Bitkilerin Düşük Sıcaklıklara Dayanımında Hücresel ve Moleküler Mekanizmalar

Year 2010, Volume: 41 Issue: 2, 157 - 167, 20.02.2013

Rafet Aslantaş , Halil Karakurt Yaşar Karakurt

Abstract

Sıcaklık, yeryüzünde doğal bitki topluluklarının normal dağılışında etkili olan önemli bir belirleyici faktördür. Pek çok
bitki tür ve çeşidi, çoğu zaman genetik özellikleri çerçevesinde canlı kalabildikleri en düşük sınır derecelerindeki sıcaklıklarla karşı
karşıya kalmaktadır. Soğuğa dayanım sürecinde, bitkiler üşüme ve don stresi sonucu oluşabilecek zararlanmalardan veya
ölümlerden korunmak veya tolerans sağlamak için farklı mekanizmalar geliştirmektedirler. Bunlar; bitkilerde hücre içi ve hücreler
arası don oluşum sürecinin ekzotermik etkileri, don zararı sürecinde hücre membranlarında fiziksel değişimler, dona dayanım ve
soğuk aklimasyonu, soğuk aklimasyonu süresince biyokimyasal değişimler (bitki öz suyunda bulunan bazı çözülebilir
maddelerdeki, hücre membranlarının lipit bileşimindeki, protein miktarındaki, enzim aktivitesindeki, antioksidant sistemdeki, bitki
besin elementlerindeki değişimler gibi) olarak kategorize edilmektedir. Günümüzde soğuğa dayanım sürecinin genetik olarak da
açıklanabilmesi için moleküler düzeyde önemli çalışmalar yürütülmektedir. Bu orijinal derleme makalesinde, dünya üzerinde bitki
tür ve çeşitlerinin yetişmesinde en büyük sınırlayıcı faktör olan üşüme ve donma stresine karşı bitkilerin geliştirdiği savunma
mekanizmaları, bu süreçteki biyofiziksel ve biyokimyasal değişimler ile moleküler düzeydeki gelişmeler mevcut literatür dahilinde
açıklanmıştır.

Keywords

Bitki, Üşüme ve Donma, Soğuğa Dayanım, Biyofiziksel ve Biyokimyasal Değişim

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