Rüzgâr Enerji Sistemlerinin Sosyal Kabul Dinamiklerini Anlamak

Year 2017, Volume: 15 Issue: 2, 135 - 156, 01.08.2017

Çağdaş Kılıç Mutlu Yılmaz , Ramazan Sarı

https://doi.org/10.1501/Cogbil_0000000185

Cited By: 6

Abstract

Fosil tabanlı enerji kaynakları üzerinde oluşan tükenme baskısı; yarattıkları çevresel sorunlar ve buna bağlı gelişen kamu kaygıları; bu kaynakların coğrafi olarak yoğunlaşmasıyla ilintili tekellerin yarattığı enerjide bağımlılık ilişkileri; ülkeler, sanayi, çevre grupları ve genel olarak kamuoyu için yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarını yeni enerji kültürünün popüler öznesi haline getirmiştir. Rüzgâr enerjisi ise ulaştığı hacim, verimlilik parametreleri ve belli piyasalarda bir ticari ürün olarak karşılık bulması nedeniyle kabul edilen diğer yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarına göre bir adım öndedir. Bununla birlikte fosil enerji kaynaklarının ürettiği olumsuzluklara bağlı kazanılan yaygın olumlu kanıların ilk ticari rüzgâr enerji sistemlerinin kurulduğu 1970’lerin sonu itibariyle özellikle çiftliklerin bulunduğu yerelliklerde benzer bir süreklilik göstermediği fark edilmiştir. Yerelde rüzgâr enerji sistemlerine dönük gelişen muhalif tutumlar birçok ülkede bu enerji türünün gelişimini yavaşlatmış ve karmaşık bir konu haline dönüştürmüştür. Bu durum ve gelişen farkındalık özellikle gelişmiş ülkelerde rüzgâr enerji sistemlerinin sosyal kabulünün arkasındaki dinamikleri anlamaya dönük çalışmaların akademik literatüre girmesiyle sonuçlanmıştır. Buna karşın Türkiye’de 2005 yılından sonra hızla yayılan rüzgâr enerji sistemlerinin sosyal kabul dinamiklerine ilişkin çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Bu makalenin literatürdeki genel yönelimlere değinerek yapılacak çalışmalara katkı sağlaması hedeflenmektedir

Keywords

Sosyal Kabul, Rüzgâr Enerjisi, Yenilenebilir Enerji, Enerji Coğrafyası, NIMBY

Understanding social acceptance dynamics of wind energy systems

Abstract

The pressure of exhaustion over fossil-based energy sources, growing public concerns in parallel with environmental issues created by these sources, the relations of energy dependence created by monopolies related to the geographical condensation of those sources have rendered renewable energy sources as a popular subject of the new energy culture among countries, industries, environmental groups and public as a whole. Meanwhile, wind energy is one step ahead of other accepted renewable energy sources with its attained size, its efficiency parameters and its acclaim as a commercial product. However, it has been realized that widespread positive impressions based on negativities produced by fossil resources have not been similarly continuous especially in localities where farms were established since the end of 1970s, when the first commercial wind power system was installed. The opposing attitudes towards wind power systems within the local scope slowed down the development of this particular energy type in many countries and complicated the issue further. This situation as well as increasing awareness resulted in the entry of studies targeting the comprehension of the dynamics behind the social acceptance of wind energy systems into academic literature, above all in developed countries. On the other hand, Turkey is lacking any study concerning the dynamics of social acceptance of rapidly spreading wind energy systems since the year of 2005. It is hereby aimed that this article will contribute to the studies to be done by touching upon the general tendencies in the literature

Keywords

Social Acceptance, Wind Energy, Renewable Energy, Energy Geography, NIMBY

References

• Aitchison, C. (2004) The Potential Impact of Fullabrook Wind Farm Proposal, North Devon: Evidence Gathering of the Impactof Wind Farms on Visitor Numbers and Tourist Experience, University of the West of England/Devon Wind Power, Bristol.
• Aitchison, C. (2012) Tourism Impact of Wind Farms, University of Edinburgh, U.K.
• Aitken, M. (2010a) “Wind power and community benefits: challenges and opportunities”, Energy Policy, 38: 10, 6066-6075.
• Aitken, M. (2010b) “Why we still don’t understand the social aspects of wind power: A critique of key assumptions within theliterature”, Energy Policy,38, 1834 -1841.
• Allan, G.; McGregor, P.; Swales, K. (2011) “The Importance of Revenue Sharing for the Local Economic Impacts of a Renewable Energy Project: A Social Accounting Matrix Approach”, Regional Studies, 45:9, 1171-1186.
• Atkinson-Polombo, C.; Hoen, B. (2014) Relationship Between Wind Turbines and Residential Property Values in Massachusetts, University of Connecticut; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Boston.
• AWEA (2017) https://www.awea.org/reducing-greenhouse-gas-emissions Erişim Tarihi: 06.10.2017
• Barry, J.; Ellis, G.; Robinson, C. (2008) “Cool rationalities and hot air: arhetorical approach to understanding debates on renewable energy”, Global Environmental Politics, 8:2,67- 98.
• Bauwens, T. (2015) The effect of cooperative ownership on social acceptance of onshore wind power: a multi-method analysis,Centre for Social Economy, HEC- Management School of the University of Liège, (https://cidd2015.sciencesconf.org/51228/document, 11.10.2017)
• Bell, D.; Gray, T.; Haggett, C. (2005) “The 'social gap' in wind farm siting decisions: explanations and policy responses”,Environmental Politics, 14:4, 460-477.
• Bidwell, D. C. (2011) The Structure and Strength of Public Attitudes Towards Wind Farm Development, Basılmamış Doktora Tezi, Michigan State University.
• Bolin, K.; Bluhm, G.; Eriksson, G.; Nilsson, M.E. (2011) “Infrasound and low frequency noise from wind turbines: exposure and health effects”, Environmental Research Letters, 6, 1-6.
• Bristow, G.; Cowell, R.; Munday, M. (2012) “Windfalls for whom? The evolving notion of ‘community’ in community benefit provisions from wind farms”, Geoforum, 43:6, 1108 - 1120.
• Brittan, G.G. (2001) “Wind, energy, lanscape: reconciling nature and technology”, Philosophy & Geography, 4:2, 169-184.
• Brown, J.P.; Pender, J.; Wiser, R.; Lantz, E.; Hoen, B. (2012) “Ex post analysis of economic impacts from wind power development in U.S. counties”, Energy Economics, 34:6, 1743-1754.
• Burningham, K. (2000) “Using the language of NIMBY: A topic for research, not an activity for researchers”, Local Environment, 5:1, 55-67.
• Burningham, K,; Barnett, J.; Thrush, D. (2006) The limitations of the NIMBY concept for understanding public engagement with renewable energy technologies: a literature review, School of Environment and Development, University of Manchester, (http://geography.exeter.ac.uk/beyond_nimbyism/deliverables/outputs.shtml, 10.10.2017)
• Cass, N.; Walker, G.; Devine-Wright, P. (2010) “Good neighbours, public relations and bribes: the politics and perceptions of community benefit provision in renewable energy development in the UK”, Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning, 12:3, 255-275.
• Cowell, R.; Bristow, G.; Munday, M. (2011) “Acceptance, acceptability and environmental justice: the role of community benefits in wind energy development”,Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 54:4, 539-557.
• Dear, M. (1992)“Understanding and overcoming the NIMBY syndrome”,Journal of the American Planning Association, 58, 288-300.
• Des Rosiers, F. (2002) “Power Lines, Visual Encumbrance and House Values: A Microspatial Approach to Impact Measurement”,Journal of Real Estate Research, 23:3, 275-301.
• Dethloff, C.(2004) Akzeptanz und Nicht-Akzeptanz von technischen Produktinnovationen”, Pabst Science Publisher, Lengerich.
• Devine-Wright, P. (2005) “Beyond NIMBYism: towards an integrated framework for understanding public perceptions of wind energy”, Wind Energy, 8:2, 125-139.
• Devine-Wright, P. (2007) Reconsidering public attitudes and public acceptance of renewable energy technologies: a critical review, (http://geography.exeter.ac.uk/beyond_nimbyism/deliverables/bn_wp1_4.pdf, ) Environment and Development, University of Manchester, UK,
• Devine-Wright, P. (2009) “Rethinking NIMBYism: The Role of Place Attachment and Place Identity in Explaining Place- protective Action”, Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 19, 426-441.
• Devlin, E. (2002) Factors affecting public acceptance of wind turbines in Sweden, Basılmamış Y.L. Tezi, Lund University, Sweden.
• Doğanlı, M. (2010) “Rüzgâr Türbini Gürültüsü, Sağlık Etkileri ve Düzenleme Önerileri” Novosim Mühendislik, Rapor No.1, 1-14.
• Dunlap, R. E.; McCright, A. M. (2011) Organized climate change denial Oxford Handbook of Climate Change and Society, Oxford University Press, Cambridge,144-60.
• DuPont, R. L. (1981) “The Nuclear Power Phobia”, Business Week, 7 Kasım, 14-16.
• Elliott D (1997) Energy, Society and Environment, Routledge, London.
• Ellis, G.; Barry, J.; Robinson, C. (2007) “Many ways to say ‘no’, different ways to say ‘yes’: applying Q-methodology to understand public acceptance of wind farm proposals”,Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 50, 517 - 551.
• Ellis, G.; Cowell, R.; Warren, C.; Szarka, J.; Hadwin, R. (2009) Wind Power: Is There a “Planning Problem”?, Planning Theory&Practice, 10:4, 521-547.
• Erickson, W.P.; Johnson, G.D.; Strickland, M.D.; Young, D.P. Jr.; Semka, K.J.; Good, R.E. (2001) Avian collision with wind turbines: a summary of exiting studies and comparisons to other 36 sources of avian collision mortality in the US, National Wind Co-ordinating Committee, Washington DC.
• Firestone, J.; Kempton, W. (2007) “Public Opinion about Large Offshore Wind Power: Underlying factors”,Energy Policy, 35, 1584-1598.
• Frey, B.S.; Benz, M.; Stutzer, A.(2004) “Introducing procedural utility: not only what, but also how matters”, Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, 160, 377 - 401.
• Gibbons, S. (2015) “Gone with the wind: valuing the visual impacts of wind turbines through house prices”,Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 72, 177-196.
• Gibbs, D.(2000) “Ecological modernization, regional economic development and regional development agencies”,Geoforum, 31, 9-19.
• Giddens, A. (2011) The Politics of Climate Change, 1. Baskı, Polity Press, Cambridge.
• Gipe, P.(1995) Wind energy comes of age, Wile, New York.
• Greene, J.; Geisken, M. (2013), “Socioeconomic impacts of wind farm development: a case study of Weatherford, Oklahoma”, Energy, Sustainability and Society, 3:1, 1-9.
• Gross, C. (2007) “Community perspectives of wind energy in Australia: The application of a justice and community fairness framework to increase social acceptance”, Energy Policy, 35:5, 2727-2736.
• Guo, Y.; Ru, P.; Su, J.; Anadon, L.D. (2015) “Not In My Backyard, But Not Far Away From Me: Local Acceptance of Wind Power in China”, Energy, 82, 722-733.
• GWEC (2016) http://www.gwec.net/wp-content/uploads/vip/GWEC_PRstats2016_EN_WEB.pdf (GWEC 2016 Küresel Rüzgâr İstatistikleri, 10.02.2017, 01.10.2017)
• Haggett, C. (2012) “The Social Experience of Noise from Wind Farms”, İçinde: Learning from Wind Power, Palgrave Macmillan, UK, 153-173.
• Hammarlund, K. (2002) Society and wind power in Sweden, İçindeWind power in view: energy landscapes in a crowded World, San Diego, USA: Academic Press, 101-114.
• Heimtzelman, M.D.; Tuttle, C.M. (2012) “Values in the wind: A Hedonic Analysis of Wind Power Facilities”, Land Economics, 88:3, 571-588.
• Hoen, B. (2006) Impacts of Windmill Visibility on Property Values in Madison County, New York, Basılmamış Y.L. Tezi, Bard College-Bard Center for Environmental Policy, New York.
• Horbaty, R.; Huber, S.; Ellis, G. (2012) “Large –scale wind deployment, social acceptance”, Energy and Environment, 1, 194-205.
• Huijts, N. M. A.; Molin, E. J. E.; Steg, L. (2012) “Psychological factors influencing sustainable energy technology acceptance: A review-based comprehensive framework”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16:1, 525-531.
• Hunter, S.; Leyden, K.M. (1995) “Beyond NIMBY:Explaining Opposition to Hazardous Waste Facilities”, Policy Studies Journal, 23:4, 601-619.
• Julian, D.; Jane, D. (2007) Noise pollution from wind turbine, living with amplitude modulation, lower frequency emissions and sleep deprivation, International Meeting on Wind Turbine Noise, September 20-21, 2007, Lyon, France.
• Kaldellis, J. (2005) “Social attitude towards wind energy applications in Greece”, Energy Policy, 33, 595-602.
• Khan, J. (2001) "Siting Conflicts in Renewable Energy Projects in Sweden: Experience From the Siting of a Biogas Plant", New Perspectives on Siting Controversy Konferansı, 17-20 May, Glumslöv, Sweden.
• Kısar, A. O. (2016) “Türkiye’de Rüzgâr Enerjisinin Gelişimi ve Geleceği”, EMO İzmir Şubesi, http://www.emo.org.tr/ekler/f236bbe59930b1c_ek.pdf?dergi=1035
• Kraft, M. E.; Clary, B. B. (1991) “Citizen participation and the NIMBY syndrome: Public response to radioactive waste disposal”, The Western Political Quarterly, 44, 299-328.
• Krohn, S.; Damborg, S. (1999) “On Public Attitudes Towards Wind Power”,Renewable Energy, 16, 954-960.
• Lang, C.; Opaluch, J.J.; Sfinarolakis, G. (2014) “The wind city: Property value impacts of wind turbines in an urban setting”,Energy Economics, 44, 413-421.
• Larsen, J.K.; Madsen, J. (2000) “Effects of wind turbines and other physical elements on field utilization by pink-footed geese (Anser brachyrhynchus): A landscape perspective”, Landscape Ecology, 15, 755-764.
• Lehnert, L.S.; Kramer-Schadt, S.; Schönborn, S.; Lindecke, O.; Niermann, I.; Voigt, C.C. (2014) “Wind farm facilities in Germany kill noctule bats from near and far”, PLoS One, 9, 1-8.
• Luloff, A. E.; Albrecht, S. L.; Bourke, L.(1998) “NIMBY and the Hazardous and Toxic Waste Siting Dilemma: The Need for Concept Clarification”, Society and Natural Resources, 11, 81-89.
• Manwell, J.F.; McGowan, J.G.; Roger, A.L. (2002) Wind energy explained: theory, design and application, John Wiley & Sons, London.
• Maruyama, Y., Nishikido, M., Furuya, S., & Iida, T. (2008). Social Acceptance and Social Innovation in Wind Power Technology,Ontario,Canada.(http://base.socioeco.org/docs/1851_social_acceptance_and_social_innovation_in_wind _power_technology.pdf. 12.10.2017)
• May, N.G.; Nilsen, Ø.A. (2015)“The Local Economic Impact of Wind Power Deployment”,The Institute for the Study of Labor,Discussion Paper No. 9025.
• Mikołajczak, J.; Borowski, S.; Marć-Pieńkowska, J.; Odrowąż-Sypniewska, G.; Bernacki, Z.; Siódmiak, J.; Szterk, P. (2013) “Preliminary studies on the reaction of growing geese (Anser anser f. domestica) to the proximity of wind turbines”, Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences,16:4,679-686.
• Mormont, M.(1997)“Vivre avec les conflits d’implantation”,Environnement & Société, 26:1, 21-31.
• Mulvaney, K.K.; Woodson, P.; Prokopy, L.S. (2013) “A tale of three counties: Understanding wind development in the rural Midwestern United States”, Energy Policy, 56, 322 - 330.
• Munday, M.; Bristow, G.; Cowell, R. (2011) “Wind farms in rural areas: How far do community benefits from wind farms represent a local economic development opportunity?”, Journal of Rural Studies, 27:1, 01 - 12.
• Musall F. D.; Kuik O. (2011) “Local acceptance of renewable energy-A case study from southeast Germany”,Energy Policy, 39, 3252-3260.
• Nadai, A.;Van der Horst, D. (2010) “Introduction: Landscapes of Energies”, Landscape Research, 35:2, 143-155.
• NRLE (2009) https://www.nrel.gov (National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 10.10.2017)
• Oerlemans, S.; Sijtsmaa, P.; Mendez, L.B. (2007)“Location and quantification of noise sources on a wind türbine”,Journal of Sound and Vibration, 299, 869 - 883.
• Palabıyık, H., Yavaş, H., & Aydın, M. (2010) “Türkiye’de Nükleer Santral Kurulabilir mi? Çatışmadan Uzlaşıya: Türkiye’de Nükleer Enerji Projelerinde Sosyal Kabul Sorunu ve Halkın Reddetme Sendromunun Araştırılması”, Girişimcilik ve Kalkınma Dergisi, 5:2, 175 -201.
• Pasqualetti M. J. (2000)“Morality, Space, and the Power of Wind-Energy Landscapes”, The Geographical Review, 90:3, 381- 394.
• Pasqualetti, M.J. (2002) “Living with wind power in a hostile landscape”,İçinde Wind power in view. Energy landscapes in a crowded World, Academic Press, San Diego,153-172.
• Pasqualetti, M.J. (2011) “Opposing Wind Energy Landscapes: A Search for Common Cause”, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 101:4, 907-917.
• Pedden, M.(2006) Analysis: Economic Impacts of Wind Applications in Rural Communities, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Report SR-500–39099, June 18, 2004–January 31, 2005,Golden, CO.
• Peker, Z. (2001) “Rüzgâr Enerjisinin Çevresel Etkileri ve Bu Etkilerin Azalmasında Planlamanın Rolü”, Mühendis ve Makine, 43:509, 36 - 40.
• Pepermans, Y.; Loots, I. (2013) “Wind Farm Struggles in Flanders Fields: A Sociological Perspective”, Energy Policy, 59, 321-328.
• Pierpont, N. (2009) Wind turbine syndrome: a report on a natural experiment, K-Selected Books, Santa Fe, NM, US.
• Rousseau, D.M.; Sitkin, S.B.; Burt, R.S.; Camerer, C. (1998) “Not so different after all: a crossdiscipline view of trust”, Academy of Management Review, 23, 393-404.
• Saidur, R.; Rahim, N.A.; Islam, M.R.; Solangi, K.H. (2011) “Environmental impact of wind energy”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, 2423-2430.
• Schröder, A. (2010) Regionalökonomische Effekte aus der Nutzung von Windenergie in der Region Hannover, Working materials 100EE nr. 3, deENet, Kassel.
• Schweizer-Ries, P. (2008) “Energy sustainable communities: Environmental psychological investigations” , Energy Policy, 36, 4126 - 4135.
• Short, L. (2002) Wind Power and English landscape identity, İçinde Wind Power in View: Energy Landscapes in a Crowded World, Academic Press, San Diego, 43-58.
• Sims, S.; Dent, P.; Oskrochi, G.R. (2008) “Modelling the impact of wind farms on house prices in the UK”, International Journal of Strategic Property Management , 12, 251-269.
• Slattery, M.C.; Lantz, E.; Johnson, B.L. (2011) “State and local economic impacts from wind energy projects: Texas case study”,Energy Policy,39, 7930-7940.
• Sovacool, B.K. (2009) “Contextualizing avian mortality: a preliminary appraisal of bird and bat fatalities from wind, fossil- fuel, and nuclear electricity”, Energy Policy, 37, 2241-2248.
• Starling, J. (2006) Public Perception of Wind Farms: Opinion of Local Residents at a Developed and Proposed Wind Farm, Yayınlanmamış Tez, University of the West of England, Bristol.
• Swofford, J.; Slattery, M. (2010) “Public attitudes of wind energy in Texas: Local communities in close proximity to wind farms and their effect on decision-making”,Energy Policy, 38, 2508-2519.
• T.C. Enerji ve Tabi Kaynaklar Bakanlığı (2014) (Türkiye Ulusal Yenilenebilir Enerji Eylem Planı) https://kusip.gov.tr/kusip/yonetici/tematikAlanEkGoster.htm?id=75 Erişim Tarihi:11.10.2017)
• Terwel, B.W.; Harinck, F.; Ellemers, N.; Daamen, D.D.L. (2009) “Competence-based and integrity-based trust as predictors of acceptance of carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS)”, Risk Analysis, 29:11, 29-40.
• Thayer, R.L.; Freeman, C.N. (1987) “Altamont: public perception of a wind energy landscape”, Landscape and Urban Planning, 14, 379-398.
• TÜREB (2017) http://www.tureb.com.tr/yayinlar (Temmuz 2017 Türkiye Rüzgâr Enerjisi İstatistikleri, 01.10.2017)
• Upreti, B. R. (2004) “Conflict over biomass energy development in the United Kingdom: some observations and lessons from England and Wales”,Energy Policy, 32:6, 785-800.
• Upreti, B.R.; Van der Horst, D. (2004) “National renewable energy policy and local opposition in the UK: the failed development of a biomass electricity plant”, Biomass and Bioenergy, 26, 61-69.
• Van der Horst, D. (2007) “NIMBY or not? Exploring the relevance of location and the politics of voiced opinions in renewable energy siting controversies”,Energy Policy, 35:5, 2705-2714.
• Vyn, R.J.; Mc Cullough, R.M. (2013) “The effects of wind turbines on property values in Ontario: does public perception match emprical evidence?”,Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics,1-28.
• Wagner, S.; Bareiss, R.; Guidati, G. (1996) Wind Turbine Noise, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
• Walker, G.; Devine-Wright, P. (2008) “Community renewable energy: what should it mean?”, Energy Policy, 36:2, 497-500.
• Walker, G.; Devine-Wright, P.; Hunter, S.; High, H.; Evans, B. (2010) “Trust and community: Exploring the meanings, contexts and dynamics of community renewable energy”, Energy Policy, 38:6, 2655-2663.
• Warren, C. R.; McFadyen, M. (2010)“Does community ownership affect public attitudes to wind energy? A case study from south-west Scotland”,Land Use Policy, 27:2, 204-213.
• Wolsink, M.;Van de Wardt, J.W.(1989) “Visual Impact Assessment: a Review of Dutch Research”, EWEC, Glasgow
• Wolsink, M. (2000) “Wind Power and the NIMBY-myth: institutional capacity and the limited significance of public support”, Renewable Energy, 21, 49-64.
• Wolsink, M. (2007a) “Planning of renewables schemes: deliberative and fair decision-making on landscape issues instead of reproachful accusations of non-cooperation”, Energy Policy, 35:5, 2692-2704.
• Wolsink, M. (2007b) “Wind power implementation: The nature of public attitudes: equity and fairness instead of 'backyard motives”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 11:6, 1188-1207.
• Wolsink, M. (2012a) “Wind power: Basic challenge concerning social acceptance”, Renewable Energy Systems, 1785-1821.
• Wolsink, M. (2012b) “Undesired reinforcement of harmful ‘self-evident truths’ concerning the implementation of wind power”, Energy Policy, 48, 83-87.
• Wüstenhagen, R.; Wolsink, M.; Bürer, M. J. (2007) “Social acceptance of renewable energy innovation: An introduction to the concept”, Energy Policy, 35:5, 2683-2691.
• Yılmaz, M. (2012) “Türkiye’nin Enerji Potansiyeli ve Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynaklarının Elektrik Enerjisi Üretimi Açısından Önemi”, Ankara Üniversitesi Çevre Bilimleri Dergisi, 4:2, 33-54.
• Young, B. (1993) Attitudes Towards Wind Power: A Survey of Opinion in Cornwall and Devon, Department of Trade and Industry, London.
• Yuan, X.; Zuo, J.; Huisingh, D. (2015) “Social acceptance of wind power: A case study of Shandong Province, China”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 92, 168-178.