SAVAŞLAR AHLAKİ OLABİLİR Mİ? HAKLI SAVAŞ VE İNSANİ MÜDAHALE KONSEPTİ PERSPEKTİFLERİ

Year 2018, Volume: 32 Issue: 4, 1217 - 1229, 05.10.2018

Özgür Tüfekçi

Abstract

Tarih boyunca savaş kavramı
insan yaşamının bir parçası olmuştur. Savaş bazen hayatta kalmak için bazen
çıkarların korunması için ve bazen de daha fazla çıkar elde etmek için
kullanılmıştır. Göreceli olarak yeni olan insani müdahale konseptine göre
askeri güç insan haklarının korunması amacıyla insanlık için de kullanılır.
Fakat her çatışma veya savaşın maddi ve manevi kayıpları vardır. Bu bağlamda,
haklı savaş teorisi büyük kayıpların önlenmesi ve haklı bir savaşın sürdürülmesi
için geliştirilmiştir.

 

Haklı savaş ve insani müdahale
kavramlarının kökenleri semavi dinlere dayanmaktadır. Özellikle, Hıristiyanlık
ve İslam soykırıma varan kitle ölümlerine ve vahşi savaşlara karşı argümanlar
içermektedirler. Ayrıca medeniyetlerin de çeşitli yöntemleri vardır. Örneğin,
ilk çağlarda savaşçılar, savaş sırasında masum kadınların ve çocukların
öldürülmesine karşı etik davranış kalıpları geliştirmişlerdir.

 

Tüm bu yöntem ve önlemler
savaşlarda kullanılsa bile, savaşlar ahlaki olabilir mi? Savaşlar, haklı savaş
teorisinin prensiplerine uygun olarak yürütülse bile, savaşlar ahlaki olabilir
mi? Bazı insanları korumak adına başkalarını öldürmek ahlaki olabilir mi?
Askeri güç devlet politikasının en etkili araçlarından biri olmasına rağmen,
savaşlar ahlaki olabilir mi? Demokratik olmayan devletlere demokrasi götürmek
için demokratik devletler savaşa girebilir mi? Bu makale tüm bu sorulara cevap
arayacaktır. Bunu yaparken haklı savaş ve insani müdahale kavramları
açıklanacak ve haklı ve haksız savaşların yanı sıra müdahaleler ile ilgili
örnekler verilecektir.

Keywords

savaş, haklı savaş, insani müdahale, savaş etiği

CAN WAR EVER BE ETHICAL? PERSPECTIVES ON JUST WAR THEORY AND THE HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION CONCEPT

Abstract

Throughout
recorded history, war has been a part of human life. Sometimes war is waged for
survival, sometimes it is waged in order to protect self-interests, and
sometimes it is waged in order to extend those interests. According to the relatively
new concept of humanitarian intervention, military force can be used for
humanitarian purposes, in order to prevent human rights violations. However,
any conflict or war has losses, materially and morally. On this account, it can
be said that just war theory has been developed in order to prevent a huge amount
of losses and in order to ensure that war is only waged when it can be
justified.

 

The
roots of just war theory and humanitarian intervention can be found within the
major religions. Christianity and Islam in particular put forward several arguments
opposing wanton war and aiming to terminate mass killing. Furthermore, different
civilisations employ different methods during war. For instance, from the early
ages, war has intrinsically involved developing ethical attitudes towards the enemy,
such as the immunity of women and children.

 

Even
when such methods and precautions apply to war, can war ever be ethical? Even when
going to war is appropriate according to the principles of just war theory, can
war be ethical? In order to save another person’s life, can killing people be
ethical? As long as military force is one of the effective tools of state
policies, can war be ethical? In order to bring democracy to undemocratic
states, can democratic states resort to war? This essay will seek answers to
all these questions. In doing so, it will try to explain just war theory and
humanitarian intervention and will try to give examples of just or unjust wars
and interventions.

Keywords

war, just war theory, humanitarian intervention, ethics of war

References

• Bellamy, A. J. and Wheeler, N. J. (2008), “Humanitarian Intervention in World Politics” in J. Baylis, S. Smith and P. Owens (eds), The Globalisation of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations, Fourth edition, Oxford-New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 522-539.
• Chomsky, N. (1999), The New Military Humanism: Lessons From Kosovo, London: Pluto Press.
• CIA World Factbook. 2007. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html.
• Claude, I. L. Jr. (1980), “Just Wars: Doctrines and Institutions”, Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 95 (1), pp. 83-96.
• De Waal, A. and Omaar, R. (1994), “Can Military Intervention Be ‘Humanitarian’?”, Middle East Report, Vol. 187/188, pp. 2-8.s
• Fixdal, M. and Smith, D. (1998), “Humanitarian Intervention and Just War”, Mershon International Studies Review, Vol. 42 (2), pp. 283-312.
• Grotius, H., and Boothroyd, B. (1814) The Rights of War and Peace: Including the Law of Nature and of Nations, Volume 5, London: B. Boothroyd.
• Grotius, H. (2007), The Rights of War and Peace, Including the Law of Nature and of Nations, New York: Cosimo Classics.
• Helman, G. B. And Ratner, S. R. (1992), “Saving Failed States”, Foreign Policy, Vol, 89, pp. 3-20.
• Kaldor, M. (2002), New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era, Cambridge: Polity Press.
• Kaldor, M. (2007), Human Security: Reflections on Globalization and Intervention, Cambridge: Polity Press.
• Lippard, C. D., Osinsky, P. and Strauss, L. (2018) War: Contemporary Perspectives on Armed Conflicts around the World, New York: Routledge.
• Lobel, J. and Ratner, M. (2000), “Humanitarian Military Intervention”, Foreign Policy in Focus, Vol. 5 (1), pp. 1-4.
• O’Brien, W. V. (1983), The Conduct of Just and Limited War, New York: Praeger Publishers.
• Machiavelli, N. (1908), The Prince (Translated by W. K. Marriott), London: J. M. Dent & Company.
• Pease, K. K. and Forsythe, D. P. (1993), “Human Rights, Humanitarian Intervention, and World Politics”, Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 15 (2), pp. 290-314.
• Sheehan, M. (2008), “The Changing Character of War”, in J. Baylis, S. Smith, and P. Qwens (eds.), The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations, Fourth edition, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 210-225.
• The UN Charter, http://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/ [Accessed 30.05.2018].
• Viotti, P. R. and Kauppi, M. V. (eds) (1999), International Relations Theory: Realism, Pluralism, Globalism, and Beyond, 3rd Edition, Boston: Longman.
• Von Clausewitz, C. (1989), On War, (Edited and Translated by Howard Michael and Paret Peter), Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Walzer, M. (1992), Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument With Historical Illustrations, BasicBooks.
• Walzer, M. (2004), Arguing About War, New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
• Wasserstrom, R. A. (1968), “Three Arguments Concerning the Morality of War”, The Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 65 (19), pp. 578-590.
• Wells, D. A. (1969), “How Much can ‘The Just War’ Justify?”, The Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 66 (23), pp. 819-829.
• Willams, H. L., Wright, M. And Evans, T. (1993), A Reader in International Relations and Political Theory, Vancouver: UBC Press.