BibTex RIS Cite

DAĞCILIK VE DAĞ TURİZMİNDEKİ İKİLEM: EKONOMİK YARAR ve EKOLOJİK BEDEL

Year 2004, , 1 - 21, 01.04.2004
https://doi.org/10.1501/Cogbil_0000000041

Abstract

Dağcılık tırmanma sporudur ve yürüyüş, kaya tırmanışı, buz tırmanışı ve kayaklı dağcılığı içerir. Dağcılık sporu, insanların Alp Dağları’nda zevk için tırmanmaya başlamalarıyla doğmuştur. Başlangıçta çok az sayıda insanın dağlara tırmanmasına karşın, ilk dağcılık kulüplerinin kuruluşundan sonra dağlara tırmanma Avrupa ülkelerinde, özellikle İngiltere, Almanya, Avusturya, İtalya ve Fransa’da popüler bir rekreasyonel aktivite olmuştur. Günümüzde dünyanın her yerinde milyonlarca insan dağcılık, kaya tırmanışı ve doğa yürüyüşü yapmaktadır. Dağcılar, tırmanmak için sık sık, yaşadıkları yerden başka bölgelere ya da ülkelere seyahat etmektedirler. Bu yüzden dağcılık, sadece kitlesel bir spor aktivitesi değil, aynı zamanda kitlesel bir turizm hareketi olmuştur. Turizme yönelik dağcılığın popülerliği son 35 yıldır büyük bir gelişme göstermiştir. Bu turizm, Alpler ve Kayalık Dağları gibi geleneksel yerlerden, böylesi faaliyetler için o güne kadar büyük ölçüde dokunulmamış Orta Asya’nın Himalaya/Karakurum Dağları’na, Kafkaslar’a, Andlar’a ve hatta Antarktika’daki dağlık alanlara yayılmıştır. Dağ turizmi, turizm ekonomisinin hızla gelişen bir sektörüdür. Dağlık alanların gelişmesine önemli katkı yapmış ve halen yapmaktadır. Fakat aynı zamanda kontrolsüz dağ turizmi, pek çok dağlık alanın doğal ve kültürel değerlerinin bozulmasına neden olmuş ve olmaya da devam etmektedir. Hızla şehirleşen dünyada, dağlar sadece güzel manzaralara, doğal ve kültürel çeşitliliğe sahip oldukları için değil, aynı zamanda modern yaşamın geriliminden kaçış imkanı sağladığı için de önde gelen turistik mekanlardır.Ancak, uzun vadede dağların çekiciliği ve çeşitliliğinin korunması, kaynakların istikrarlı, öngörülü ve sürdürülebilir yönetimine dayanacaktır. Bu yüzden, dağlık alanların yönetiminde, turistlerin istekleri, yerel halkın ihtiyaçları ve doğal kaynakların korunması arasında özenli bir denge sağlamak için çaba gösterilmelidir

References

  • Alpine Space Programme. (2000), INTERREG III B Community Initiative.
  • Buckley, R.C., Pickering, C.M., Warken, J. (2000). Environmental Management for Alpine Tourism in Australia. In: Godde, P.M., Price, M.F., Zimmerman F.M. (eds.),Tourism and Development in Mountain Regions, Cabi Publishing, New York, 27-45.
  • Chaorvedi, G. (2002), “Ecotourism in Gangotri Region of the Garhwal Himalayas”, Tourism Recreation Research, 27(3), 41-51.
  • Funnel, D.C., Price, M.F. (2003), “Mountain Geography: A Review”, The Geographical Journal, 169 (3), 183-190.
  • Gardner, J., Sinclair, J., Berkes, F., Singh, R.B. (2002), “Accelerated Tourism Development and its Impacts in Kullu-Manali, H.P., India”, Tourism Recreation Research, 27(3), 7-20.
  • Goasar, A. (1993), “A Blessing in Disguise?”, Naturopa, 72, 20.
  • Godde, P.M., Price, M.F., Zimmermann, F.M. (eds.) (2000), Tourism and Development in Mountain Regions, Cabi Publishing, New York.
  • Gurung, C.P., DeCoursey, M.A. (2000), Too Much Too Fast: Lessons from Nepal’s Lost Kingdom of Mustang, In: Godde, P.M., Price, M.F., Zimmerman, F.M. (eds.), Tourism and Development in Mountain Regions, Cabi Publishing, New York, 239-254.
  • Hall, C.M., Lew, A.A. (eds.) (1998), Sustainable Tourism: A Geographical Perspective, Longman, New York.
  • Hanley, N., Farizo, B.A., Shaw, W.D. (2002), “Rationing an open-access resource: mountaineering in Scotland”, Land Use Policy, 19, 167-176.
  • Hoffmann, H. (2002), “Benefits from Trekking:Example Nepal”, World Mountaineering+Climbing, 2/3.
  • Holden, A., Sparrowhawk, J. (2002), “Understanding the Motivations of Ecotourists: the Case of Trekkers in Annapurna, Nepal”. International Journal of Tourism Research, 4, 435-446.
  • Holden, A. (2003), “Investigating trekkers’ attitudes to the environment of Annapurna, Nepal”, Tourism Management, 24, 341-344.
  • Johnston,B.R., Edwards, T. (1994), ”The Commodification of Mountaineering”, Annals of Tourism Research, 21(3), 459-478.
  • Karadeniz, N., Somuncu, M. (2003), “Approaches for Preservation of Mountainous Areas in Turkey Case Study: Kaçkar Mountains (Turkey)”, Quel avenir pour les Montagnes Mediterraneennes, 2003, 17.
  • Keating, M. (1993), Yeryüzü Zirvesinde Değişimin Gündemi&Gündem 21 ve Diğer Rio Anlaşmalarının Popüler Metinleri, UNEP Türkiye Komitesi Yayını, Ankara.
  • Kuniyal, J.C. (2002), “Mountain Expeditions: Minimising the Impact”, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 22, 561-581.
  • Mahruki, N. (1995), Everest’te İlk Türk, Chomolungma-Dünyanın Ana Tanrıçası, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Mahruki, N. (1996), Bir Hayalin Peşinde, Yedi Zirveler Batı Yarıküre ve Antarktika, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Mclellan, L.R., Dieke, P.V.C., Thapa, B.K. (2000), Mountain Tourism and Public Policy in Nepal, In: Godde, P.M., Price,
  • M.F., Zimmerman, F.M. (eds.), Tourism and Development in Mountain Regions, Cabi Publishing, New York, 173-197.
  • Mountain Agenda. (1998), Mountains of the World: water towers for the 21st Century, Mountain Agenda, Bern.
  • Mountain Agenda. (1999), Mountains of the World: tourism and sustainable mountain development, Mountain Agenda, Bern.
  • Mowfort, M., Munt, I. (1998). Tourism and Sustainability New Tourism in the Third World, Routledge, London and New York, 271.
  • Nepal, S. (2000a), Tourism, National Parks and Local Communities, In: Butler, R.W., Boyd, S.W. (eds.), Touism and National Parks, Wiley, Chichester, 73-94.
  • Nepal, S.K. (2000b), “Tourism in Protected Areas The Nepalese Himalaya”, Annals of Tourism Research, 27 (3), 661-681.
  • Nepal, S.K. (2002), “Mountain Ecotourism and Sustainable Development”, Mountain Research and Development, 22 (2), 104-109.
  • Newsome, D., Moore, S.A., Dowling, R.K. ( 2002), Natural Area Tourism Ecology, Impacts and Management, Channel View Publications, Clevedon, 120.
  • Özgüç, N. (1998), Turizm Coğrafyası Özellikler&Bölgeler, İstanbul.
  • Panos. (2002), High Stakes The Future for Mountain Societies, London.
  • Pickering, C.M., Buckley, R.C. (2003), “Swarming to the Summit”, Mountain Research and Development, 23(3), 230-233.
  • Pils, M., Glauser, P., Siegrist, D.(eds.). (1996), Green Paper on the Alps, Nature Friends International, Bern.
  • Pobocik, M., Butalla, C. (1998), Development in Nepal: the Annapurna Conservation Area Project. In: Hall, C.M., Lew A.A. (eds), Sustainable Tourism: A Geographical Perspective, Logman, Essex, 159-172.
  • Siderelis, C., Attarian. (2004), “Trip Response Modeling of Rock Climbers’ Reactions to Proposed Regulations”, Journal of Leisure Research, 36, 73-88.
  • Somuncu, M. (1997), “Doğu Karadeniz Bölümünde Yayla-Dağ Turizminin Bugünkü Yapısı, Sorunları ve Geleceği”. Ankara Üniversitesi Türkiye Coğrafyası Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi Dergisi, 6, 273-315.
  • Somuncu, M. (2000), “Aladağlar Milli Parkı’nın Planlanması Sürecinde Planlamaya İlişkin Görüş ve Öneriler”, 9. Ulusal Bölge Bilimi/Bölge Planlama Kongresi, Bildiriler, 394-405.
  • Somuncu, M. (2002), “2002 Dünya Dağlar Yılında Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Dağ Turizmi”, T.C. Turizm Bakanlığı II. Turizm Şurası Bildirileri, I.Cilt, Ankara, 185-192.
  • Somuncu, M. (2003), “Türkiye’de Koruma Altındaki Dağlık Alanlarda Turizm/Rekreasyon ve Çevre Etkileşimi: Aladağlar ve Kaçkar Dağları Milli Parkı Örnekleri”, Coğrafi Çevre Koruma ve Turizm Sempozyumu, Ege Üniversitesi Coğrafya Bölümü Sempozyumları:2, İzmir, 65-72.
  • Somuncu, M. (2004), “Türkiye’nin Dağlık Alanlarındaki Ekoturizm Verileri ve Planlama Yaklaşımı”, T.C. Çevre Orman Bakanlığı Doğa Koruma ve Milli Parklar Genel Müdürlüğü , Korunan Alanlarda Ekoturizm Çalıştayı, 11-12 Mart 2004, Ankara, (sunulmuş bildiri, baskıda).
  • Somuncu, M., Karadeniz, N.(2004), “Türkiye’de Dağlık Alanlarda Ekoturizmin Algılanışı: Aladağlar Örneği”, II. Uluslar arası Turizm, Çevre ve Kültür Sempozyumu, 10-11 Mayıs 2004, İzmir, (sunulmuş bildiri, baskıda)
  • Snowdon, P., Slee, B., Farr, H. (2000), The Economic Impacts of Different Types of Tourism in Upland and Mountain Areas of Europe. In: , Godde, P.M., Price, M.F., Zimmerman F.M. (eds.),Tourism and Development in Mountain Regions Cabi Publishing, New York.
  • Stevens, S.F. (1993), “Tourism, change, and Continuity in the Mount Everest Region, Nepal”, The Geographical Review, 83(4), 410-428.
  • Stevens, S. (2003), “Tourism and Deforestation in the Mt. Everest Region of Nepal”, The Geographical Journal, 169 (3), 255-277.
  • Swarbrooke, J. (1999), Sustainable Tourism Management. Cabi Publishing, Oxon and New York,183-184.
  • The British Mountaineering Council Annual Report 2002,.3.
  • The Geographical Journal. 2003, Special Isuue: Environmental and Development in High Mountain Environments, Funnel, D.C., Price, M.F. (eds.), 169 (3).
  • The Tyrol Declaration on Best Practice in Mountain Sports, (2002).
  • National Geographic Türkiye. (2003), Mayıs.
  • Tüzel, Ö. (1993), The Aladağ Climbs and Treks in Turkey’s Crimson Mountains, Cicerone Press, Milnthorpe, Cumbria.
  • UNESCO. 1987, Unesco’dan Görüş, 24-28
  • Uyanık, M. (1947), Dağlarımız, İstanbul.
  • Valaoras, G. (2000), Conservation and Development in Greek Mountain Areas. In: Godde, P.M., Price, M.F., Zimmerman F.M. (eds.), Tourism and Development in Mountain Regions Cabi Publishing, New York, 69-83.
  • Weaver, D.B. (1998), Ecotourism in the Less Developed World, Cabi Publishing, Oxon and New York, 135-159.
  • Williams, S. (1998), Tourism Geography, Routledge, London and New York.
  • World Mountaineering+Climbing, 2002/2/3.
  • World Mountaineering+Climbing, 2003/1. www.alpenverein.at www.alpenverein.de www.annova.com/news www.basecampmd.com
  • www.clubalpin.com/fr www.cograilway.com www.sac-cas.ch
  • www.tourism.gov.np www.uiaa.ch www.vavoe.at
  • www.welcomenepal.com/news.asp

The Dilemma of Mountaineering and Mountain Tourism: Economic Benefits and Ecological Costs

Year 2004, , 1 - 21, 01.04.2004
https://doi.org/10.1501/Cogbil_0000000041

Abstract

Mountaineering is the sport of climbing mountains and it involves walking, rockclimbing, ice climbing and ski-mountaineering. The sport of mountaineering emerged when people began to climb for pleasure in the Alps. Although a few people climbed to the mountains at the beginning, only after the establishment of the first clubs, climbing mountains became a popular recreational activity in European countries, particularly in Britain, Germany, Austria, Italy and France. Today, all over the world, millions of people practice mountaineering, rock-climbing and hiking/trekking. The mountaineer often travels to climb from their home to other regions or countries. Teherefore, mountaineering has become not only a mass sport activity, but also a mass tourism movement. The popularity of mountaineering-oriented tourism has increased in the past 35 years and it has spread from traditional locations such as the Alps and the Rocky Mountains to mountain areas that had been largely untouched by such activities-including parts of Central Asia, the Himalaya/Karakorum, Caucasus, Andes and even Antarctica. Mountain tourism is a rapidly growing sector of the tourism economy. It made and makes a significant contribution to the development of mountain areas. But at the same time, uncontrolled mountain tourism has and continious to contribute to the degredation of many mountain areas of natural and cultural values. In an increasingly urbanized world, mountains are primary tourist destinations not only because of their beauty and their natural and cultural diversity, but also because they provide opportunities to escape from stress of modern life. But in the long term to protected the diversity and attractiveness of the mountains will depend on careful, for-sighted and sustainable management of their resources. Therefore, on the management of mountain areas must be strived for a careful balance between the protection of natural resources, the needs of local people, and the desire of tourists

References

  • Alpine Space Programme. (2000), INTERREG III B Community Initiative.
  • Buckley, R.C., Pickering, C.M., Warken, J. (2000). Environmental Management for Alpine Tourism in Australia. In: Godde, P.M., Price, M.F., Zimmerman F.M. (eds.),Tourism and Development in Mountain Regions, Cabi Publishing, New York, 27-45.
  • Chaorvedi, G. (2002), “Ecotourism in Gangotri Region of the Garhwal Himalayas”, Tourism Recreation Research, 27(3), 41-51.
  • Funnel, D.C., Price, M.F. (2003), “Mountain Geography: A Review”, The Geographical Journal, 169 (3), 183-190.
  • Gardner, J., Sinclair, J., Berkes, F., Singh, R.B. (2002), “Accelerated Tourism Development and its Impacts in Kullu-Manali, H.P., India”, Tourism Recreation Research, 27(3), 7-20.
  • Goasar, A. (1993), “A Blessing in Disguise?”, Naturopa, 72, 20.
  • Godde, P.M., Price, M.F., Zimmermann, F.M. (eds.) (2000), Tourism and Development in Mountain Regions, Cabi Publishing, New York.
  • Gurung, C.P., DeCoursey, M.A. (2000), Too Much Too Fast: Lessons from Nepal’s Lost Kingdom of Mustang, In: Godde, P.M., Price, M.F., Zimmerman, F.M. (eds.), Tourism and Development in Mountain Regions, Cabi Publishing, New York, 239-254.
  • Hall, C.M., Lew, A.A. (eds.) (1998), Sustainable Tourism: A Geographical Perspective, Longman, New York.
  • Hanley, N., Farizo, B.A., Shaw, W.D. (2002), “Rationing an open-access resource: mountaineering in Scotland”, Land Use Policy, 19, 167-176.
  • Hoffmann, H. (2002), “Benefits from Trekking:Example Nepal”, World Mountaineering+Climbing, 2/3.
  • Holden, A., Sparrowhawk, J. (2002), “Understanding the Motivations of Ecotourists: the Case of Trekkers in Annapurna, Nepal”. International Journal of Tourism Research, 4, 435-446.
  • Holden, A. (2003), “Investigating trekkers’ attitudes to the environment of Annapurna, Nepal”, Tourism Management, 24, 341-344.
  • Johnston,B.R., Edwards, T. (1994), ”The Commodification of Mountaineering”, Annals of Tourism Research, 21(3), 459-478.
  • Karadeniz, N., Somuncu, M. (2003), “Approaches for Preservation of Mountainous Areas in Turkey Case Study: Kaçkar Mountains (Turkey)”, Quel avenir pour les Montagnes Mediterraneennes, 2003, 17.
  • Keating, M. (1993), Yeryüzü Zirvesinde Değişimin Gündemi&Gündem 21 ve Diğer Rio Anlaşmalarının Popüler Metinleri, UNEP Türkiye Komitesi Yayını, Ankara.
  • Kuniyal, J.C. (2002), “Mountain Expeditions: Minimising the Impact”, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 22, 561-581.
  • Mahruki, N. (1995), Everest’te İlk Türk, Chomolungma-Dünyanın Ana Tanrıçası, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Mahruki, N. (1996), Bir Hayalin Peşinde, Yedi Zirveler Batı Yarıküre ve Antarktika, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Mclellan, L.R., Dieke, P.V.C., Thapa, B.K. (2000), Mountain Tourism and Public Policy in Nepal, In: Godde, P.M., Price,
  • M.F., Zimmerman, F.M. (eds.), Tourism and Development in Mountain Regions, Cabi Publishing, New York, 173-197.
  • Mountain Agenda. (1998), Mountains of the World: water towers for the 21st Century, Mountain Agenda, Bern.
  • Mountain Agenda. (1999), Mountains of the World: tourism and sustainable mountain development, Mountain Agenda, Bern.
  • Mowfort, M., Munt, I. (1998). Tourism and Sustainability New Tourism in the Third World, Routledge, London and New York, 271.
  • Nepal, S. (2000a), Tourism, National Parks and Local Communities, In: Butler, R.W., Boyd, S.W. (eds.), Touism and National Parks, Wiley, Chichester, 73-94.
  • Nepal, S.K. (2000b), “Tourism in Protected Areas The Nepalese Himalaya”, Annals of Tourism Research, 27 (3), 661-681.
  • Nepal, S.K. (2002), “Mountain Ecotourism and Sustainable Development”, Mountain Research and Development, 22 (2), 104-109.
  • Newsome, D., Moore, S.A., Dowling, R.K. ( 2002), Natural Area Tourism Ecology, Impacts and Management, Channel View Publications, Clevedon, 120.
  • Özgüç, N. (1998), Turizm Coğrafyası Özellikler&Bölgeler, İstanbul.
  • Panos. (2002), High Stakes The Future for Mountain Societies, London.
  • Pickering, C.M., Buckley, R.C. (2003), “Swarming to the Summit”, Mountain Research and Development, 23(3), 230-233.
  • Pils, M., Glauser, P., Siegrist, D.(eds.). (1996), Green Paper on the Alps, Nature Friends International, Bern.
  • Pobocik, M., Butalla, C. (1998), Development in Nepal: the Annapurna Conservation Area Project. In: Hall, C.M., Lew A.A. (eds), Sustainable Tourism: A Geographical Perspective, Logman, Essex, 159-172.
  • Siderelis, C., Attarian. (2004), “Trip Response Modeling of Rock Climbers’ Reactions to Proposed Regulations”, Journal of Leisure Research, 36, 73-88.
  • Somuncu, M. (1997), “Doğu Karadeniz Bölümünde Yayla-Dağ Turizminin Bugünkü Yapısı, Sorunları ve Geleceği”. Ankara Üniversitesi Türkiye Coğrafyası Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi Dergisi, 6, 273-315.
  • Somuncu, M. (2000), “Aladağlar Milli Parkı’nın Planlanması Sürecinde Planlamaya İlişkin Görüş ve Öneriler”, 9. Ulusal Bölge Bilimi/Bölge Planlama Kongresi, Bildiriler, 394-405.
  • Somuncu, M. (2002), “2002 Dünya Dağlar Yılında Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Dağ Turizmi”, T.C. Turizm Bakanlığı II. Turizm Şurası Bildirileri, I.Cilt, Ankara, 185-192.
  • Somuncu, M. (2003), “Türkiye’de Koruma Altındaki Dağlık Alanlarda Turizm/Rekreasyon ve Çevre Etkileşimi: Aladağlar ve Kaçkar Dağları Milli Parkı Örnekleri”, Coğrafi Çevre Koruma ve Turizm Sempozyumu, Ege Üniversitesi Coğrafya Bölümü Sempozyumları:2, İzmir, 65-72.
  • Somuncu, M. (2004), “Türkiye’nin Dağlık Alanlarındaki Ekoturizm Verileri ve Planlama Yaklaşımı”, T.C. Çevre Orman Bakanlığı Doğa Koruma ve Milli Parklar Genel Müdürlüğü , Korunan Alanlarda Ekoturizm Çalıştayı, 11-12 Mart 2004, Ankara, (sunulmuş bildiri, baskıda).
  • Somuncu, M., Karadeniz, N.(2004), “Türkiye’de Dağlık Alanlarda Ekoturizmin Algılanışı: Aladağlar Örneği”, II. Uluslar arası Turizm, Çevre ve Kültür Sempozyumu, 10-11 Mayıs 2004, İzmir, (sunulmuş bildiri, baskıda)
  • Snowdon, P., Slee, B., Farr, H. (2000), The Economic Impacts of Different Types of Tourism in Upland and Mountain Areas of Europe. In: , Godde, P.M., Price, M.F., Zimmerman F.M. (eds.),Tourism and Development in Mountain Regions Cabi Publishing, New York.
  • Stevens, S.F. (1993), “Tourism, change, and Continuity in the Mount Everest Region, Nepal”, The Geographical Review, 83(4), 410-428.
  • Stevens, S. (2003), “Tourism and Deforestation in the Mt. Everest Region of Nepal”, The Geographical Journal, 169 (3), 255-277.
  • Swarbrooke, J. (1999), Sustainable Tourism Management. Cabi Publishing, Oxon and New York,183-184.
  • The British Mountaineering Council Annual Report 2002,.3.
  • The Geographical Journal. 2003, Special Isuue: Environmental and Development in High Mountain Environments, Funnel, D.C., Price, M.F. (eds.), 169 (3).
  • The Tyrol Declaration on Best Practice in Mountain Sports, (2002).
  • National Geographic Türkiye. (2003), Mayıs.
  • Tüzel, Ö. (1993), The Aladağ Climbs and Treks in Turkey’s Crimson Mountains, Cicerone Press, Milnthorpe, Cumbria.
  • UNESCO. 1987, Unesco’dan Görüş, 24-28
  • Uyanık, M. (1947), Dağlarımız, İstanbul.
  • Valaoras, G. (2000), Conservation and Development in Greek Mountain Areas. In: Godde, P.M., Price, M.F., Zimmerman F.M. (eds.), Tourism and Development in Mountain Regions Cabi Publishing, New York, 69-83.
  • Weaver, D.B. (1998), Ecotourism in the Less Developed World, Cabi Publishing, Oxon and New York, 135-159.
  • Williams, S. (1998), Tourism Geography, Routledge, London and New York.
  • World Mountaineering+Climbing, 2002/2/3.
  • World Mountaineering+Climbing, 2003/1. www.alpenverein.at www.alpenverein.de www.annova.com/news www.basecampmd.com
  • www.clubalpin.com/fr www.cograilway.com www.sac-cas.ch
  • www.tourism.gov.np www.uiaa.ch www.vavoe.at
  • www.welcomenepal.com/news.asp
There are 59 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA23YN94KP
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Mehmet Somuncu

Publication Date April 1, 2004
Published in Issue Year 2004

Cite

APA Somuncu, M. (2004). DAĞCILIK VE DAĞ TURİZMİNDEKİ İKİLEM: EKONOMİK YARAR ve EKOLOJİK BEDEL. Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 2(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1501/Cogbil_0000000041