of Employees in Health Sector”, Business and Management Review, Vol. 1 No.4, s.26
- Özler, D., Atalay, C. ve Şahin, M. (2010). “Örgütlerde Sinizm Güvensizlikle Mi Bulaşır?”, Organizasyon ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt 2 Sayı 2, s.47Pugh, S., Skarlicki, D. ve Passell, B. (2003). “After the Fall: Layoff Victims’ Trust and Cynicism in Re-employment”, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 76, s. 201-212.
- Rehman, M. A., Haq, I., Jam, F. A., Ali, A. ve Hijazi, S. (2010). “Psychological Contract Breach and Burnout, Mediating Role of Job Stress and Feeling of Violation”, European Journal of Social Sciences, Vol.17 No 2, s.232-235.
- Rousseau, D. M. (1989). “Psychological and Implied Contracts in Organizations”, Employee Rights and Responsibilities Journal, Vol. 2, s.121-139.
- Rousseau, D. M. (1995). Psychological Contracts in Organizations: Understanding Written and Unwritten Agreements, Sage Publications, USA.
- Rousseau, D. M. (1998). “Why Workers Still Identify with Organizations”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol.19, s.217-233.
- Shore, L. M. ve Tetrick, L. (1995). “The Psychological Contract as an Explanatory Framework in the Employment Relationship”, Editörler: C. L. Cooper ve D. M. Rousseau. Trends in Organizational Behavior, John Wiley and Sons, New York, s. 91-109.
- Stanley, D.J. (1998). Employee Cynicism about Organizational Change: Development and Validation of a Measure, Unpublished Master Dissertation, The University of Western Ontario.
- Stanley, D. J. (2005). “Employee Cynicism and Resistance to Organizational Change”, Journal of Business and Psychology, Vol. 19 No. 4, s. 4294
- Tesluk, P. E., Farr, J. L., Mathieu, J. E. ve Vance, R. J. (1995). “Generalization of Employee Involvement Training to the Job Setting: Individual and Situational Effects”, Personnel Psychology, Vol. 48 No. 3, s. 607–632. Tesluk, P. E., Vance, R. J. ve Mathieu, J. E. (1999). “Examining Employee Involvement in the Context of Participative Work Environments”, Group Organization Management, Vol. 3 No. 24, s. 271-299.
- Treadway, D. C., Hochwarter, W. A., Ferris, G. R., Kacmar, C. J., Douglas, C., Ammeter, A. P. ve Buckley, M. R. (2004). “Leader Political Skill and Employee Reactions”, The Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 4 No. 15, s.4935
- Türker, E. (2010). Psikolojik Sözleşme ile Örgütsel Bağlılık İlişkisi: Sağlık Çalışanları Üzerinde Bir Uygulama, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
- Tüz, M. ve Altıntaş, F. (2001). “Psikolojik Sözleşme İhlalleri ve Psikolojik Sözleşme İhlallerinin İşgören Davranışlarına Olan Etkisini Belirlemeye Yönelik Bir Araştırma”, 9. Ulusal Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi, İstanbul, s.717-731.
- Walker, A. ve Hutton, D. (2006). “The Application of the Psychological Contract to Workplace Safety”, Journal of Safety Research, Vol. 37 No. 5, s.433-441.
- Wanous, J. P., Reichers, A. E. ve Austin, J. T. (2004). “Cynicism about Organizational Change: An Attribution Process Perspective”, Psychological Reports, Vol. 94, s.1421–1434.
- Wilkerson, J. M. (2002). “Organizational Cynicism and Its Impact on Human Resources Management”, Editörler: G. R. Ferris, M. R. Buckley ve D. B. Fedor. Human Resources Management: Perspectives, Context, Functions, and Outcomes, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, s.532–546.
TÜKENMİŞLİĞİ ETKİLEYEN OLUMSUZ TUTUM VE BEKLENTİLER: SİNİK TUTUM VE PSİKOLOJİK SÖZLEŞME İHLALİ ALGISI ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA
Year 2014,
Volume: 28 Issue: 1, 231 - 250, 03.02.2014
Alev Torun
Alev Torun
,
Dilek Işılay Üçok
Abstract
Örgütsel davranış literatürü incelendiğinde, günümüz kurumlarında
giderek arttığı görülen çalışan sinik tutumlarının ve psikolojik sözleşme ihlali
algılarının tükenmişlik üzerindeki etkileri üzerine henüz bir araştırma
yapılmadığı gözlemlenmektedir. Bu nedenle çalışmanın amacı; çalışanları
yıpratan bir olgu olan tükenmişlik üzerinde sinizmin ve algılanan psikolojik
sözleşme ihlalinin etkili olup olmadığını araştırmak ve bu olumsuz tutum ve
beklentiler arasındaki ilişkileri incelemektir. Araştırma anketi, kamu ve özel
sektör çalışanlarından oluşan 203 kişilik bir katılımcı grubuna uygulanmıştır.
Sonuçlar, sinik tutum ve psikolojik sözleşme ihlali algısı faktörlerinin
tükenmişlik boyutlarına genellikle anlamlı katkılarda bulunduğunu ortaya
koymuştur. Sinik tutum ve psikolojik sözleşme ihlali algısı faktörleri arasındaki
pozitif korelasyonlar da olumsuz nitelikteki tutum ve beklentilerin birbirleriyle
ilişkili olduğunu göstermiştir.
References
- Abraham, R. (2000). “Organizational Cynicism: Bases and Consequences”, Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, Vol. 126 No. 3, s.269-292.
- Andersson, L. M. (1996). “Employee Cynicism: An Examination Using a Contract Violation Framework”, Human Relations, Vol. 49 No. 11, s.1395-1418.
- Andersson, L. M. ve Bateman, T. S. (1997). “Cynicism In The Workplace: Causes and Consequences”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 18, s. 449- 469.
- Brandes, P. ve Das, D. (2006). Locating Behavioural Cynicism at Work: Construct Issues and Performance Implications, JAI Press, New York.
- Cordes, C. L. ve Dougherty, T. W. (1993). “A Review and Integration of Research on Job Burnout”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 18 No.4, s. 621- 656.
- Dean, J., Brandes, P. ve Dharwadkar, R. (1998). “Organizational Cynicism”, The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 23 No.2, s.341-352.
- Dizdar, Ö. (2009). Psychological Contracts and Organizational Correlates: The Impact of Work Orientations, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
- Ergin, C. (1992). Doktor ve Hemşirelerde Tükenmişlik ve Maslach Tükenmişlik Ölçeğinin Uyarlanması, Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları, Ankara.
- Freundenberger, H. J. (1974). “Staff Burn-out”, Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 30 No.1, s.159-165.
- Guest, D. E. (1998). “Is The Psychological Contract Worth Taking Seriously?”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 19, s.649-664.
- Gül, H. ve Ağıröz, A. (2011). “Mobbing ve Örgütsel Sinizm Arasındaki İlişkiler: Hemşireler Üzerinde Bir Uygulama”, Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, Cilt 13 Sayı 2, s.27-47.
- James, M. (2005). Antecedents and Consequences of Cynicism in Organizaiıons: An Examination of the Potential Positive and Negative Effects on School Systems, Dissertation of Doctor of Philosophy, The Florida State University, Florida.
- Johnson, J. L. ve O'Leary-Kelly, A. M. (2003). “The Effects of Psychological Contract Breach and Organizational Cynicism: Not All Social Exchange Violations Are Created Equal”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 24 No.5, s.627-647.
- Kaçmaz, N. (2005). “Tükenmişlik Sendromu”, İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 68 Sayı 1, s.29-32.
- Kalağan, G. (2009). Araştırma Görevlilerinin Örgütsel Destek Algıları İle Örgütsel Sinizm Tutumları Arasındaki İlişki, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Akdeniz Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
- Kanter, D. ve Mirvis, P. (1989). The Cynical Americans, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.
- Maslach, C. (1982). Burnout: The Cost of Caring, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
- Maslach, C. ve Jackson, S. (1981). The Maslach Burnout Inventory, Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto.
- Maslach, C. ve Leiter, M. (1997). The Truth about Burnout: How Organizations Cause Personal Stress and What To Do about It, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.
- Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B. ve Leiter, M. P. (2001). “Job Burnout”, Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 52, s.397-422.
- Mirvis, P. ve Kanter, D. (1991). “Beyond Demography: A Psychographic Profile of the Workforce”, Human Resource Management, Vol. 30 No.1, s. 45-68.
- Morrison, E. W. ve Robinson, S. (1997). “When Employees Feel Betrayed: A Model of How Psychological Contract Violation Develops”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 22 No. 1, s.226-256.
- Naus, F., Iterson, A. V. ve Roe, R. (2007). “Organizational Cynicism: Extending the Exit, Voice, Loyalty, and Neglect Model of Employees’ Responses to Adverse Conditions in the Work Place”, Human Relations, Vol. 60 No.5, s.683-718.
- Özler, D. ve Atalay, C. (2011). “A Research to Determine the Relationship between Organizational Cynicism and Burnout Levels of Employees in Health Sector”, Business and Management Review, Vol. 1 No.4, s.26
- Özler, D., Atalay, C. ve Şahin, M. (2010). “Örgütlerde Sinizm Güvensizlikle Mi Bulaşır?”, Organizasyon ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt 2 Sayı 2, s.47Pugh, S., Skarlicki, D. ve Passell, B. (2003). “After the Fall: Layoff Victims’ Trust and Cynicism in Re-employment”, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 76, s. 201-212.
- Rehman, M. A., Haq, I., Jam, F. A., Ali, A. ve Hijazi, S. (2010). “Psychological Contract Breach and Burnout, Mediating Role of Job Stress and Feeling of Violation”, European Journal of Social Sciences, Vol.17 No 2, s.232-235.
- Rousseau, D. M. (1989). “Psychological and Implied Contracts in Organizations”, Employee Rights and Responsibilities Journal, Vol. 2, s.121-139.
- Rousseau, D. M. (1995). Psychological Contracts in Organizations: Understanding Written and Unwritten Agreements, Sage Publications, USA.
- Rousseau, D. M. (1998). “Why Workers Still Identify with Organizations”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol.19, s.217-233.
- Shore, L. M. ve Tetrick, L. (1995). “The Psychological Contract as an Explanatory Framework in the Employment Relationship”, Editörler: C. L. Cooper ve D. M. Rousseau. Trends in Organizational Behavior, John Wiley and Sons, New York, s. 91-109.
- Stanley, D.J. (1998). Employee Cynicism about Organizational Change: Development and Validation of a Measure, Unpublished Master Dissertation, The University of Western Ontario.
- Stanley, D. J. (2005). “Employee Cynicism and Resistance to Organizational Change”, Journal of Business and Psychology, Vol. 19 No. 4, s. 4294
- Tesluk, P. E., Farr, J. L., Mathieu, J. E. ve Vance, R. J. (1995). “Generalization of Employee Involvement Training to the Job Setting: Individual and Situational Effects”, Personnel Psychology, Vol. 48 No. 3, s. 607–632. Tesluk, P. E., Vance, R. J. ve Mathieu, J. E. (1999). “Examining Employee Involvement in the Context of Participative Work Environments”, Group Organization Management, Vol. 3 No. 24, s. 271-299.
- Treadway, D. C., Hochwarter, W. A., Ferris, G. R., Kacmar, C. J., Douglas, C., Ammeter, A. P. ve Buckley, M. R. (2004). “Leader Political Skill and Employee Reactions”, The Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 4 No. 15, s.4935
- Türker, E. (2010). Psikolojik Sözleşme ile Örgütsel Bağlılık İlişkisi: Sağlık Çalışanları Üzerinde Bir Uygulama, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
- Tüz, M. ve Altıntaş, F. (2001). “Psikolojik Sözleşme İhlalleri ve Psikolojik Sözleşme İhlallerinin İşgören Davranışlarına Olan Etkisini Belirlemeye Yönelik Bir Araştırma”, 9. Ulusal Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi, İstanbul, s.717-731.
- Walker, A. ve Hutton, D. (2006). “The Application of the Psychological Contract to Workplace Safety”, Journal of Safety Research, Vol. 37 No. 5, s.433-441.
- Wanous, J. P., Reichers, A. E. ve Austin, J. T. (2004). “Cynicism about Organizational Change: An Attribution Process Perspective”, Psychological Reports, Vol. 94, s.1421–1434.
- Wilkerson, J. M. (2002). “Organizational Cynicism and Its Impact on Human Resources Management”, Editörler: G. R. Ferris, M. R. Buckley ve D. B. Fedor. Human Resources Management: Perspectives, Context, Functions, and Outcomes, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, s.532–546.