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Dağlık Alanlarda Kırdan Kente Göçün Doğal, Sosyal ve Ekonomik RejimlerleUyumluluğu: Türkiye/Bolu Đli Kıbrıscık Đlçesi Örneği

Year 2013, , 95 - 104, 01.05.2013
https://doi.org/10.1501/Csaum_0000000077

Abstract

Dünyadaki dağlık alanlar yoksulluk, göç, tarımsal arazi kıtlığı ve hayvancılık faaliyetlerinin azalması gibi sorunlarla karşılaşmaktadır. Bu makalenın amacı, Türkiye’nin Bolu ilindeki dağlık alanlarda, çevresel bozulma ve kırdan kente göç arasındaki ilişkiyi araştırmaktır. Araştırma alanı olarak, Köroğlu Dağları içinde bulunan Bolu ilinin Kıbrıscık ilçesinde, 22 köy ve ilçe merkezi de dâhil olmak üzere geniş bir bölge seçilmiştir. Araştırmada gereken veri birincil ve ikincil kaynaklar aracılığıyla toplanmıştır. Tabakalı basit örnekleme yöntemine dayalı olarak 201 aileye hane halkı anketi uygulanmıştır. Nitel veriler ise, kişisel gözlem ve farklı yaş gruplarına ait yerel kişiler ile sivil toplum örgütleri temsilcileri ile yapılan derinlemesine görüşmeler yoluyla toplanmıştır. Ayrıca, Orman Genel Müdürlüğü, Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu ve Kıbrısçık İlçe Tarım Müdürlüğü’nden ikincil veriler elde edilmiştir. Veri analizi sonuçlarına gore, son yıllarda bölgedeki istihdam olanaklarının eksikliği nedeniyle araştırma alanının nüfusunda önemli ölçüde azalma olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Ancak kırdan kente göç, kırılgan dağ ekosistemi üzerindeki baskıyı azaltmış ve çevresel istikrar açısından yararlı bir durum ortaya çıkarmıştır. Araştırma alanındaki orman örtüsünün 1968- 1986 yılları arasında % 8,8; 1986-2005 yıllar arasında ise % 1,65 arttığı saptanmıştır. Araştırma bulgularına göre orman ve mera arazisindeki artış, önceki yıllarla karşılaştırıldığında, erozyonun önemli ölçüde azaldığı ortaya çıkmıştır. Ancak, daha iyi yaşam standartları bulmak için genç nüfusun kırdan kente göçüne bağlı olarak, ekonomik bakımdan aktif olmayan yaşlı nüfusun alanda kaldığı tespit edilmiştir. Bunun bir sonucu olarak, bölgede eskiden büyük bir ekonomik faaliyet olarak tespit edilen hayvancılık faaliyetinde önemli bir azalma belirlenmiştir. Türkiye'nin birçok dağlık bölgesinde benzer durum, ülkenin et ve süt ürünlerinin sağlanmasını olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. Bunun gibi sorunların çözümü için özellikle dağlık bölgelerde ekonomik ve çevresel sürdürülebilirliğe dayalı politikaların uygulanması önerilmektedir

References

  • Directorate General of Forests, Turkey, Orman Amenajman Planı (1968, 1987, 2005)
  • Grau, H. R., and Aide, T. M. 2007. Are rural–urban migration and sustainable development compatible in mountain systems? Mountain Research & Development, 27(2): 119–123.
  • Hardoy J, Mitlin D, Satterthwaite D. 1992. Environment Problems in Third World Cities. Earthscan: London.
  • Hill, A. 1989. “Demographic responses to food shortages in the Sahel.” Population and Development Review, Supplement to Vol. 15. Eds. Geoffrey McNicoll and Mead Cain. New York: Population Council and Oxford University Press.
  • Karakus, K. 2011. Türkiye’nin Canlı Hayvan ve Kırmızı Et İthaline Genel Bir Bakış. Iğdır. Univ. J. Inst. Sci. & Tech. 1(1): 75-79.
  • Khan, A.A., Somuncu, M. 2012. Dynamics of rural out migration and environmental conservation: A dilemma of Sustainable Development of mountain community of district Kibriscik, Province of Bolu, Turkey. New Horizons in Science and Technology 1(3): 59-64. http://www.insii.com
  • Kibriscik Kaymakamligi Resmi Websitesi: http://www.kibriscik.gov.tr/ Accessed Jul. 2011
  • Price, M.F., Jansky,L., Iatsenia, A.A., (eds.),2004. Key Issues for Mountain Areas, United Nation University Press. USA.
  • Qi, L., Chunyue, Y., and Juan, L. 2008. Rural-urban Migration Rural Household Income and Sustainable Development in Rural Areas of China. Chinese Journal of Population, Resources and Environment 6 No.2.
  • Qin, H. 2010. Rural-to-Urban Labor Migration, Household Livelihoods, and the Rural Environment in Chongqing Municipality. Southwest China. Human Ecology, 38. 675–690.
  • Robson, J.P., and Nayak, P.K. 2010. Rural out-migration and resource-dependent communities in Mexico and India, Population and Environment,32:263–284.
  • Sahin, C. .1990. Aladag Cayı Havzası’nda Cevre Kosulları ve Bunlarla İlgili Bozulmus Dogal Dengenin Yeniden Kurulmasına İlişkin Sorunlar ve Cözüm Yolları, Atatürk Kültür, Dil ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu, Cografya Dizisi Sayı:1. Ankara.
  • Schoch, N., Seimann, B., and Thieme, S. 2010. Migration and animal husbandry: Competing or complementary livelihood strategies. Evidence from Kyrgyzstan, Natural Resources Forum, No: 34: 211-221.
  • Serageldin, I., 1996. Sustainability and the wealth of nations: steps in an ongoing journey. Environmentally Sustainable Development Studies and Monographs Series No. 5. World Bank, Washington, DC.
  • Somuncu, M., 2011, Sustainable Development in the Eastern Black Sea Mountains: Present State and Perspectives, pages 215-225 in Sustainable Development in Mountain Regions: Southeastern Europe, ISBN: 978-94-007-0130-4
  • Turkiye Istatistik Kurumu, www.tuik.gov.tr. Accessed Jul. 2011.
  • United Nations, 1992., Agenda 21: Chapter 13: Managing fragile ecosystems: Sustainable mountain development, UN Doc. A/CONF. 151/26 (Vol. II), 13 August. Washington D.C.: United Nations.
  • World Bank, 1995. Monitoring Environmental Progress: A Report on Work in Irogress. World Bank, Washington, DC.
  • www.un-documents.net/ Accessed. Aug. 2011
  • http://www.istanbul-city-guide.com/map/Turkey/Bolu-Map.asp Accessed. Feb. 2012

Rural Urban Migration in Mountain Areas and its Compatibility with Natural, Social and Economic Regimes: A Case of Kıbrıscık District, Bolu Province, Turkey

Year 2013, , 95 - 104, 01.05.2013
https://doi.org/10.1501/Csaum_0000000077

Abstract

Mountainous areas of world are facing a number of problems like poverty, out migration, deficiency of productive crop land and decreased livestock activities. Present research examines the relationship between environmental degradation and out migration in mountainous area of Bolu Province, Turkey. District Kibriscik of Bolu province which is located inside the Koroglu Mountains of Western Black Sea Region, including 22 villages and city center has been selected as research area. Data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A household questionnaire survey was conducted with 201 families based on stratified simple random sampling. The qualitative data was collected through personal observations and in-depth interviews with residents of different age groups and representatives of civil society organizations. Furthermore, secondary data was collected from Turkish Directorate General of Forest, Turkish statistical Institute and District Agriculture Office, Kibriscik. Statistical analysis was performed to interpret the collected data. Results revealed that population of the research area have decreased significantly in recent years due to lack of employment opportunities in the area. Out migration was proved beneficial in terms of environmental stability as it reduced pressure on already fragile mountain ecosystem. It was found that forest-cover increased by 8.8 % from 1968 to 1986 which furthermore increased by 1.65 % from 1986 to 2005. Our results also showed that increase in forest and pasture land decreased erosion significantly as compared to the previous years. Moreover, out migration of young generation in search of better living standards resulted in increase of economically inactive older ones. As a result, serious decrease in livestock activity is observed in the area where animal husbandry once served as major economic resource. Similar situations in many mountainous areas of Turkey has affected the country`s overall supply of dairy products. It is therefore necessary to formulate policies that emphasize economic and environmental sustainability in mountain areas

References

  • Directorate General of Forests, Turkey, Orman Amenajman Planı (1968, 1987, 2005)
  • Grau, H. R., and Aide, T. M. 2007. Are rural–urban migration and sustainable development compatible in mountain systems? Mountain Research & Development, 27(2): 119–123.
  • Hardoy J, Mitlin D, Satterthwaite D. 1992. Environment Problems in Third World Cities. Earthscan: London.
  • Hill, A. 1989. “Demographic responses to food shortages in the Sahel.” Population and Development Review, Supplement to Vol. 15. Eds. Geoffrey McNicoll and Mead Cain. New York: Population Council and Oxford University Press.
  • Karakus, K. 2011. Türkiye’nin Canlı Hayvan ve Kırmızı Et İthaline Genel Bir Bakış. Iğdır. Univ. J. Inst. Sci. & Tech. 1(1): 75-79.
  • Khan, A.A., Somuncu, M. 2012. Dynamics of rural out migration and environmental conservation: A dilemma of Sustainable Development of mountain community of district Kibriscik, Province of Bolu, Turkey. New Horizons in Science and Technology 1(3): 59-64. http://www.insii.com
  • Kibriscik Kaymakamligi Resmi Websitesi: http://www.kibriscik.gov.tr/ Accessed Jul. 2011
  • Price, M.F., Jansky,L., Iatsenia, A.A., (eds.),2004. Key Issues for Mountain Areas, United Nation University Press. USA.
  • Qi, L., Chunyue, Y., and Juan, L. 2008. Rural-urban Migration Rural Household Income and Sustainable Development in Rural Areas of China. Chinese Journal of Population, Resources and Environment 6 No.2.
  • Qin, H. 2010. Rural-to-Urban Labor Migration, Household Livelihoods, and the Rural Environment in Chongqing Municipality. Southwest China. Human Ecology, 38. 675–690.
  • Robson, J.P., and Nayak, P.K. 2010. Rural out-migration and resource-dependent communities in Mexico and India, Population and Environment,32:263–284.
  • Sahin, C. .1990. Aladag Cayı Havzası’nda Cevre Kosulları ve Bunlarla İlgili Bozulmus Dogal Dengenin Yeniden Kurulmasına İlişkin Sorunlar ve Cözüm Yolları, Atatürk Kültür, Dil ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu, Cografya Dizisi Sayı:1. Ankara.
  • Schoch, N., Seimann, B., and Thieme, S. 2010. Migration and animal husbandry: Competing or complementary livelihood strategies. Evidence from Kyrgyzstan, Natural Resources Forum, No: 34: 211-221.
  • Serageldin, I., 1996. Sustainability and the wealth of nations: steps in an ongoing journey. Environmentally Sustainable Development Studies and Monographs Series No. 5. World Bank, Washington, DC.
  • Somuncu, M., 2011, Sustainable Development in the Eastern Black Sea Mountains: Present State and Perspectives, pages 215-225 in Sustainable Development in Mountain Regions: Southeastern Europe, ISBN: 978-94-007-0130-4
  • Turkiye Istatistik Kurumu, www.tuik.gov.tr. Accessed Jul. 2011.
  • United Nations, 1992., Agenda 21: Chapter 13: Managing fragile ecosystems: Sustainable mountain development, UN Doc. A/CONF. 151/26 (Vol. II), 13 August. Washington D.C.: United Nations.
  • World Bank, 1995. Monitoring Environmental Progress: A Report on Work in Irogress. World Bank, Washington, DC.
  • www.un-documents.net/ Accessed. Aug. 2011
  • http://www.istanbul-city-guide.com/map/Turkey/Bolu-Map.asp Accessed. Feb. 2012
There are 20 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Other ID JA49HT43TZ
Journal Section Article
Authors

Ashfaq Ahmad Khan This is me

Mehmet Somuncu This is me

Publication Date May 1, 2013
Published in Issue Year 2013

Cite

APA Khan, A. A., & Somuncu, M. (2013). Rural Urban Migration in Mountain Areas and its Compatibility with Natural, Social and Economic Regimes: A Case of Kıbrıscık District, Bolu Province, Turkey. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi, 5(1), 95-104. https://doi.org/10.1501/Csaum_0000000077
AMA Khan AA, Somuncu M. Rural Urban Migration in Mountain Areas and its Compatibility with Natural, Social and Economic Regimes: A Case of Kıbrıscık District, Bolu Province, Turkey. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi. May 2013;5(1):95-104. doi:10.1501/Csaum_0000000077
Chicago Khan, Ashfaq Ahmad, and Mehmet Somuncu. “Rural Urban Migration in Mountain Areas and Its Compatibility With Natural, Social and Economic Regimes: A Case of Kıbrıscık District, Bolu Province, Turkey”. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi 5, no. 1 (May 2013): 95-104. https://doi.org/10.1501/Csaum_0000000077.
EndNote Khan AA, Somuncu M (May 1, 2013) Rural Urban Migration in Mountain Areas and its Compatibility with Natural, Social and Economic Regimes: A Case of Kıbrıscık District, Bolu Province, Turkey. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi 5 1 95–104.
IEEE A. A. Khan and M. Somuncu, “Rural Urban Migration in Mountain Areas and its Compatibility with Natural, Social and Economic Regimes: A Case of Kıbrıscık District, Bolu Province, Turkey”, Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 95–104, 2013, doi: 10.1501/Csaum_0000000077.
ISNAD Khan, Ashfaq Ahmad - Somuncu, Mehmet. “Rural Urban Migration in Mountain Areas and Its Compatibility With Natural, Social and Economic Regimes: A Case of Kıbrıscık District, Bolu Province, Turkey”. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi 5/1 (May 2013), 95-104. https://doi.org/10.1501/Csaum_0000000077.
JAMA Khan AA, Somuncu M. Rural Urban Migration in Mountain Areas and its Compatibility with Natural, Social and Economic Regimes: A Case of Kıbrıscık District, Bolu Province, Turkey. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi. 2013;5:95–104.
MLA Khan, Ashfaq Ahmad and Mehmet Somuncu. “Rural Urban Migration in Mountain Areas and Its Compatibility With Natural, Social and Economic Regimes: A Case of Kıbrıscık District, Bolu Province, Turkey”. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi, vol. 5, no. 1, 2013, pp. 95-104, doi:10.1501/Csaum_0000000077.
Vancouver Khan AA, Somuncu M. Rural Urban Migration in Mountain Areas and its Compatibility with Natural, Social and Economic Regimes: A Case of Kıbrıscık District, Bolu Province, Turkey. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi. 2013;5(1):95-104.