Determination of Aflatoxin Levels of Feeds Used in Dairy Cow Farms in Hatay Province and Their Effects on Blood Parameters and Milk Aflatoxin Levels

Year 2015, Volume: 10 Issue: 3, 0 - , 20.12.2015

Ferhat Polat , Taylan Aksu

https://doi.org/10.17094/avbd.77154

Cited By: 1

Abstract

In the study, AFB₁ and total aflatoxin levels of roughages and concentrates from twenty dairy farms in Hatay, AFB₁ carry over rate (CO) from feed to milk as AFM₁ and correlation between total aflatoxin intake and blood parameters were investigated. None of roughage samples AFB₁ levels was over 5 ppb while concentrates' of 9 farms were found to be above 5 ppb legal limit. Average AFB₁ levels of concentrates and roughages, and average AFB₁ intake were 4.496 ppb, 1.282 ppb and, 15.987 µg/day respectively. A total of one hundred milk samples were collected by taking five dairy cows from each farm. Two of the milk samples were found to be exceeded the level of 0.05 ppb of the AFM₁ level that is the statutory limit in Turkey. Average AFM₁ level of the farms was 0.0214 ppb and none exceeded legal limit. Average CO rate of farms was found to be 2.66%. No correlation was observed between total aflatoxins intake and blood parameters.

Finally, it was concluded that AFM₁ excretion in milk related to AFB₁ intake and milk yield. Dairy cows a daily maximum 37.3 µg of AFB₁ shouldn’t be exceeded to stay in the statutory limit for AFM₁ in milk.

Keywords

-

Determination of Aflatoxin Levels of Feeds Used in Dairy Cow Farms and Their Effects on Blood Parameters and Milk Aflatoxin Levels in Hatay Province

Abstract

In the study, AFB1 and total aflatoxin levels of roughages and concentrates from twenty dairy farms in Hatay, AFB1 carry over rate (CO) from feed to milk as AFM1 and correlation between total aflatoxin intake and blood parameters were investigated. In none of the roughage samples, AFB1 levels was over 5 ppb while the concentrates of 9 farms were found to be above 5 ppb legal limit. The average AFB1 levels of concentrates and roughages, and the average AFB1 intake were 4.496 ppb, 1.282 ppb and, 15.987 μg/day, respectively. A total of one hundred milk samples were collected by taking five dairy cows from each farm. The two of milk samples were found to be exceeded the level of 0.05 ppb of the AFM1 level that is the statutory limit in Turkey. The average AFM1 level of the farms was 0.0214 ppb and none exceeded the legal limit. The average CO rate of farms was found to be 2.66%. The correlation coefficients were not significant between total aflatoxins intake and blood parameters. As a result, the AFM1 excretion in milk was related to AFB1 intake and milk yield. In dairy cows, a daily intake of AFB1 37.3 μg at maximum level should not be exceeded to stay in the statutory limit for AFM1 in milk. 

Keywords

-

References

• Agag BI., 2004. Mycotoxin in food and feeds 1- Aflatoksin. The Assiut University Bulletin For Environmental Researches, Vol. 7 No:1.
• Akkaya MR., 2011. Sut Sığırlarında Aflatoksin B1 İceren Yemlerin Toksin Bağlayıcılar ile Kontrolü ve Aflatoksin M1 Oluşumunun Saptanması. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Türkiye.
• Aksu T., Baytok E., 2011. İnsan ve Hayvan Sağlığı Açısından Bitmeyen Tehlikeye Güncel Bir Yaklaşım (Yem-Gıda Maddelerinde Mitoksin Bulaşıklığı). Yem Magazin, 61: 59-64.
• AOAC, 2003. AOAC Official Method 2003.02. Aflatoxin B1 in Cattle Feed Immunoaffinity Column Liquid Chromatography Method First Action.
• Applebaum RS., Marth EH., 1983. Responses of dairy cows to dietary aflatoxin: concentration of blood serum constituents and hormones associated with liver-kidney dysfunction and maintenance of lactation. European Journal of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 18:381-386.
• Aydın N., 2007. Hayvan Sağlığında Mikotoksinler ve Mikotoksikozis. İnfeksiyon Dergisi, 21: 037-046.
• Battacone G., Nudda A., Palomba M., Mazzette A., Pulina G., 2009. The transfer of aflatoxin M1 in milk of ewes fed diet naturally contaminated by aflatoxins and effect of inclusion of dried yeast culture in the diet. Journal of Dairy Science, 92: 4997–5004.
• Bingöl NT., Tanrıtanır P., Dede S., Ceylan E., 2007. Influence Of Aflatoxin Present in Forages and Concentrated Feedingstuffs on Milk and Some Serum Biochemical Parameters in Goats. Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy, 51(1): 65-69.
• Britzi M., Friedman S., Miron J., Solomon R., Cuneah O., Shimshoni JA., Soback S., Ashkenazi R., Armer S., Shlosberg A., 2013. Carry-over of aflatoxin B1 to aflatoxin M1 in high yielding Israeli cows in mid- and late-lactation. Toxins, 5: 173 – 183.
• Bryden WL., 2007. Mycotoxins in the food chain: human health implications. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 16(1): 95-101.
• Çeçen A., 2009. Ahırda ve Merada Beslenen Hayvanların Sütlerinde Aflatoksin M1 Oluşumunun Karşılaştırılması. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Türkiye.
• Diaz DE., Hagler Jr WM., Blackwelder JT., Eve JA., Hopkins BA., Anderson KL., Jones FT., Whitlow LW., 2004. Aflatoxin binders II: Reduction of aflatoxin M1 in milk by sequestering agents of cows consuming aflatoxin in feed. Mycopathologia, 157: 233–241.
• EFSA, 2004. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the Commission related to Aflatoxin B1 as undesirable substance in animal feed. The EFSA Journal, 39: 1-27.
• EN ISO 14501, 2007. Milk and milk powder - Determination of aflatoxin M1 content - Clean-up by immunoaffinity chromatography and determination by high-performance liquid chromatography.
• Failla LJ., Lynn D., Niehaus Jr WG., 1986. Correlation of Zn2+ Content with Aflatoxin Content of Corn. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, p: 73-74.
• FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), 2004. Worldwide Regulations for Mycotoxins in Food and Feed in 2003; FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 81. FAO/ UN; Rome, Italy.
• Fink-Gremmels J., 2008. Mycotoxins in cattle feeds and carry-over to dairy milk: A Review. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 25(2): 172-180.
• Frobish RA., Bradley BD., Wagner DD., Long-Bradley PE., Hairston H., 1986. Aflatoxin residues in milk of dairy cows after ingestion of naturally contaminated grain. Journal of Food Protection, 49: 781–785.
• Harris B., Staples CR., 2003. The Problems of Mycotoxins in Dairy Cattle Rotations. Department of Animal Science document DS31. University of Florida/IFAS, Gainesville, FL 32611.
• Hussein HS, Brasel JM. Toxicity, metabolism, and impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals. Toxicology. 167: 101–134, 2001.
• Jouany JP., Yiannikouris A., Bertin G., 2009. Risk assessment of mycotoxins in ruminants and ruminant products. In: Papachristou T.G. (ed.), Parissi Z.M. (ed.), Ben Salem H. (ed.), Morand-Fehr P. (ed.). Nutritional and foraging ecology of sheep and goats. Zaragoza : CIHEAM / FAO / NAGREF. p:205-224 (Options Méditerranéennes: Série A. Séminaires Méditerranéens; n. 85).
• Juszkiewicz T., Piskorska-Pliszcynska J., 1992. Occurrence of mycotoxins in animal feeds. Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology, 11:211-215.
• Karakaya Y., Atasever M., 2010. Mısır Silajında Aflatoksin B1 Varlığının ve Süte Geçme Durumunun Araştırılması. Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 16: 123-127.
• Masoero F., Gallo A., Moschini M., Piva G., Diaz D., 2007. Carryover of aflatoxin from feed to milk in dairy cows with low or high somatic cell counts. Animal, 1(9): 1344–1350.
• Mohammadi H., 2011. A Review of Aflatoxin M1, Milk, and Milk Products, Aflatoxins - Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dr. Ramon G. Guevara-Gonzalez (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-307-395-8, InTech.
• Oruç HH., 2003. Süt ve Süt Ürünlerinde Aflatoksin M1 (AFM1) ve Türkiye’deki Durumu. Uludag University Journal of The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 1-2-3: 121-125.
• Pettersson H., 2004. Controlling mycotoxins in animal feed. In: Mycotoxins in food, detection and control (Magan, N. and Olsen, M., eds.). pp. 262-304. Woodhead Publishing Limited. Cambridge.
• Polat N., 2012. Erzurum İli Süt Sığırı İşletmelerinde Alınan Kaba ve Konsantre Yem Örneklerinde Total Aflatoksin, Aflatoksin B1 ve Okratoksin İle Sütte Aflatoksin M1 Düzeylerinin Tespiti. Atatürk Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Türkiye.
• Polovinski-Horvatovic MS., Juric VB., Glamocic D., 2009. The Frequency of Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk on the Territory of Vojvodina. Proc Nat Sci, Matica Srpska Novi Sad, No 116, 75—80.
• R-Biopharm, 2005. R-Biopharm Rhone ltd.Ref:A11-RP71/70N. V2.
• SPSS 16.0, 2007. SPSS for Windows, Version 16.0. Chicago, SPSS Inc.
• Sugiyama K., Hiraoka H., Sugita-Konishi Y., 2008. Aflatoxin M1 contamination in raw bulk milk and the presence of aflatoxin B1 in corn supplied to dairy cattle in Japan. Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi. 49(5):352-5.
• Şanlı Y., 2002. Veteriner Klinik Toksikoloji. Medipres Matbaacılık Yayıncılık Medikal Veterinerlik Hizmetleri Hayvansal Ürünler Ticaret ve Paz. Ltd. Şti. Yayını. ISBN 975-6676-08-6.
• Udom IE., Ezekiel CN., Fapohunda SO., Okoye ZSC., Kalu CA., 2012. Incidence of Aspergillus Section Flavi and Concentration of Aflatoxin in Feed Concentrates for Cattle in Jos. Nigeria. Journal of Veterinary Advances, 2(1): 39-46.
• Van Egmond HP., Schothorst RC., Jonker MA.,2007. Regulations relating to mycotoxins in food: perspectives in a global and European context. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 389:147-57.
• Veldman A., Meijs JAC., Borggreve GJ., Heeres-van der Tol JJ., 1992. Carry-over of aflatoxin from cows' food to milk. Animal Production. 55:163-168.
• Völkel I., Schröer-Merker E., Czerny CP., 2011. The Carry-Over of Mycotoxins in Products of Animal Origin with Special Regard to Its Implications for the European Food Safety Legislation. Food and Nutrition Sciences. 2:852-867.
• Yitbarek MB., Tamir B., 2013. Mycotoxines and/or Aflatoxines in Milk And Milk Products: Review. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Science (ASRJETS) Vol 4, No 1.
• Zain ME., 2011. Impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society. 15: 129–144.